琼东南盆地L区中央峡谷沉积构型、演化及其主控因素

深水峡谷沉积构型及其演化是深水沉积研究的热点。基于琼东南盆地L区300 km2高分辨率三维地震资料,综合区域地质资料,利用地震相分析、地震属性技术,对黄流组中央峡谷沉积构型三维表征进行了分析。研究结果表明：研究区中央峡谷内部发育块体搬运沉积、重力流水道沉积、堤岸沉积、底部滞留沉积、朵体沉积、深海泥质披覆沉积6类沉积单元;根据侵蚀作用和沉积作用的相对强弱,可以将研究区重力流水道分为侵蚀型水道、加积型水道2种类型;根据限制性的强弱,可以识别出强限制水道、弱限制水道、非限制水道3种类型;研究区峡谷可以划分为3期复合水道系列,整个峡谷可以看作由3期复合水道系列组成的复合水道体系,由于晚期水道侵蚀早期水道的部位不同,研究区水道之间形成了垂向叠置、侧向叠置和复合叠置3种叠置样式。     

南海北部琼东南盆地陵水段峡谷沉积建造及勘探意义

琼东南盆地中央峡谷为一大型轴向峡谷体系,具有明显的"分段性"特征,不同区段沉积充填和内部结构均存在明显的差异,其中陵水段位于峡谷西段,具有非常好的储层物性特征,是深水区峡谷勘探的重点区域。为了进一步精细刻画陵水段峡谷内部水道复合体的沉积充填及沉积微相展布特征,本文借助新增加的三维地震资料和新钻井资料,通过峡谷三级层序界面的识别,将峡谷充填划分为3个三级层序SQ1、SQ2和SQ3,并通过古生物有孔虫化石带、钙质超微化石带及井-震结合确定了峡谷底界为中中新世晚期S40界面,陵水段峡谷自西向东依次识别出6种主要的内部充填结构,且将SQ3层序细分为5个次级层序(SSQ1~SSQ5);结合属性特征,精细刻画了陵水段峡谷内沉积微相平面展布及空间演化特征,并指出点砂坝在SSQ1层序最发育,且规模较大,横向上连片分布,将是下步勘探的有利储集体。     

琼东南盆地物源和沉积环境变化的重矿物证据

基于11口钻井岩心样品的重矿物数据,结合古生物学、元素地球化学和地震资料,对琼东南盆地的物源及沉积环境演变进行了分析.结果表明,盆地基底沉积以陆相沉积为主,自渐新世起,盆地逐渐接受海侵,大致经历了海陆过渡→滨浅海→浅海→半深海的沉积环境演变过程,水深总体呈逐渐增大的趋势且在同一时期南部区域水深整体上大于北部.随着沉积环境的变化,各地层(崖城组至莺歌海组)物源呈现出多源性特征,经历了原地→近源→远源的演变过程.在渐新世早期,物源以近源玄武质火山碎屑和邻区陆源碎屑为主,之后演变为远源的陆壳碎屑,物源区包括北部海南岛、南部永乐隆起、东北部神狐隆起、西部红河、西南部中南半岛乃至更广的区域.海南岛物源自早渐新世便开始发育,至中中新世成为盆地最主要的物源,并持续至现今;永乐隆起和神狐隆起物源在晚渐新世至早中新世期间最为发育,于中中新世逐渐消退;红河物源于晚中新世大规模加入,为中央峡谷的主要沉积物源,影响至上新世结束;中南半岛莺西物源自上新世发育,影响至更新世时期.此外,自生组分对盆地(尤其是南部区域)的沉积贡献也不容忽视.     

