考虑次固结效应的流变固结理论研究

软土的固结与蠕变是土力学研究和工程建设中需要考虑的重点问题, 但是传统的固结理论, 例如太沙基固结理论没有考虑软土的流变特性, 对软土的次固结沉降无法做出准确的解释。为了研究软土的固结与蠕变以及次固结沉降特性, 掌握其应力和变形规律, 本文对传统的固结理论进行了改进。在太沙基一维固结理论的基础上, 利用次固结系数和修正的Singh-Mitchell经验蠕变模型, 建立了考虑次固结效应的一维流变固结微分方程。在太沙基三维固结理论和比奥固结理论的基础上, 利用修正的Singh-Mitchell经验蠕变模型, 建立了考虑次固结效应的三维流变固结微分方程。新建立的流变固结微分方程能够更加准确地反映软土固结和蠕变性状的应力-应变-时间关系, 为软土固结沉降研究提供新的理论依据。     

基坑竖向位移监测与地表沉降分析

基坑工程作为一项综合性的工程项目,其质量好坏直接影响到后续的工程建设,最重要的影响因素就是岩土和地下水,二者带来了很多不确定性。通过对聊城公共交通集团调度中心工程基坑开挖过程中出现的土体渗流、沉降变形等问题的分析,并提出合理的解决方案,得出以下结论：软土地层止水帷幕不宜采用单轴搅拌桩;软土地层蠕动变形强烈,已施工锚杆易产生预应力损失,应随时检测,拉张补强。     

Undrained creep failure of a drainage canal slope stabilized with deep cement mixing columns

This paper presents an analysis of the slope failure of a Suvarnabhumi drainage canal during construction. The Suvarnabhumi drainage canal project includes a large drainage canal with a road on both sides. The width of the bottom of the drainage canal is 48.0 m, the depth of the drainage canal is 3.0 m, and the length of the drainage canal is 10.5 km. Because the project was constructed on very soft Bangkok clay, deep cement mixing (DCM) columns were employed to increase the stability of the excavated canal. The failure of the drainage canal slope occurred 25 days after the end of excavation. The field monitoring data show that lateral movement of the canal slope continuously increased with time, which caused failure due to the instability of the canal slope. The time-dependent deformation and undrained creep behavior of very soft clay was suspected to be the cause of the canal failure. A laboratory investigation of undrained creep behavior and a finite element analysis (FEA) using the soft soil creep (SSC) model were performed to confirm the causes of the canal failure. The results indicate that very soft clay specimens that are subjected to deviator creep stress levels of 70 and 100 % of the peak strength failed by creep rupture within 60 days and 8 min, respectively. The factor of safety for the canal slope, which was obtained from the FEA, shows significant reduction from the initial value of 1.710 to 1.045 within 24 days after the end of excavation due to the effect of undrained creep. This paper also describes a solution method that is applied to a new section of the canal. Field monitoring and an FEA of the new trial section were performed to prove the effectiveness of the solution method.     

A combined method to predict the long-term settlements of roads on soft soil under cyclic traffic loadings

In order to investigate the mechanism of the long-term settlement of road on the soft soil, an in situ measurement of a highway in southeast China was conducted during both the construction and post-construction stage. In the theoretical analysis, the long-term settlement of the pavement on thick soft soils was divided into three main components: the consolidation settlement, the creep deformation and the traffic load-induced deformation. The equivalent time line model based on the viscous–elastic–plastic theory was adopted to simulate the road settlement caused by the consolidation and creep of the subsoil. A cyclic strain accumulation model, which was obtained from laboratory tests of soil elements, was adopted to consider the road settlement induced by cyclic traffic loadings. A pavement dynamic response model was used to calculate the dynamic stresses in the subsoil generated by moving traffic loads when the road was open to service. It was found that the equivalent time line model combined with the cyclic strain accumulation model could predict the road settlement accurately at both the construction and post-construction stage. Numerical results showed that the traffic speed had limited effect on the post-construction road settlements for the speed range considered. The post-construction settlement of the road, mainly composed of the traffic-induced settlement and soil creep deformation, could be reduced significantly by increasing the embankment surcharge during the construction stage. The creep component accounted for over 10% of the total post-construction settlement, while the percentage of the creep deformation in total post-construction settlement decreased rapidly as the embankment surcharge increased.     

