Diatoms,spatial distribution and physicochemical characteristics of the Wular lake sediments,Kashmir valley,Jammu and Kashmir

Lakes and wetlands are dynamic geomorphic units of a landscape that hold geochemical signatures of sediment provenance and paleo-environmental shifts and are major sinks for organic matter accumulation. The source of organic matter is diverse in lake sediments and varies widely with the type and size of the lake and hence it is important to understand the source of organic carbon (terrestrial or in situ) in lake systems in order to monitor the health of the lake. Wular lake, located in north Kashmir, is one of the largest fresh water lake in India, situated at an average elevation of 1580m ASL. The lake is fed by a number of watersheds that bring a diverse type of sediments and organic matter and thus deposit them into the Wular lake basin. In order to understand sediment distribution pattern, content and source of organic matter, sediment provenance and the persisting environment in the Wular lake, 32 lake floor sediment samples covering the entire lake were collected and analyzed for organic element analysis, CaCO3, organic matter, sediment texture and diatom analysis. The results indicated that sediments in the lake are dominated by silt and silty clay. The organic carbon in the lake ranged from 0.83%-4.52% and nitrogen varied from 0.06%-0.5%. The Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) ratios (9.04 to 22.03) indicate a mixed source of organic carbon but dominated by in situ lake sources from the vascular and lake biota accumulation. The diatom analysis revealed the occurrence of a diverse type of species along the sampling sites present within the lake. The wide distribution of the diatom species such as Cymbella, Cyclotella and Tabularia etc. in the lake indicate high organic pollution and alkaline fresh water environment prevailing in the lake.     

盐湖页岩有机质富集主控因素及模式

为深入研究盐湖背景下的江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组3₄段第10韵律及4_下段部分韵律层的页岩有机质富集机理,采用X荧光光谱（XRF）、碳硫仪、GC、GC-MS等手段,研究该地区页岩的元素变化与TOC富集之间的关系,以此探讨有机质富集的主控因素,从而建立有机质富集模式.结果表明,潜江组页岩有机质在水进体系域（TST）中相对较为富集,在高位体系域（HST）及低位体系域（LST）中较为贫乏;潜江组页岩有机碳与古生产力指数（P/Ti）、古气候指数（Mg/Ca）、古水深指数（Rb/K）大致呈正相关,随古盐度指数（Sr/Ba）值的增加先增大后减小,与陆源物质输入量参数（SiO₂、Al₃O₂）呈负相关.页岩层段中古生产力指数（P/Ti）大于1、古盐度指数（Sr/Ba）介于2~4、古气候指数（Mg/Ca）小于0.4,古水深指数（Rb/K）大于0.007且陆源物质输入较少,有机质富集.研究揭示,潜江凹陷潜江组页岩有机质来源主要为水生生物,水进体系域中,在较为潮湿的古气候条件下,水生生物繁盛,陆源碎屑输入量低,对有机质的稀释作用减弱;同时,较多的降水使湖水深度快速增加,表层水体盐度降低,湖底盐度较大,形成盐度分层,增强深部古水体的还原性,有利于有机质的富集.      

松辽盆地北部青一段油页岩地球化学特征及其记录的古湖泊学信息

油页岩地球化学特征及其记录的古湖泊学信息是揭示油页岩成矿富集规律的关键佐证。根据含油率、TOC、岩石热解、元素分析、生物标志化合物检测及有机显微组分分析,精细刻画了松辽盆地北部ZY1井青一段油页岩的地球化学特征,并分析了其记录的古湖泊学信息,探讨了古湖泊对油页岩有机质富集的控制作用。结果表明：青一段发育8层中等偏好品质的油页岩,下部为高品质油页岩富集层段;油页岩的含油率和TOC质量分数相关性极好,处于未熟—低成熟度演化阶段,生烃潜力大;油页岩中含丰富的萜类和甾类化合物,有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型,有机质来源主要为层状藻占优势的湖泊水生生物。地球化学参数指示,青一段下部古湖泊生产力呈现3个低→高的旋回,对应的古湖泊水体盐度呈现为3个半咸水-咸水旋回、古湖泊水体氧化还原性表现为还原-强还原-还原的厌氧环境,其中旋回Ⅱ后期湖泊生产力最高,对应的水体盐度最高、还原性最强。表明湖泊富营养化造成的高湖泊生产力是青一段高品质油页岩有机质富集的物质基础,盐度分层控制下强还原的湖底环境是高品质油页岩有机质富集的良好保存条件。     

