东海陆架盆地南部海域油气地球化学探测:烃类地球化学异常与含油气性综合评价

通过对东海陆架盆地南部海域油气地球化学样品采集、酸解烃类气体和芳烃类指标的分析测试,以及地球化学异常提取,揭示了烃类地球化学指标的异常分布特征,分析了烃类气体的成因类型和深部油气属性,进行了综合地球化学异常分区和含油气性评价。烃类地球化学指标,包括酸解甲烷、酸解乙烷、芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm和稠环芳烃总量360 nm的异常,主要集中分布在研究区的西部和东部,分别与瓯江凹陷和闽江凹陷相对应。酸解烃类气体组合及甲烷碳同位素组成指示酸解烃类气体异常主要为热成因并遭受了表层氧化,深部油气属性属于干气至凝析油气,以干气为主。根据综合地球化学异常特征,划分了西部综合地球化学异常区和东部综合地球化学异常区。酸解甲烷、酸解乙烷、芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm和稠环芳烃总量360 nm指标异常在西部综合地球化学异常区均有明显显示,而东部综合地球化学异常区则以酸解烃类气体异常为主,稠环芳烃总量360 nm异常部分分布,芳烃及其衍生物总量260 nm异常只有零星分布。综合评价结果表明,西部综合地球化学异常区含油气性明显优于东部综合地球化学异常区,也就是瓯江凹陷的含油气性好于闽江凹陷。     

北黄海盆地烃类地球化学场与综合异常分区

北黄海盆地包括东部坳陷、中部坳陷和西部坳陷3个主要构造单元。海底沉积物中烃类气体、芳烃和稠环芳烃含量的均值和变异系数显示,3个主要坳陷的地球化学场的均匀程度明显不同。东部坳陷所有指标的地球化学场均显示严重非均匀地球化学场的特征,中部坳陷的地球化学场包括有均匀地球化学场、非均匀地球化学场和严重非均匀地球化学场,西部坳陷地球化学场显示弱不均匀到均匀地球化学场的特征。各种烃类指标的地球化学异常显著,并且主要沿坳陷及其内部次级凹陷的边界断裂分布。这表明地球化学场的均匀程度和地球化学异常分布明显受断裂,特别是坳陷边界断裂的控制。综合分析烃类地球化学指标的异常分布,划分了8个综合地球化学异常区。通过烃类综合异常分布,以及构造、地层、烃源岩、储集层和盖层地质要素的综合评价,得出一级地球化学区1个(Ⅰ区),二级地球化学区3个(Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区),三级地球化学区4个(Ⅴ区、Ⅵ区、Ⅶ区和Ⅷ区),其中含油气性最好的是位于东部坳陷的Ⅰ区。     

南黄海盆地北部坳陷海底沉积物酸解烃类气体地球化学异常与深部油气属性

南黄海盆地北部坳陷海底沉积物酸解烃甲烷和酸解烃乙烷异常分布显示相同的特征,在西部存在1个高异常区,东部存在1个低异常区。酸解烃类气体的C1/(C2+C3)—δ13C1相关图显示酸解烃类气体属于热成因类型。烃类气体的C1—C2交会图和C1/(C2+C3)—C2/(C3+C4)交会图指示异常区的深部油气属性属于"油气并存"区和"干气"区,其中西部异常区以"油气并存"为主,东部异常区以"干气"为主。     

海底沉积物烃类气体地球化学异常识别与成因解释

烃类气体是海底渗漏烃的重要组分之一。它们在海底沉积物中主要以游离态和束缚态形式存在。测量海底沉积物烃类气体组成的方法有顶空气法、酸解烃法和热释烃法等。顶空气测量的是在海底沉积物中以游离态存在的烃类气体,酸解烃测定的是吸附在颗粒表面或存在内部包裹体中的束缚烃类气体,热释烃测定的是海底沉积物中被硅铝酸盐所吸附的束缚烃类气体。海底沉积物地球化学异常识别方法包括图解法和计算法等多种方法。海底沉积物地球化学异常成因主要包括有生物成因、热成因和混合成因等。利用烃类气体含量、组合及比值,结合同位素组成特征可以解释地球化学异常成因。     