Characteristics and genesis of the polygonal fault system in southern slope of the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

Based on 3D seismic data, the polygonal fault system (PFS) discovered in the southern slope of the Qiongdongnan (QDN) Basin was studied through fine seismic interpretation and coherent cube analysis. The results show that: ① the PFS is mostly composed of small plate-type faults, with fault length of 1–3 km, maximum fault throw of 20–40 m and dip angle of 25°–45°; ② the PFS is mainly observed in the Huangliu Formation, deposited in the early stage of fast slope depression; ③ the PFS is layer-bound and can be separated into two tiers by T31′ interface with obvious channel incision features; ④ the PF of tier2 exhibit “y” structural style, including two parallel faults, master fault and associated fault, dipping in opposite directions. Their intersection relationship can be divided into three classes, and 14 sub-classes based on the fault intersection relationship of master fault and its associated fault; ⑤ the PFS is dominated by two strikes: NE60° and NW150°, indicating that it was controlled by tensile stress produced by differential settlement between the Xisha uplift and QDN basin; and ⑥ its genesis was jointly controlled by the syneresis of clay minerals and overpressure cyclical dehydration.     

南海北部陆坡琼东南盆地晚中新世以来沉积物来源及输送样式

为了更好地揭示南海北部陆坡琼东南盆地晚中新世以来的沉积物输送样式,本次研究将盆地裂后期加速沉降阶段以来的沉积物充填样式作为研究对象,基于前人对这一区域潜在物源区的分析,通过对已有勘探成果的总结和归纳,对深水沉积体的类型进行识别,建立具有成因关系或相同来源的深水沉积体组合,尝试对沉积物输送样式进行划分和归类。研究结果认为,晚中新世以来,琼东南盆地主要存在海南岛物源、莺西物源、南部隆起带物源和神狐隆起物源等4个潜在物源区,沉积物输送样式可划分为垂向沉积物输送、轴向沉积物输送和转向沉积物输送3种类型。     

琼东南盆地南部中新统“丘”形反射成因探讨

在琼东南盆地南部中新统梅山组广泛发育“丘”形反射, 对其识别分析具有重要的意义。这些“丘”形反射主要分布在北礁凹陷及周缘斜坡带上, 在顶底界面呈强反射, 在内部成层、杂乱或为空白反射, 有时在顶部见披覆沉积, 从盆地中心北礁凹陷向边缘斜坡带迁移生长。通过对“丘”形反射的古构造和古地理背景、几何学特征及地震响应特征等方面综合分析, 对其成因进行了探讨, 排除了其为生物礁、泥底辟以及火山丘的可能, 认为其可能为深水环境底流作用下形成的等深流沉积或某种沉积物波。     

南海北部琼东南盆地中央峡谷成因新认识

通过对区域构造断裂体系和逐渐连片的高分辨率三维地震资料的精细解析,认识到琼东南盆地中央峡谷的形成机制除了与晚中新世区域构造变动、大规模海平面下降、充足物源供给以及凹槽型古地形特征等因素相关之外,还存在另外一个非常重要因素:峡谷底部早期隐伏断裂带的存在。研究表明:琼东南盆地中央坳陷带发育平行于陆架坡折的大规模深水峡谷,峡谷底部发育大型走滑断层以及走滑断层派生出一系列次级断层形成的地层破碎带,认识到峡谷的形成、规模以及展布方向均受断裂带影响;相应地峡谷的充填及演化亦是受物源、海平面变化、重力流作用等多种因素共同作用和相互叠加的过程。从而为研究经历了裂陷期和坳陷期盆地演化过程形成的大型峡谷提供了科学依据。     

Fine-grained Pleistocene deepwater turbidite channel system on the slope of Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Recently, as oil exploitation has become focused on deepwater slope areas, more multi-channel high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data were acquired in the deepwater part of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Based on 3D seismic data and coherence time slice, RMS and 3D visualization, a series of deepwater channels were recognized on the slope that probably developed in the late Quaternary period. These channels trend SW–NE to W–E and show bifurcations, levees, meander loops and avulsions. High Amplitude Reflections (HARs), typical for channel–levee complexes, are of only minor importance and were observed in one of the channel systems. Most of the detected channels are characterized by low-amplitude reflections, and so are different from the typical coarse-grained turbidite channels that had been discovered worldwide. The absence of well data in the study area made it difficult to determine the age and lithology of these channels. Using a neighboring drill hole and published data about such depositional systems worldwide, the lithology of these channels is likely to be dominated by mudstones with interbedded thin sandstones. These channels are formed by turbidity currents originated from the little scale mountain river of mid-Vietnam in SW direction and were probably accompanied by a relative sea level drop in the last glacial age. These channels discovered on the northern South China Sea slope are likely to be fine-grained, mud-dominant and low N:G deposits in a deepwater paleogeographic setting.     

