皖赣两省地质公园造景花岗岩的岩石特征、形成时代及景观成因

皖赣两省气候宜人,旅游资源丰富。黄山、三清山、天柱山、九华山、牯牛降等地质公园更是以独特的花岗岩地貌景观闻名于世。通过对地质公园内造景花岗岩进行年代学、岩石学、地球化学等方面的研究,证明上述地质公园内的花岗岩集中形成于135~125 Ma,属于早白垩世强烈岩浆活动的产物。这些花岗岩高硅、富碱、过铝,轻重稀土分馏不明显,Eu强烈亏损,稀土配分曲线呈海鸥型;强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,形成四个明显的凹槽,具有造山后铝质A型花岗岩的岩石地化特征,属于铝质A型花岗岩或者高分异花岗岩。上述花岗岩主要形成于造山后伸展的构造背景。该构造背景下产出的花岗岩以浅色矿物为主,暗色矿物含量稀少,抗风化蚀变能力更佳;并具有多组密集的原生节理,对花岗岩地貌景观的形成起着极其重要的控制作用。     

首批国家地质公园的建立——地球科学服务社会的新尝试

1995年国际地球科学联合会在联合国教科文组织支持下,开始推进编录全球地质遗迹名录的工作(Winbledon et.al.,1998)。与各国地质学家一样,中国地学界十分重视地质遗迹的保护。 广泛的地质资源调查,可以选择出一些国家级或区域级别的地质遗产地(Geosites,Geological heritage或Geotope)提     

Seismic anisotropy of the mantle lithosphere beneath the Swedish National Seismological Network (SNSN)

Body-wave analysis — shear-wave splitting and P travel time residuals — detect anisotropic structure of the upper mantle beneath the Swedish part of Fennoscandia. Geographic variations of both the splitting measurements and the P-residual spheres map regions of different fabrics of the mantle lithosphere. The fabric of individual mantle domains is internally consistent, usually with sudden changes at their boundaries. Distinct backazimuth dependence of SKS splitting excludes single-layer anisotropy models with horizontal symmetry axes for the whole region. Based upon joint inversion of body-wave anisotropic parameters, we instead propose 3D self-consistent anisotropic models of well-defined mantle lithosphere domains with differently oriented fabrics approximated by hexagonal aggregates with plunging symmetry axes. The domain-like structure of the Precambrian mantle lithosphere, most probably retaining fossil fabric since the domains' origin, supports the idea of the existence of an early form of plate tectonics during the formation of continental cratons already in the Archean. Similarly to different geochemical and geological constraints, the 3D anisotropy modelling and mapping of fabrics of the lithosphere domains contribute to tracking plate tectonics regimes back in time.     

Observation of isotopes in the water cycle—the Swiss National Network (NISOT)

The Swiss National Network for the Observation of Isotopes in the Water Cycle (NISOT) includes eleven precipitation, seven surface water (river) and three groundwater stations, where tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18 are monthly measured in composite samples. The network provides a good overview of the characteristic isotope signatures in recharge waters in Switzerland and of the relations between isotopes and altitude, orography and the amount of precipitation. Mixing of air water vapour and surface waters can be observed along a NW/SE cross section through the Alps. With increasing length of the data series, the network provides a valuable contribution for national and international scientific and practical applications in surface and subsurface hydrology, climatology and biology. The Swiss Geological Survey at the Federal Office for Water and Geology operates the isotope network within the legal framework of the Federal Law on the Protection of Waters and guarantees quality, access and distribution of the isotope data.