延安银海大厦基坑软弱土层的支护处理

分析了延安银海高科技大厦深基坑区工程地质水文地质条件,根据基坑施工中遇见的具体情况,优选了旋喷桩与土钉墙构筑复合重力式挡土墙的方案进行施工,避免了水土流失,减少了基坑变形,支护稳定,效果良好。      

德州松软土蠕变特性及其模型研究

利用TSS10型三轴流变试验机对德州松软土开展不同围压下的三轴固结不排水蠕变试验,获得变形、应变率与应力和时间的变化关系,分析蠕变性状和特征,建立其分数阶类Maxwell蠕变模型。结果表明:德州松软土具有明显非线性蠕变特性,高应力水平的蠕变变形大于低应力下的蠕变变形;介绍分数阶蠕变模型原理,引用了分数阶类Maxwell蠕变模型,并求取德州松软土的类Maxwell蠕变模型参数和验证其描述德州松软土蠕变变形的适宜性。     

Creep behavior of soft clay subjected to artificial freeze–thaw from multiple-scale perspectives

Relying on the application of the artificial freezing method on subway tunnel construction, a series of triaxial creep tests were carried out to study the creep behavior changes of Shanghai soft clay subjected to artificial freeze–thaw action. On this basis, MIP tests were conducted with the soil samples before and after creep for comparison to investigate the microstructure changes. The results indicate that freeze–thawed soil produces smaller creep deformation and instantaneous deformation than the unfrozen soil. On a micro-level, during the creep process, the soil skeleton reaches a new structure balance with smaller pore volume and pore area. But the diameter of the maximum pore increases. The change rate of total intrusion volume is a pivotal micro-parameter to evaluate creep strain as there is a good linear relationship between them.

     

考虑蠕变性状的港区软土地基参数反演和长期沉降预测

结合上海某集装箱码头建设项目,针对本工程深厚淤泥质黏土的场地条件,引入Mesri蠕变模型考虑堆场地基的长期蠕变变形。利用施工期和工后短期实测分层沉降资料,由最小二乘法建立目标函数,运用分层迭代反演方法反演得到各软土层的黏弹性参数;将反演得到的土层参数代入自行编制的沉降计算软件,计算得到地基沉降量,并将计算值与实测值进行对比,对比结果证明了参数反演的可靠性;利用反演得到的土层参数对工后的长期沉降进行了预测,为本工程的安全运营提供了指导。     

INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT STRESSES INDUCED IN LABORATORY DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF SOFT SOILS

The majority of currently available analytical tools to predict ground stresses due to impact are based on linear spring-dashpot dynamic models. Although these simple models adequately represent stiff ground possessing linear visco-elastic behaviour, they suffer from two striking limitations when applied to relatively softer ground; (1) the inability to account for the permanent deformation resulting from impact, (2) failure to incorporate stiffness changes of softer soil within the impact duration. In this paper, the authors present an improved analytical approach formulated on the basis of a series of laboratory impact tests, to address the shortcomings of the current dynamic models in relation to soft soils. In this procedure, the impact zone is modelled as three distinct zones; (1) a zone beneath the falling weight undergoing non-linear axial deformation while being in vertical motion, (2) an inner zone immediately surrounding zone 1 with non-linear shear deformation, and (3) an outer zone undergoing a relatively lower degree of (linear) shear deformation. The soil constitutive parameters pertinent to the model are obtained from a modified dynamic compression test that simulates the impact conditions. It is shown that analytical predictions of the impact stress history and penetration are in agreement with test results. The findings are useful in the exploration of dynamic compaction techniques that will be effective in soft soil improvement.     

考虑排水条件的软土蠕变特性及模型研究

为了研究珠江三角洲软土在不同的排水条件和应力水平下的蠕变特性,进行了一系列室内三轴排水及不排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,在排水情况下软土的瞬时变形大,而蠕变变形小,而在不排水情况下蠕变随时间的发展更为显著。在工程中可以提高软土地基的排水性能,来减小蠕变破坏的可能性。引入Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程,建立了珠江三角洲软土排水和不排水的Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,其中应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数。该模型较好地表达了土体的应力-应变-时间关系。随着排水条件的改变,模型参数的取值有着较大的变化,其原因可归结为,在不同的排水条件下土体的应变-时间关系和应力-应变关系均有很大的不同。     

搅拌桩加固挤土效应及在地铁隧道保护中的应用

在减小地基变形进行的深层搅拌桩加固时,加固本身的挤土效应对隧道变形产生了影响。为此,模拟了搅拌桩（DCM）侧向挤土效应的4种荷载模式,结合实测资料并采用数值试验验证了侧向挤土荷载模式的合理性。进一步应用该模式,通过有限元模拟了搅拌桩的加固挤土效应,分析讨论了不同加固顺序对地面变形,隧道变形以及长期蠕变变形的影响,结论表明,搅拌桩加固对地面环境影响是不可忽略,隧道周围搅拌桩施工顺序对隧道变形影响较大,搅拌桩加固后长期蠕变效应相对加固过程的变形很小。     

What is the contribution of time-dependent deformation in tunnel convergence?