南海西北部莺歌海盆地陆架晚更新世三角洲及其控制因素

莺歌海盆地陆架区作为南海北部的一个重要地质构造单元,记录了第四纪以来沉积和海平面变化的丰富信息。通过对研究区高分辨率单道地震剖面的解释,结合深水区钻孔资料,分析了该地区晚第四纪地层的沉积特征,研究区浅部地层划分出层A和层B 2套地层单元,并进一步对研究区三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲3种沉积亚相的地震特征进行了解释分析。钻孔AMS14C与光释光测年结果表明,三角洲形成于晚更新世65～56 ka,即MIS4晚期—MIS3早期。结合钻孔岩性和有孔虫分布特征以及区域地质、沉积背景等资料,开展了三角洲形成的控制因素分析,认为莺歌海盆地的构造和古地貌、海南岛隆升、物源供给、海平面变化、古季风对三角洲的形成发育具有重要的控制作用。     

琼东南盆地深水区构造热演化特征及其影响因素分析

To reveal the tectonic thermal evolution and influence factors on the present heat flow distribution, based on 154 heat flow data, the present heat flow distribution features of the main tectonic units are first analyzed in detail, then the tectonic thermal evolution histories of 20 profiles are reestablished crossing the main deep-water sags with a structural, thermal and sedimentary coupled numerical model. On the basis of the present geothermal features, the Qiongdongnan Basin could be divided into three regions: the northern shelf and upper slope region with a heat flow of 50–70 m W/m2, most of the central depression zone of 70–85 m W/m2, and a NE trending high heat flow zone of 85–105 m W/m2 lying in the eastern basin. Numerical modeling shows that during the syn-rift phase, the heat flow increases generally with time, and is higher in basement high area than in its adjacent sags. At the end of the syn-rift phase, the heat flow in the deepwater sags was in a range of 60–85 m W/m2, while in the basement high area, it was in a range of 75–100 m W/m2. During the post-rift phase, the heat flow decreased gradually, and tended to be more uniform in the basement highs and sags. However, an extensive magmatism, which equivalently happened at around 5 Ma, has greatly increased the heat flow values, and the relict heat still contributes about 10–25 m W/m2 to the present surface heat flow in the central depression zone and the southern uplift zone. Further analyses suggested that the present high heat flow in the deep-water Qiongdongnan Basin is a combined result of the thermal anomaly in the upper mantle, highly thinning of the lithosphere, and the recent extensive magmatism. Other secondary factors might have affected the heat flow distribution features in some local regions. These factors include basement and seafloor topography, sediment heat generation, thermal blanketing, local magmatic injecting and hydrothermal activities related to faulting and overpressure.     

南海中央海盆之东部次海盆后扩张期地层特征与影响因素

海底扩张形成的边缘海盆构造演化可划分为前扩张期、同扩张期与后扩张期等阶段。南海中央海盆巨厚的沉积地层大部分是扩张结束之后形成的,尤以东部次海盆地层厚度为最大。因受到不同因素的影响,在该次海盆不同的区域后扩张期发育的地层特征差别较大。这些现象反映海底扩张结束之后所发育的厚层地层中蕴含了大量南海构造演化的信息,因此深入分析该次海盆后扩张期的地层特征与影响因素是南海构造演化研究中不容忽略的环节。利用若干大洋钻孔年代地层资料,在过井剖面上进行合成地震记录标定、划分层序地层并确定其年代属性,并以此为依据分析讨论了本区的地层特征和相关的影响因素。结果表明,东部次海盆北部持续均衡的基底沉降和充足的陆缘物质形成厚度稳定的地层沉积;东部以微板块向马尼拉海沟俯冲为主要影响因素,使不同年代的地层各具特征;中部和西部岩浆活动是主要的影响因素,形成以火山碎屑物质为主的地层沉积;南部因当时的陆坡沉积环境和浊流活动的影响形成具有沉积物波特征的地层沉积。     

