基于BP神经网络模型的广西月降水量降尺度预报

应用1961～1998年的山东省40个代表站夏季降水资料及NCAR/NCEP再分析月平均资料,分析了山东夏季降水的气候特征,并对旱涝年的大气环流异常进行了合成对比分析。结果表明:山东夏季降水整体表现为旱涝同步,降水分布呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势。涝年与旱年的环流形势存在明显的差异:涝年,贝加尔湖及其以西地区的位势高度降低,我国东部到日本海的位势高度明显升高。东亚大槽、乌拉尔山阻高、副热带高压位置及强度的变化对山东夏季降水有重要影响。有三支暖湿气流在山东上空交汇,为降水提供了充沛的水汽来源;而在旱年,上述环流特征呈现相反的形势。     

基于月动力延伸预报最优信息的中国降水降尺度预测模型

利用国家气候中心月动力延伸预报结果、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站观测资料,通过计算两次相关的方法,获取最优预报信息作为建立降尺度预测模型的预测因子,提取的最优预测因子同时满足既是观测环流要素场影响降水的关键区域,又是模式要素场预报的高技巧区域两个条件.结合挑选出的最优预测因子,利用最优子集回归建立月平均降水的降尺度预测模型.文中设计了消除预测因子和预测量的线性趋势值后建立预测模型(方案1)和直接利用原始资料建立预测模型(方案2)两种方案.经过独立样本检验,发现这两种方案建立的预测模型都能够提高月尺度降水预测,方案1对月尺度降水预测的距平相关系数平均可达0.35.利用该方案对超前时间分别为0、5、10 d的月动力延伸预报产品进行月降水的降尺度预测表明,模式初值信息不仅影响月动力延伸预报结果,也影响降尺度应用效果,利用超前时间为0和5 d的月动力延伸预报结果进行降水降尺度预测可在业务中参考.此外,降尺度预测模型中选取的预测因子不仪在统计上是显著的,同时也具有清楚的物理意义.     

月尺度动力模式产品解释应用系统及预测技巧

从短期气候预测业务面临的实际问题出发,针对月尺度气候预测,利用国家气候中心月动力延伸预报(DERF)模式资料,开发了集多种统计预测方法、多种解释应用技术于一体的业务系统。利用该系统的多种预测方法对广西88个站点2005-2008年6月降水距平百分率的独立样本检验结果表明:在解释应用方法中,基于模式输出统计假设方法(MOS)的预报结果优于完全预报法(PP);利用预测站点附近的环流关键区构建的预测因子预报效果最好;经验统计函数法(EOF)和动力与统计相结合的解释应用方法的预测准确率较高且较稳定;同时满足模式预测资料中预测因子和预测对象的高相关关系,以及再分析资料中预测因子和预测对象之间高相关关系确定关键区,并在此基础上建立预测模型的预测效果更佳。解释应用预测准确率一般都在70分以上,高于传统的物理统计预测结果。     

基于集合预报产品的降尺度降水预报试验

利用降水距平百分率的降尺度预报方法和1951-2008 NCEP资料及我国降水资料,建立了降水距平百分率的预报模型,基于T106L19模式的月动力延伸集合预报结果,进行了2007-2009年3 a的预报试验和效果检验.结果表明,基于集合预报产品的统计降尺度方法对降水距平百分率的预报技巧高于模式降水的预报技巧;500 hPa月平均高度场的预报技巧直接影响到降水距平百分率的预报技巧,平均环流的预报技巧越高,降水距平百分率的预报技巧越高;无论集合成员数为多少,集合预报的结果都明显优于控制预报,随着集合成员数的增多,预报技巧呈增大的趋势;我国降水具有显著的季节性和区域性,以江淮地区的降水距平百分率预报技巧最高,华南地区的预报技巧其次.     

国家级极端高温短期气候预测系统的研制及应用

目前,国家级旬、月极端高温预测的业务工作尚未展开,国家级极端高温短期气候预测系统的研制为中国高温预测业务提供了一个有效平台.该系统以百分位相对阈值和35°C、38°C绝对阈值作为高温阈值指标,应用月动力预测模式、动力预测与统计降尺度相结合、物理统计相似三种不同的方法,预测未来1～40天的旬、月极端高温发生概率及高温日数,定期滚动发布预测产品.并以相关系数为衡量指标,应用交叉检验方法对三种方法的预测效果进行分析,结果表明不同方法高相关区的空间分布存在差异,在进行高温预测时,应综合各方法高相关区的预测结果给出综合预测意见.对2007年7月极端高温预测个例分析表明三种方法均有一定的预测技巧.     