南黄海盆地崂山隆起中南部海域油气目标地球化学探测:海底油气渗漏与双环状地球化学异常

通过对南黄海盆地崂山隆起中南部163站位油气地球化学样品采集、烃类气体和芳烃类指标的分析测试,以及地球化学异常提取,揭示了烃类地球化学指标的异常分布特征,分析了海底油气渗漏和表面地球化学异常的关系,建立了油气地球化学异常模式。吸附甲烷、吸附重烃气体、顶空甲烷、顶空重烃气体、芳烃及其衍生物总量(260 nm)和稠环芳烃总量(320 nm)的地球化学异常均围绕高石3构造呈环状分布,并且烃类气体指标异常较芳烃类指标异常更靠近这一圈闭构造的外侧。地球化学异常的平面分布和沿主要地震剖面的垂向分布特征显示烃类地球化学异常的形成可能与高石3构造及深部油气藏的分布和垂向渗漏有关,并据此建立了围绕高石3构造的双环状地球化学异常模式。内环主要芳烃类指标异常,可能由高石3构造上部残留油藏渗漏形成,外环主要为烃类气体异常,可能由高石3构造深部原生气藏渗漏形成。表面地球化学异常与高石3构造边缘断裂构造的关系显示,无论是内环异常,还是外环异常均与高石3构造边缘断裂构造在空间上密切相关,预示着这些断裂构造可能是深部油气垂向渗漏运移的主要路径,同时也意味着高石3构造是崂山隆起中—古生界海洋油气钻探的首选构造。     

海底烃类渗漏的地球化学识别

利用海底烃类嗅测仪可以检测到因海底烃类渗漏而在海水中存在的烃类地球化学异常。烃类嗅测仪可检测到的指标主要是甲烷,也包括重烃类气体和芳烃类。利用烃类嗅测仪可以有效地识别海底宏渗漏的存在。海底沉积物的地球化学异常可以指示海底烃类渗漏的存在。通过沉积物柱状取样,地球化学分析和异常解释,渗漏烃来源分析,以及对热成因烃类源区有机质类型、沉积环境、热成熟度、时代以及油气属性等信息的提取,为海域油气资源勘探和评价提供地球化学依据。     

天然热释光技术在南海东部表层沉积物油气潜力勘查中的应用

应用热释光技术对南海东部海域(13.00°~22.00°N、117.00°~119°30′E)42个站位的表层沉积物样品进行分析测量,结合气烃组合指标C1/(C2+C3)及甲烷碳同位素判别地表气烃的成因类型,并有效指示了海底深部油气藏散失引起的放射性异常,研究还发现热释光在不同沉积粒径中的测试剂量不同,结果为黏土质粉砂大于砂质粉砂;热释光也与部分化学元素含量有关,与稀土金属Nb、金属元素Zr呈显著正相关,与微量元素S、Ba呈负相关;天然热释光还与不同区块的沉积物酸解气烃甲烷、丙烷、异丁烷呈强烈正相关。数理统计分析结果表明沉积物的热释光和气烃的异常值完全吻合。     

长江口邻近海域沉积物间隙水的地球化学

长江口及其邻近海域的水文、地质情况极为复杂,对沉积物的成岩作用和间隙水中元素的生物地球化学过程,均有显著影响。本文作者曾于1980年7月对长江口邻近海域沉积物与间隙水的地球化学特征进行了调查,调查船为“金星”号,工作范围为122°00′—126°08′E,30°30′—32°31′N,共测定18个站位(图1)表层沉积物氧化还原性质的参量及间隙水主要化学成分、营养盐和微     

山东省海岸带和海涂资源综合调查第二调查区综合调查报告园满完成

由烟台市“海岸办”主持编写的“山东省海岸带和海涂资源综合调查第二调查区综合调查报告”已完成,约10万字。第二调查区位于山东省东部(北纬36°15′42″～38°24′00″,东经119°33′00″～122°42′18″)为三面濒临渤黄海的半岛。行政区划属烟台市所辖。西以胶莱河口与潍坊市为临,西南以丁字湾与青岛市接壤。海岸蜿蜒曲折,海湾众多,万亩以上的海湾有16个,沿海县、(区)市14个,岸线全长约1669公里,15米等深线以内浅海面积约1210万亩,     

台西盆地某坳陷油气地球化学异常特征与评价

采用沉积物、海水等不同介质，应用７种方法在台西盆地某坳陷开展了油气地球化学综合调查。根据指标间的相关性、共生与伴生组合等进行指标分类和统计分析，在地球化学场和场源分析的基础上，结合地质－地球物理资料，圈定３个Ⅰ级异常区、２个Ⅱ级异常区和２个Ⅲ级异常区，为该坳陷油气远景评价提供了可信的地球化学依据。同时，也证实了化探方法和指标海洋油气资源勘探中的有效性。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.