琼东南盆地井震地层对比分析及区域地层格架的建立

琼东南盆地历经断陷、断坳、裂后热沉降和裂后加速沉降等一系列的构造变动,沉积环境由始新世的滨海环境发展为现今的深水环境,形成了一套包括滨岸沉积、滨浅海沉积、陆架和陆坡沉积、以及半深海沉积的地层组合,具有良好的油气资源的生储盖条件,已成为当前油气资源勘探开发的重点区域。本文首先对盆地区域内钻井和地震剖面进行了主要地层界面(T20、T30、T40、T50、T60和T70)的识别和提取(点),继而结合连井地震剖面(线)和盆地区域过井地震剖面(面)对主要地层界面做了追踪对比分析,再依据古生物年代,建立了适用于琼东南盆地的区域地层年代格架。在琼东南盆地浅水区主要沉积了新近系地层(T60-T20),断裂基本不发育,地层厚度变化不大,极少有明显的上超和削截,局部地区发育有利于油气储集的三角洲沉积体系,表明琼东南盆地新近纪时期受构造作用影响较小。在深水区,新近系地层(T60-T20)和浅水区特征相似,仅反射特征有所不同;古近系地层(T100-T60)内部层序结构主要为楔状或近平行状,具有明显的上超和削截,地层厚度较大,断裂明显并导致地层错断,表明琼东南盆地深水区在古近纪时期主要受构造作用控制,并伴随着强烈的拉张和快速沉降作用,沉积环境主要为浅海。在近东西向的中央峡谷内存在有三期砂体:第一期砂体(井深3 528~3 336m,厚约192m)形成于距今11.6~5.5Ma(T40-T30),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的陵水-松南-宝岛段,沉积物构成包括浊积水道沉积、浊积席状砂、块体流沉积、深海泥质沉积、天然堤及漫溢沉积等;第二期砂体(井深4 100~3 900m,厚约200m)形成于距今5.5~4.2Ma(T30-T29),分布范围跨越中央峡谷的乐东-陵水段,以重力流沉积为主;第三期砂体(深度3 630~3 400m,厚约230m)发育于距今4.2~3.6Ma(T29-T28),分布于峡谷的乐东-莺东段,以浊积水道沉积为主。三期砂体在琼东南盆地中央坳陷带自东向西、由老到新依次展布,构成了良好的油气储层体。     

珠江口盆地?琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析

南海北部陆缘记录了南海形成演化的历史,但是其新生代构造沉积演化特征在东段和西段的差异及其原因目前还不太清楚。本文分别在珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的深水区选择了数口构造地理位置相似的井通过精细地层回剥分析,重建了两沉积盆地的沉积速率和沉降速率并结合前人研究成果进行了对比分析。研究结果发现,两沉积盆地在裂陷期的沉积和沉降特征基本相似,但是两者在裂后期的构造沉积演化特征差异明显。珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降速率都表现为幕式变化特征,其中沉积速率表现为“两快三慢”的特征而沉降速率表现为“两快一慢”的特征。琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率表现为“地堑式”变化特征,但是沉降速率表现为“台阶式”上升的变化特征。琼东南盆地“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱伴随红河断裂的右旋走滑而向西北漂移的影响,这也与南海西北部的岩浆活动以及周围盆地的沉降特征吻合。红河断裂在2.1 Ma BP的右旋走滑控制了琼东南盆地1.8 Ma BP以来的快速沉积和加速沉降分布。     