Evaluation of environmental status and geochemical assessment of sediments,Manasbal Lake,Kashmir, India

The present study was conducted on the Manasbal Lake (34°14′N: 74°40′E) to assess the geochemical characteristics of the lake bottom sediments, its environmental implications and its response in the local catchment area. This study tracks the spatial distribution of grain size, geochemical analysis, C/N ratio, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and organic matter (OM) of the lake bottom sediments. It is observed that the clay fraction (49.79%) is predominant in the lake bottom sediments, followed by silt (35.88%) and sand (14.33%) and its spatial distribution is controlled by water depth. Geochemistry and normalized diagrams for the major oxides and trace elements reveal enrichment of CaO, K₂O, P₂O₅, S, Cl, Ni, Zn and Sr. Chemical index of alteration (CIA) reflects low to moderate weathering intensity and near compositional similarity with the bedrock exposed in the catchment area around the lake. Environmental indices (EF, Igeo) suggest that the sediments are enriched in Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Pb followed by Mn content. Pollution load index (PLI) reveal that all the sampling sites reflect low to moderately polluted category except for few stations that are towards the southern and southeastern side of the lake. OM (16.85%), CaCO₃ (14.04%) and C/N ratio (15.5) of the lake bottom sediments is attributed to high organic activity within the lake, shell fragments, contributions from the lake flora and fauna adhering to the clayey silty sediments. The C/N ratio of 15.5 suggests a mixed source of organic matter both terrestrially and in situ formation within the lake. Sulphur and chlorine are high amongst the trace elements suggesting anthropogenic detritus input into the lake and this is due to the chemical fertilizers from the agricultural runoff and organic load into the lake. Thus, the present study suggests that in order to preserve the pristine lake ecology and the environment; continued monitoring and restoration efforts need to be undertaken.     

松辽盆地北部白垩纪青山口组黑色页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积古环境恢复

对松辽盆地北部青山口组118块页岩样品进行有机碳和元素地球化学测试,运用一系列判别古气候、古盐度、古生产力和古氧化还原条件的地化指标,恢复青山口组黑色页岩的沉积环境,探讨富有机质页岩成因机制。青山口组沉积期为温暖半湿润亚热带气候,古气温>15℃,水体为陆相微咸水—半咸水环境,盐度5‰~10‰。青山口组底部发育厚度约30 m的富有机质页岩,TOC最高达到9.39%,自下而上有机碳含量逐渐变低。富有机质页岩Cu、Ni、Mo和Zn含量高,发育大量胶磷矿、藻席,表明青山口组早期湖盆生产力达到峰值,为有机质富集提供物质基础。U元素含量以及V/(V+Ni)、V/Sc比值较高,表明青山口组早期水体为强还原环境,为富有机质页岩保存提供有利条件。中-晚期随着湖盆收缩、水体变浅,还原环境遭到破坏,有机碳含量降低。TOC与古生产力及氧化还原指标呈正相关关系,表明有机质含量的变化主要受控于湖盆生产力和氧化还原环境。古海侵事件带来丰富营养物质,极大提高了湖盆生产力,保证有机质大量供应;同时海侵造成盐度分层,使底部水体的强还原环境不受破坏,促进了有机质的保存。松辽盆地青山口组在白垩纪全球缺氧事件影响下形成了面积约5×10^-3km;的黑色页岩,是页岩油勘探的重要目标。     

敦煌盆地五墩凹陷中间沟组下段泥页岩地球化学特征及沉积模式

分析泥页岩形成的沉积环境对页岩气储层评价和甜点区优选具有重要意义。为深入探讨敦煌盆地五墩凹陷中间沟组下段富有机质泥页岩的形成环境和有机质聚集机制,以DY1井为研究对象,开展了总有机碳(TOC)含量、显微组成、碳同位素、主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素等测试。结果表明,五墩凹陷中间沟组下段岩性为灰黑色炭质泥页岩、粉砂质泥页岩夹薄煤层等,泥页岩具有较高的TOC含量,质量分数介于0.53%～25.25%,均值为8.18%,成熟度Rran介于0.74%～1.21%。Mo含量、P/Ti值和有机质显微组成表明,中间沟组下段沉积水体具有较低的初级生产力,高丰度有机质主要来自于陆源高等植物,反映了研究区浅水三角洲–半深湖环境下泥页岩的古生产力不是有机质聚集的关键控制因素;V/(V+Ni)、Ce_anom、Th/U和U_EF-Mo_EF协变模式等揭示中间沟组下段泥页岩形成于缺氧环境;Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr和气候指数C等指标反映了温暖–半干旱的古气候条件;Sr/Ba、Ba/Ga、Ca/(Fe+Ca)和Al₂O₃     