基于BP神经网络的浙北夏季降尺度降水预报方法的应用

利用NCEP提供的全球空间分辨率为2.5°×2.5°、2007—2012年6—8月日平均500 h Pa高度场再分析格点资料和浙北地区158个站点观测资料,研究了不同大气环流型下局地降水与大尺度降水场之间的关系,以4种不同环流型下的预报对象和预报因子分别采用BP神经网络方法对观测资料进行逼近,得到4种空间降尺度的预报模型,分析对比4种预报模型158站逐日的降水量的预报。结果表明:神经网络模型的隐层节点数为2时,对降水的拟合效果最好;对降水的极值拟合效果中,环流分型中NW型和C型的效果优于SW型和SE型;从4种分型下的误差空间分布来看,浙北地区沿海的宁波、舟山一带的误差小于浙北其他区域;把雨量分等级后进行预测,发现模型对暴雨的预测能力最好。     

动力延伸预报产品释用方法的改进试验

依据动力延伸预报产品释用方法中所建立的月降水距平百分率预报方程，将方程系数看成是动态系数，采用与预报月高度场相似月份的资料作为样本资料，通过改善方程系数的计算来提高月降水预报。1998～2004年的历史实况资料在安徽省的回报实验证明:在目前T63／NCC月动力延伸预报产品的准确率不能快速提高的情况下，该方法具有实际应用价值。利用T63／NCC月动力延伸产品进行安徽省月降水预报应用亦取得较好的效果。     

西太平洋副高的东西进退与东亚夏季风系统的相互影响与关联

利用1980-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和美国NOAA向外长波辐射（outgoing longwave radiation,OLR）资料,根据关键区500 hPa位势高度的变化定义了西太平洋副高东西位置指标,利用该指标围绕东亚夏季风系统开展分析,详细对比了夏季6月、7月副高东西向活动异常时,季风区相应的环流及对流活动差异.结果表明：副高东西位置的年际变化反映了亚洲夏季风的强弱变化,副高偏西（东）年,南海夏季风偏弱（强）,副热带夏季风偏强（弱）;副高的东西进退与东亚夏季风系统成员之间相互影响、相互制约;副高偏西年,南亚高压偏东、偏强,季风槽不发展、强度偏弱,西风带长波槽发展加深,南半球马斯克林高压和澳大利亚高压减弱,越赤道气流减弱,而副高偏东年情况则反之.     

动力延伸预报产品在广西月尺度降水滚动预测中的释用

对广西88个站全年各旬月尺度降水距平百分率作自然正交展开(EOF分解),选取累积方差贡献接近75%的前几个主成分为预报量.利用1982年至今的国家气候中心月动力延伸集合预报资料或回算实验资料,从月尺度平均500hPa位势高度、700hPaU、V向水平风速延伸预报场中选取初选预报因子,并运用EOF分解构建成综合预报因子,分别选取其中与各个预报分量相关程度高的主成分建立预报方程,滚动制作广西月尺度降水量预报.91个独立样本试验和实际应用证明,预报效果较好.     