琼东南盆地深水区新近系海底扇沉积特征与资源潜力

综合利用钻井、岩心、薄片及分析化验资料研究了琼东南盆地深水区新近系海底扇沉积特征,并利用最新的三维地震资料,通过井震精细标定、多属性融合技术、方差体切片、三维地貌砂体镂空等综合技术手段,精细刻画了海底扇砂体的空间分布特征。研究结果表明,深水区新近系海底扇是由陆架区的砂体滑塌并二次搬运形成,形成过程具有多期次性。受不同物源的影响,海底扇岩性和物性存在较大的差异。海底扇岩性及沉积构造具有砂质滑塌、碎屑流、浊流和深水底流改造的特征。海底扇的沉积微相、厚度、砂泥比和砂泥岩空间配置关系直接控制了地震振幅反射强度和频率的变化。砂体纵向叠置,横向连片,并被后期泥质水道切割分块形成多个岩性圈闭。综合分析认为,深水区海底扇砂体发育区烃源条件优越,储盖配置关系和圈闭条件良好,具备形成大中型岩性油气藏的有利条件,具有较大的油气勘探潜力。     

南海琼东南深水海区地质灾害类型与特征

南海琼东南深水海区是南中国海石油天然气资源潜在储量较为丰富的地区,油气勘探开发的力度正日益加大。但是,该海区处于南海大陆坡与西沙海槽区域,海底水深大,地形变化剧烈,水体动力环境和海底地质条件复杂,引发地质灾害的触发机制丰富,稍有疏忽,将给石油钻井平台带来巨大损失。在收集有关资料的基础上,对海底的地质环境务件作了研究,发现了一些有可能发生或潜在的地质灾害类型,并对其特征作了描述,以引起有关方面在石油钻井钻前井场工程地质调查和评价时予以重视。     

南海中央海盆KSO_1岩芯第四纪沉积作用初探

本文对南海中央深水盆地ＫＳＯ１岩芯（１４°５７＇４７＂Ｎ，１１６°０５＇２５＂Ｓ）（图１）粒度、矿物、碳酸盐含量、化学元素、微体古生物和古地磁等进行了分析。岩芯的长度和取样水深分别为７１０ｍ和４１６９ｍ。研究结果表明，南海中央海盆沉积物的颗粒较细；粘土矿物以伊利石为主，蒙脱石含量较低；化学元素显示出介于浅海一深海之间的半深海沉积特点。上述特征说明南海中央海盆的沉积物是以细粒含粘土矿物为主的半深海沉积物。同时，对岩芯的火山灰夹层、沉积速率、岩芯的年代以及碳酸盐含量和古气候间的关系进行了讨论。对ＫＳＯ１岩芯在６６５～６７０ｃｍ处的微粒锰结核富集层存在的意义进行了探讨。另外，应用最优分割法、有序分析法等数理统计方法，对ＫＳＯ１岩芯进行了元素地层学的划分工作。     

南海西北部琼东南盆地陆架坡折带类型及沉积作用特征

陆架坡折带特殊的地形地貌反映了其独特的水动力和沉积特征。根据水深和高分辨率单道地震资料对琼东南盆地陆架坡折带特征进行分析,旨在探讨现代陆架坡折带的成因及其沉积作用。研究结果表明,琼东南现代陆架坡折带呈NE-SW向展布,水深变化大,形态复杂,自西向东陆架坡折差异较大。西部陆架坡折带水深范围为250~700 m,宽约7 km,高差450 m,坡度平均为2°,地形平缓,槽谷不发育;中部陆架坡折带水深范围为250~750 m,宽约10 km,高差500 m,地形平均坡度为7°,槽谷呈V型或U型,长约5~6 km,宽约3~8 km,下切深度100~300 m;东部陆架坡折带水深范围为400~1 500 m,宽约30 km,高差达1 100 m,平均坡度为10°,槽谷呈"V"型,长约13~28 km,宽约为3~4 km,下切深度最大达500 m。结合琼东南盆地构造区划和物源特征,对琼东南陆架坡折带沉积作用进行分析,划分坡折带类型。西部陆架坡折带以大量的沉积物不断加积为主,地形平缓,槽谷不发育,属堆积型陆架坡折;中部属过渡型陆架坡折带,沉积物供应量小,侵蚀和堆积作用同时存在,相互制约,槽谷规模小,滑塌作用较弱;东部为侵蚀型陆架坡折,以底流冲刷侵蚀为主,槽谷及滑塌发育。总体反映了不同区段位置沉积物供给,沉积物堆积,底流侵蚀等作用的差异,是形成现今陆架坡折地貌格局的重要因素。     