金羊盆地北票组沉积环境及烃源岩有机地球化学特征

基于钻井岩芯,结合实测剖面及收集的测试数据,以点及面,对金羊盆地北票组沉积环境及烃源岩有机地球化学特征进行了分析研究。结果表明:北票组烃源岩主要形成于淡水-微咸水、偏氧化的沉积环境中,且气候条件从潮湿、半潮湿到半干燥有序变化;综合评价认为,北票组烃源岩有机质丰度高,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ_2型,其次为Ⅲ型,处于成熟阶段及生油高峰期。横向上,位于章吉营子凹陷沉积中心的东坤头营子剖面及石门沟剖面有机质丰度最好,以中等-好烃源岩为主,而沉积边缘相的巴图营子乡刁家沟剖面有机质丰度最差,为非烃源岩-差烃源岩;纵向上,半深湖亚相的有机质丰度要好于滨浅湖亚相,辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲相为非烃源岩-差烃源岩。     

济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系沙河街组深湖相油页岩的特征及成因

古近系沙河街组沙三段下部发育的深湖相油页岩是东营凹陷最重要的优质烃源岩。该油页岩呈深灰色或棕褐色，页理发育，主要由富含有机质纹层和浅灰色钙质纹层形成的毫米级沉积层偶组成。其中有机质纹层中的有机碳含量在5％以上，富含藻类化石及鱼化石等；钙质纹层主要由方解石组成，呈灰白色。沉积环境分析表明，该油页岩形成于湿润气候条件下的半咸水-微咸水的深湖缺氧环境中，沉积速率较慢，湖盆处于欠补偿状态，水体分层结构使沉积有机质得到有效保存。藻类等水生生物勃发吸收了更多的CO2，从而诱发大量内生成因的碳酸盐沉淀，形成碳酸盐纹层，而藻类的死亡则导致湖水有机质输送通量增多，使沉积物中有机质保存量增大，促使高有机质丰度烃源岩的形成。因此，分层的水体结构和藻类的勃发是油页岩形成的重要控制因素。     

Biogeochemical controls on reaction of sedimentary organic matter and aqueous sulfides in holocene sediments of Mud Lake, Florida

The distribution and quantity of organic sulfur and iron sulfur species were determined in the Holocene sediments from Mud Lake, Florida. The sediments of this shallow, sinkhole lake are characterized by high sulfur and organic carbon contents as well as active sulfate reduction. They record a shift from a basal peat (below 2 m) comprised of water lily-dominated organic matter to the present cyanobacterial/algal-dominated lake deposit (upper 1 m). This shift in depositional environment and subsequent organic matter source was accompanied by variation in the amount of reactive iron delivered to the sediments, which in turn influenced the type and extent of organic matter sulfurization. Extractable intramolecular organic sulfur is principally found as C₂₅ highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) thiolanes. Extractable polysulfide-linked lipids, determined by selective chemical cleavage with MeLi/MeI and analyzed as methylthioethers (MTE), are dominated by n-alkanes with sulfur attachments at position 1 and 2, as well as lower amounts of C₂₅ HBI-MTE. The δ¹³C values and carbon-chain length distribution of both series of n-alkylMTE indicate that they are derived from distinct biological precursors. Among the n-alkylMTE with sulfur attachment at position 1 there are three homologous series: one saturated and two with both cis and trans enethiol isomers. The identification of the enethiol in the sulfur-linked macromolecules indicates that n-alkylaldehydes are precursors lipids. The intervals of high concentration of bulk organic sulfur and sulfurized lipids coincide with the intervals of high mineral sulfur content (acid volatile sulfide and chromium reducible sulfur). We suggest that the main control on the enhanced addition of sulfur to the organic matter in Mud Lake was the increased formation of polysulfides during the reduction of iron hydroxides and the subsequent reaction of those polysulfides with mildly oxidized sedimentary organic matter.     