两种确定性初值形成方案对集合预报技巧的影响研究

为了进一步提高GRAPES-REPS的降水预报性能,将GRAPES-Meso业务模式的高分辨率同化分析初值通过动力升尺度方法(简称GRAPES-M-US方案)产生GRAPES-REPS确定性初值,在此基础上进行了连续10 d的集合预报试验,并与基于T639全球模式同化分析初值动力降尺度方案(简称T639-G-DS方案)得到的确定性初值以及相应的集合预报结果进行了对比分析及预报检验,重点关注了降水预报的检验结果。结果表明:基于GRAPES-M-US方案得到的确定性初值相对于T639-G-DS方案得到的确定性初值而言,在低层具备更多的中小尺度信息;低层连续性变量预报表现较好,850 hPa的位势高度和温度的均方根误差以及概率预报评分(CRPS)均表现出了一定的改进效果,而中层和高层要素改进不显著,10 m风速均方根误差和CRPS均有较明显的改进效果,2 m温度均方根误差和CRPS则基本相当;对降水预报而言,24 h预报时效的小雨、中雨和大雨量级的TS评分、Brier评分和相对作用特征面积(AROC)均有一定的改进,其余预报时效总体而言基本相当或略有负效果;在2017年8月7日的强降水个例中,对强降水落区和强度的预报表现出了一定的"细化"和"纠偏"效果;总体而言,GRAPES-M-US方案较T639-G-DS方案表现出了一定的优势,特别是在短期降水预报方面。     

A CHARACTERISTIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE ASIA SUMMER MONSOON MEMBERS AND THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

In this paper, by using the pentad-mean NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data for the period of 1958-1997, some characteristic indices of describing the activity of Asian summer monsoon system members are defined and calculated. Based on the above works, a time-lag correlation analysis method is introduced for the correlation analysis between the Asian summer monsoon system and the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) area index, and some meaningful interaction processes and characteristic phenomena between them are revealed and discussed accordingly. It is shown that there exists some remarkable time-lag correlations in various degree between the Asian summer monsoon system members and the WPSH area index, and they interact and feedback with each other, which consists of the whole Asian summer monsoon system.     

夏季副高与海温的相互关系及副高预测

通过分析夏季西太平洋副高与前期12月至后期11月的赤道太平洋和北太平洋海温的相关系数分布图,综合比较副高面积指数、西伸脊点和脊线位置与海温的相关关系,讨论副高对海温的反馈作用以及海温与夏季副高的物理联系模型,为副高预测提供依据.     

东亚夏季风雨带和西太平洋副高季节变化的耦合特征

利用NCEP／NCAR数据集中1950～1999年4～9月500hPa位势高度和逐日降水率(PRATE)资料，通过奇异值分解，主要探讨了东亚夏季风雨带与西太平洋副高季节移动的耦合关系。分析发现，模态方差的大小只反映模态对整个分析时段和整个分析区域贡献的大小，但对某些时段、某些区域来说，方差较小模态的贡献很大；因而仅以模态方差贡献的大小来判定模态的重要性是不完全的，只有多个模态的配合才能比较全面地揭示两个场的耦合特征。结果表明：东亚夏季风雨带在不同地区的跳跃对应着西太平洋副高的三次突变，不同模态对三次突变有不同的贡献。     

DOWNSCALING FORECAST OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OVER GUANGXI BASED ON BP NEURAL NETWORK MODEL

Variables fields such as enstrophy, meridional-wind and zonal-wind variables are derived from monthly 500 hPa geopotential height anomalous fields. In this work, we select original predictors from monthly 500-hPa geopotential height anomalous fields and their variables in June of 1958 - 2001, and determine comprehensive predictors by conducting empirical orthogonal function (EOF) respectively with the original predictors. A downscaling forecast model based on the back propagation (BP) neural network is built by use of the comprehensive predictors to predict the monthly precipitation in June over Guangxi with the monthly dynamic extended range forecast products. For comparison, we also build another BP neural network model with the same predictands by using the former comprehensive predictors selected from 500-hPa geopotential height anomalous fields in May to December of 1957 - 2000 and January to April of 1958 - 2001. The two models are tested and results show that the precision of superposition of the downscaling model is better than that of the one based on former comprehensive predictors, but the prediction accuracy of the downscaling model depends on the output of monthly dynamic extended range forecast.     

CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND EASTERN ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY SYSTEMS AND DYNAMICAL MODEL INVERSION FORECAST

Based on the adaptive network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), methods to filter out the noise of impact factors from the main signal are discussed. Focusing on the abnormal weather conditions in 2010, we use the delay-relevant method to analyze the five members of the summer monsoon system that had the largest effect on the subtropical high anomalies from the observational data. ANFIS is suitable for research and simulation of subtropical highs that are difficult to describe accurately with dynamics, allowing the effect of five factors on the subtropical high anomalies to be examined. Our results show that the Mascarene cold high, the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, and the South China Sea monsoon trough had the largest effect on the subtropical high anomalies. Diagnostic analysis, with genetic algorithms (GA) and dynamical reconstruction theory, reconstructed the nonlinear dynamical model of the subtropical high and its main factors objectively and accurately from the sequence of observations in 2010. Furthermore, a dynamically extended forecast experiment is performed. The forecasts for the subtropical high area index, the Mascarene cold high index, the Indian monsoon latent heat flux, and the South China Sea monsoon trough index all show a strong short-term effect over less than 25 days. The forecasting trend is accurate, and the error rate is no more than 7%. Our results provide new insight and methods for research on the association between the western Pacific subtropical high and the East Asian summer monsoon system, and for the prediction of the western Pacific subtropical high index.     

COMPARISONS OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND THE SOUTH ASIA HIGH BETWEEN NCEP/NCAR AND ECMWF REANALYSIS DATASETS

Comparisons of the west Pacific subtropical high with the South Asia High are made using the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF 500 hPa and 100 hPa monthly boreal geopotential height fields for the period 1961 - 2000. Discrepancies are found for the time prior to 1980. The west Pacific subtropical high in the NCEP/NCAR data is less intense than in ECMWF data before 1980. The range and strength of the west Pacific subtropical high variation described by the NCEP/NCAR data are larger than those depicted by ECMWF data. The same situation appears in the 100-hPa geopotential field. These discoveries suggest that the interdecadal variation of the two systems as shown by the NCEP/NCAR data may not be true. Besides, the South Asia High center in the NCEP/NCAR data is obviously stronger than in the ECMWF data during the periods 1969, 1979 - 1991 and 1992 - 1995. Furthermore, the range is larger from 1992 to 1995.     

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THE SEASONAL MODALITY AND WEST EXTENDING OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

~~THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THE SEASONAL MODALITY AND WEST EXTENDING OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH@张韧$Department of Marine Meteorology, Institute of Meteorology, PLA University of Sciences & Technology, Nanjing 211101 China @何金海$Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 210044 China @董兆俊$Department of Marine Meteorology, Institute of Meteorology, PLA Uni…     

A WAVELET PACKET ENERGY DIAGNOSIS OF SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INFLUENCING ON THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

1 INTRODUCTION An important constituent in the Asian summer monsoon system, the West Pacific subtropical high (simplified as the 揌igh) is closely related with the activity of summer monsoon via the changes in intraseasonal intensity and progression[1 - 8]. Zhang et al[5]. discuss the relationship between seasonal jumps and anomalous location of the Highs ridge and onset of low-latitude westerlies and tropical convection in summer, with the finding that the northward jump of the High is …     

DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF DYNAMIC CORRELATION FACTORS BETWEEN WEST-PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND EAST ASIA MONSOON SYSTEM INDEXES

Based on the daily reanalysis data of NCEP / NCAR and by using the method of phase space reconstruction, the point conditional probability density of the subtropical high ridge index are determined and then used, together with their power spectra, to seek the correlation between them and individual monsoon-affecting factors and their power spectra. Through diagnosis, six indexes are discovered that have the most important effects on the subtropical high index. The results of the diagnosis indicate that the technique can identify the factors which are dynamically correlated. It can offer the basis in determining and choosing dynamic conceptual factors.     

夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压的相关性分析

利用1951—2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料研究夏季南亚高压与西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)的相关性。结果发现,夏季南亚高压与西太副高的联系密切,年际尺度上强度指数之间的显著正相关关系相对稳定,两者同时偏强(简称同强)与同时偏弱(简称同弱)的模态超过70%。当南亚高压与西太副高同强(同弱)时,西风急流偏强(偏弱),高纬度地区大气环流呈经向(纬向)型,太平洋EAP遥相关为正(负)位相。贯穿对流层中上层的中纬度纬向西风与高压强度异常有密切的联系,西风急流可作为中纬度地区连接两者作用的纽带。青藏高原与太平洋地区对流层的温度差异分布对当地的环流系统造成很大影响,高原热力异常和海温异常联系着高压系统的演变。南亚高压、西太副高的异常影响了整体东亚大气环流的配置,是了解不同纬度系统相互作用的又一着眼点。