A buried submarine canyon in the northwestern South China Sea: architecture,development processes and implications for hydrocarbon exploration

High-resolution multichannel seismic data enables the discovery of a previous, undocumented submarine canyon(Huaguang Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea. The Huaguang Canyon with a NW orientation is 140 km in length, and 2.5 km to 5 km in width in its upper reach and 4.6 km to 9.5 km in width in its lower reach. The head of the Huaguang Canyon is close to the Xisha carbonate platform and its tail is adjacent to the Central Canyon. This buried submarine canyon is formed by gravity flows from the Xisha carbonate platform when the sea level dropped in the early stage of the late Miocene(around 10.5 Ma). The internal architecture of the Huaguang Canyon is mainly characterized by high amplitude reflections, indicating that this ancient submarine canyon was filled with coarse-grained sediments. The sediment was principally scourced from the Xisha carbonate platform. In contrast to other buried large-scale submarine canyons(Central Canyon and Zhongjian Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Huaguang Canyon displays later formation time,smaller width and length, and single sediment supply. The coarse-grained deposits within the Huaguang Canyon provide a good environment for reserving oil and gas, and the muddy fillings in the Huaguang Canyon have been identified as regional caps. Therefore, the Huaguang Canyon is a potential area for future hydrocarbon exploration in the northwestern South China Sea. The result of this paper may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of submarine canyons formed in carbonate environment.     

A buried submarine canyon in the northwest South China Sea:architecture,development processes and implications for hydrocarbon exploration

High-resolution multichannel seismic data enables the discovery of a previous, undocumented submarine canyon(Huaguang Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwest South China Sea. The Huaguang Canyon with a NW orientation is 140 km in length, and 2.5 km to 5 km in width in its upper reach and 4.6 km to 9.5 km in width in its lower reach. The head of the Huaguang Canyon is close to the Xisha carbonate platform and its tail is adjacent to the central canyon. This buried submarine canyon is formed by gravity flows from the Xisha carbonate platform when the sea level dropped in the early stage of the late Miocene(～10.5 Ma). The internal architecture of the Huaguang Canyon is mainly characterized by high amplitude reflections, indicating that this ancient submarine canyon was filled with coarse-grained sediments. The sediment was principally scourced from the Xisha carbonate platform. In contrast to other buried large-scale submarine canyons(central canyon and Zhongjian Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Huaguang Canyon displays later formation time, smaller width and length, and single sediment supply. The coarse-grained deposits within Huaguang Canyon provide a good environment for reserving oil and gas, and the muddy fillings in Huaguang Canyon have been identified as regional caps. Therefore, Huaguang Canyon is potential area for future hydrocarbon exploration in the northwest South China Sea. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of submarine canyons formed in carbonate environment.     

琼东南盆地花岗岩潜山发育演化及控藏作用

以琼东南盆地地震、钻井及测年资料为基础,结合南海北部陆缘构造演化特征,分析了琼东南盆地花岗岩侵入期次和分布规律,论述了花岗岩潜山发育演化及控藏作用。研究表明,琼东南盆地发育印支期和燕山期两期花岗岩侵入,印支期花岗岩主要分布于NW向(低)凸起带,燕山期花岗岩分布于NE向(低)凸起带,琼东南盆地花岗岩潜山构造类型为残丘山,印支期花岗岩和燕山期花岗岩潜山演化都可划分为岩浆侵入期、暴露剥蚀期和定型埋藏期等阶段。盆地花岗岩潜山暴露剥蚀时间长,经历了多期次构造运动,发育网格状断裂,可形成风化壳型和断裂-裂缝型储层,松南低凸起花岗岩潜山被多凹环绕,发育断裂+砂体复合输导体系,是油气有利汇聚区。