准噶尔盆地南缘芦草沟组页岩的沉积过程及有机质富集机理

准噶尔盆地南缘二叠系芦草沟组页岩是重要的烃源岩和非常规油气资源储层,具有重大页岩油气勘探潜力.然而对准南芦草沟组页岩的沉积过程、古气候控制湖泊水文条件以及页岩中有机质的富集机理的研究相对较少.通过系统的野外地质调查和样品分析测试,主要利用沉积学定性分析和地球化学定量表征相结合的方法对芦草沟组页岩进行了综合研究.结果表明,研究区芦草沟组页岩主要沉积于盐度分层的半深湖-深湖环境;古气候在研究区湖盆流域具有独特的分带性,博格达东北部的古气候较温暖和潮湿,而博格达以西的古气候则相对干旱;博格达东北部较湿润的古气候引起该地区较充足的降雨,促进了湖水的盐度分层,同时降雨促进河流携带大量富营养元素的淡水注入湖泊引起了表层水体生产力升高,导致博格达东北部芦草沟组页岩相对于博格达西部地区具有更高的TOC含量;表层水体的古生产力与较稳定的贫氧-厌氧环境是研究区芦草沟组页岩有机质富集的主控因素.      

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩地球化学特征与沉积环境的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系烃源岩是盆地重要潜在的生烃岩系,以钻井岩心地球化学分析资料为主,对泥岩、泥质碳酸盐岩的微量元素、稀土元素和有机质地球化学特征进行了系统分析,其中微量元素含量与同类岩石的克拉克值相比,差别较大。轻稀土富集程度较高,重稀土相对较低,Ce/Ce*具有较明显的正异常,反映出烃源岩沉积环境总体为还原环境。研究认为,半深湖—深湖相带沉积的灰黑色泥岩类烃源岩还原程度强,有机质丰度高,有机质能被及时埋藏;河流—沼泽相沉积环境沉积的灰色—绿灰色泥岩类烃源岩有机质丰度较低。还原程度强、具一定深度水体的沉积相带是原始有机质沉积的良好场所,有机质能沉积并及时保存下来;而气候条件相对干燥、降水少、陆源碎屑物补充不足或较长时间处于氧化环境条件下沉积的泥质碳酸盐岩类岩石,有机质丰度明显偏差。     

松辽盆地NGN1井上白垩统青山口组一段有机质演化

以NGN1井全取芯井为标杆,通过岩芯观察、地球化学分析和显微组分镜下鉴定,揭示青山口组一段的有机质演化规律。NGN1钻井位于松辽盆地东南缘,青一段由底至顶分别为灰绿色泥质粉砂岩-深灰色泥岩、油页岩-灰色泥岩-灰绿色粉砂质泥岩沉积,揭示了由滨浅湖-半深湖-滨浅湖的沉积环境演化。TOC、S2、含油率以及HI呈现增大-高值-减小的趋势,而半焦含量和块状密度则呈相反的变化趋势。青一段泥岩中主要的有机质显微组分为层状藻、孢子体和骨屑等,有机质含量与单位面积显微组分、藻类相对含量均呈明显的正相关,并结合有机质判别图解,说明有机质类型主要为I型和II1型,来源以湖泊藻类为主。泥岩中的陆源有机质含量较少,说明湖泊生物控制着有机质的来源,浅湖由于水体较浅、水底含氧,保存条件较差,导致泥岩中的有机质丰度较低,半深湖-深湖水体较深,保存条件良好,促进有机质的富集,因此垂向上沉积环境演化是导致有机质变化的主要因素。     

The formation and detection of metal dispersion halos in organic lake sediments

The application of organic-rich lake sediment (gyttja) to exploration geochemistry is discussed. Gyttja was collected from some 42 lake sites in the Red Lake-Uchi Lake volcanic-sedimentary sequences.The existance of free sulphide ion in most gyttja is confirmed and theoretical calculations are used to define the approximate concentrations of sulphide ion which determine whether the accumulation of Cu⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ is by metal sulphide precipitation, organic complexing or both. These calculations show that in the sediments collected in this study, the accumulation of copper will probably be by metal sulphide formation, whereas for zinc, organic complexing and possibly sulphide precipitation are likely mechanisms.It is shown that the background concentrations of copper and zinc on a dry matter basis increase with the content of organic matter in the sediment and it is further shown that the quantity of interstitial water in the sediment increases linearly with the organic content. Also it is demonstrated that the organic matter in the sediment is dispersed in the interstitial water in approximately the same concentration irrespective of the sediment composition.On the assumption that copper sulphide colloids are dispersed in the interstitial water of the sediment, it is suggested that the copper content of gyttja should be expressed as μg/g interstitial water for meaningful interpretation. Similarly, the zinc content should be expressed relative to the organic matter content.The ability of reagents to selectively extract only chemically dispersed metals and not silicate lattice metals from gyttja is discussed.Both the analytical procedures and the interpretations are applied to the samples collected.     

基于细粒岩石类型对玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组烃源岩分类评价

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油勘探取得巨大突破,但是按照普遍认可的页岩油烃源岩评价标准,本区的烃源岩品质并不理想。为了科学评价玛湖凹陷烃源岩品质特征,本文在系统的岩心观察和有机地球化学分析的基础上,揭示烃源岩的形成环境,并按照矿物组成对烃源岩分类评价。玛湖凹陷风城组细粒岩主要沉积于正常半深湖、咸化半深湖、半咸化半深湖、含热液半深湖和滨浅湖环境中,各环境中细粒岩的有机质特征存在一定区别,其中半咸化半深湖有机质较为富集,w(TOC)均值在1%左右。进一步结合有机质类型判别图解,表明咸化半深湖和含热液半深湖有机质来源以湖泊生物为主,而其他环境中存在湖泊和陆源混合有机质来源。基于有机质生烃潜力评价和成熟度(V_re=0.74%)估算,表明目前风城组烃源岩中有机质正处于大量排烃的成熟阶段,且确定了细粒岩中的烃类为原生烃。由于不同矿物组成的烃源岩吸附能力的差异,按照陆相泥质烃源岩和碳酸盐质烃源岩开展分类评价,结果表明风城组沉积了累计厚度近250 m的的有效烃源岩,且富含以藻类体为主的有机质。     

松辽盆地后金沟剖面烃源岩地球化学特征及其古环境重建

通过对晚白垩纪松辽盆地后金沟剖面不同类型烃源岩进行详细的有机地球化学分析,揭示嫩江组一段上部到二段下部的烃源岩有机地球化学特征及古环境意义。根据元素分析、Rock-Eval及生物标志化合物等参数,发现嫩江组一段上部随着埋深的减少,有机质的来源以湖泊内源和陆生高等植物混合为主逐渐向以湖泊内源占优势过渡;正构烷烃分布呈现出高碳数的奇偶优势与低碳数偶奇优势共存、高碳数的奇偶优势、低碳数的偶奇优势三种模式;δ13Corg、C/N及海相C₃₀甾烷共同证实了海侵作用的发生,且24-正丙基-胆甾烷、24-异丙基-胆甾烷和甲藻甾烷含量分别为0.09~8 μg/g、0~2 μg/g、0~0.3 μg/g,随着埋深的减少呈现增加趋势。嫩江组二段下部有机质来源以湖泊内源占优势,且非海相藻类对长链正构烷烃有一定的贡献,有机质的保存与缺氧环境和微生物的活动均有关;24-正丙基-胆甾烷、24-异丙基-胆甾烷和甲藻甾烷的含量分别为2.8~12.5 μg/g、2.4~8.5 μg/g、0.1~0.64 μg/g,随埋深减少呈现一定波动性。因此认为嫩江组一段上部沉积环境总体表现为滨湖到浅湖相的过渡并且伴随海侵作用逐渐增强;嫩江组二段下部被证明是半深湖到深湖相的沉积类型,海相C₃₀甾烷含量的波动变化指示了海侵的多期次。     

东海陆架盆地丽水-椒江凹陷月桂峰组烃源岩发育控制因素及形成模式

下古新统月桂峰组是东海陆架盆地丽水-椒江富生烃凹陷的主力烃源岩系.利用钻井、地震及烃源岩有机地球化学、古生物等资料,在烃源岩特征及其发育的构造-沉积与古气候背景分析的基础上,探讨了控制丽水-椒江凹陷下古新统月桂峰组烃源岩发育的主要因素,并建立了相应的形成模式.丽水-椒江凹陷月桂峰组烃源岩分布广、厚度大,存在多个厚度中心;有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ₂型为主,处于成熟-高成熟阶段.月桂峰组烃源岩发育于分割性较强、相对封闭的湖泊环境和半湿润-湿润南亚热带型气候条件,以低等水生生物贡献为主.月桂峰组烃源岩的发育主要受沉积-沉降速率、母质来源及有机质保存条件等因素控制,其形成模式可概括为“快速沉降,湿润气候,水生有机质贡献为主,淡水-微咸水,弱氧化-弱还原环境”.      

龙感湖稀土元素的地球化学特征

采用液-液萃取法,连续提取法和ICP-MS测试技术,对龙感湖不同季节水和颗粒物中稀土元素进行研究.结果表明,龙感湖的溶解态稀土含量极低,稀土总含量(ΣREE)在3.14～129.81ng/kg之间,且季节性变化明显.龙感湖溶解态稀土元素表现出平坦型的页岩配分模式,这是由于在草型湖泊中溶解态稀土主要以吸附在微细胶体上的形式存在,水粒相互作用在这个过程中起主要控制作用.悬浮物中的稀土含量顺序为:残渣态>>Fe-Mn结合态>>有机态和AEC态,颗粒物中稀土元素主要以残渣态形式存在.Fe-Mn结合态、有机态和AEC态的页岩配分模式为中稀土富集,残渣态的页岩配分模式为平坦型.这说明中稀土与轻重稀土相比具有更强的潜在地球化学活性,但在龙感湖的环境中的迁移能力相对轻重稀土来说较弱.     

东营凹陷细粒混积岩发育环境及其岩相组合:以沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒沉积为例

为了进行陆相断陷湖盆泥页岩细粒混积岩有利岩相预测,以指导页岩油气有利目标优选,综合运用岩心、薄片、全岩衍射、元素、古生物等资料,系统进行了东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积环境恢复、岩相精细表征,揭示了沉积环境对岩相及其组合、分布的控制作用.研究表明,东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积期整体上表现为气候由半湿润向湿润转化,自下而上显示碎屑物源输入量在增加、水体水深加大、盐度降低、还原性减弱的过程;有序复杂多变的沉积环境一定程度上控制了泥页岩细粒混积岩沉积组构复杂性,进而控制了细粒混积岩相的多样性、组合和分布规律性.建立基于“岩石组分、沉积构造、灰质结构和有机质丰度”四端元划分方案,将东营凹陷沙四上亚段泥页岩细粒混积岩划分为20类,实现了复杂细粒混积岩岩相划分;半湿润少物源条件下,浅湖强还原盐水环境主要发育膏盐、含有机质层状膏质泥岩和含有机质层状泥质灰（云）岩相组合,半深湖强还原咸水环境主要发育富有机质纹层状微晶泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,半深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质水平泥晶纹层泥质灰岩和富有机质纹层灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩夹富有机质层状灰质泥岩相组合;湿润多物源条件下,深湖强还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状泥质灰岩和富有机质层状灰质泥岩频繁互层岩相组合,深湖还原半咸水环境主要发育富有机质层状灰质泥岩夹富有机质层状泥质灰岩相组合.      

Playa‐lake sedimentation and organic matter accumulation in an Andean piggyback basin: the recent record from the Cuenca de Pozuelos,North‐west Argentina

Expansive playa‐lake systems situated in high‐altitude piggyback basins are important and conspicuous components of both modern and ancient cordilleran orogenic systems. Extant playa lakes provide vital habitat for numerous endemic species, whereas sediments from these deposystems may record signals of climate change or develop natural resources over geological time. Laguna de los Pozuelos (North‐west Argentina) provides the opportunity for an actualistic sedimentological and geochemical assessment of a piggyback basin playa lake in an area of critical interest for understanding Quaternary palaeoclimate dynamics. Silty clays and diatom ooze are the dominant playa‐lake centre microfacies, with concentrations of total organic carbon and biogenic silica commonly exceeding 1·5 wt% in this sub‐environment. Elemental and stable isotopic analyses point to a mixed organic matter composition in the playa‐lake centre, with substantial contributions from algae and transported aquatic macrophytes. Bulk sediment and organic mass accumulation rates in the southern playa‐lake centre approach 0·22 g cm^?2 year^?1 and 2·89 mg cm^?2 year^?1, respectively, indicating moderately rapid deposition with negligible deflation over historic time. Playa margin facies contain higher percentages of fragmented biogenic carbonate (ostracods and charophytes) and inorganically precipitated aragonite crusts due to seasonal pumping and evaporation of ground water. Organic matter accumulation is limited along these heavily bioturbated wet and dry mud flats. Fluvial–lacustrine transitional environments, which are key waterbird habitats, are either silty terminal splay (northern axis) or sandy deltas (southern axis) containing highly oxidized and partially allochthonous organic matter. Modern analogue data from Laguna de los Pozuelos provide key insights for: (i) environmental reconstructions of ancient lake sequences; and (ii) improving facies models for piggyback basins.