Tunnel excavation produces stress changes to the ground and strain to the support lining, leading to the closure (convergence) or instability of the excavated area. Convergence recorded after section excavation is assigned to: (i) strain resulting from the progressive tunnel front advance (face advance effect) and (ii) the time-dependent properties of the soil material (ground creep effect). In the present study, based on the geodetic monitoring records of two recent road tunnels in Greece, a simple methodology to estimate the contribution of each of the two effects is presented. Our analysis reveals that at least half of the total deformation of the examined tunnel sections is due to ground creep, indicating that the major portion of tunnel deformation is due to the time-dependent properties of the ground; a result supported by previous studies from other tunnels as well.     

蠕变条件下软土微观孔隙变化特性

研究软土蠕变过程的微结构变化可深入了解蠕变特性的内在机制。在对漳州软土进行多种蠕变试验的基础上,利用微观定量化技术,对比原状软土与蠕变条件下土样的微观孔隙,从微观角度对蠕变机制进行了解释。研究表明,土样产生蠕变变形后,孔隙大小变化遵循孔隙均匀化原理;孔隙的复杂度与定向性降低;孔隙形状趋向扁圆形发展。发现不同的蠕变试验方法下,孔隙的微结构参数对蠕变变形的敏感度是不一样的,建议针对不同的蠕变试验方法,宜采用不同的微观参数来进行微结构特征的描述。揭示了土体不同蠕变表现,实际上都是土内部结构不断改变自我调整再造的过程。通过对软土蠕变特性的本质因素的研究,可以解释宏观工程现象,为合理的蠕变本构关系提供了依据,以指导工程实践。     

不同排水条件下软土蠕变特性与微观孔隙变化

对东莞软土进行了固结排水与固结不排水三轴蠕变试验、原状样与蠕变后试样水平测面微结构的扫描电镜试验,分析了不同排水条件的软土蠕变特性与微观孔隙变化规律。结果表明,不同排水条件对试样应变-时间、应变-偏应力关系产生较大影响,土样在不排水条件下屈服破坏,蠕变变形明显;在排水条件下则未有明显屈服,排水过程中的固结效应使其蠕变非线性弱化。蠕变后土样可见大孔隙减少、小孔隙数量增加、形状趋向圆状发展、定向性略有增加,不同排水条件下微观孔隙变化是土体蠕变表现差异的微观内因,孔隙特征的渐变过程揭示了软土蠕变变形的微观机制。     

Fracture grouting and geonails for soft soil tunnelling

To stabilise the tunnel faces and slopes in soft clay for the Airport Link construction in Australia, fracture grouting and glass fibre-reinforced plastic (GFRP) soil nails are proposed for the soil improvement as well as ease of handling. The compensation caused by the fracture grouting and the gain in strength due to consolidation as well as the geonail have stabilised the soft clay during construction. Only a small amount of ground settlement during soft clay box-jacking operation is generated so that the railway traffic above the embankment can be maintained without interference. The design method of the fracture grouting ground improvement study for this difficult project is discussed in this paper. Extensive laboratory and field tests were employed to verify the design assumptions and to fine-tune the ground improvement studies. The success of this project in poor ground conditions results from combined efforts of extensive field tests, an improved ground improvement design method and a realistic numerical analysis to assess the unstable/highly stressed zones for the placement of soil reinforcement.     

不同方式处理后软土地基侧向变形规律

高速公路建设期侧向位移的控制是评价路基变形的重要依据。依据四川省遂－资（遂宁至资阳）高速公路软基沉降变形观测的数据,通过对现场监测资料的分析,分别探讨西南地区软土路基经塑料排水板（PVD）、碎石桩处理后,路基侧向变形y与深度z,最大侧向变形增量△ym与地表沉降增量△SD,平均侧向变形量Sy与地表沉降量Sf的变化规律。 研究表明,（1）根据Boussinesq解答和实测数据得到路堤荷载作用面积下变形y随着深度z大致呈“S”形变化,近地表变化剧烈,随荷载增加最大侧向位移深度基本保持不变,土体最大侧向变形深度与路堤填筑高度无关,与土性有关;（2）经PVD处理后的软基在填筑期、预压期均有大量侧向位移发生,各占总位移量的50%,最大侧向位移深度在距离地表1.0～1.5 m处;（3）经碎石桩处理后软基侧向位移在填筑期已完成总位移量的75%～80%,总位移量明显小于PVD处理后软基侧向位移量,最大侧向位移深度在距离地表2.5～3.5 m处;（4）PVD处理软基在固结阶段△ym/△SD、Sy/Sf分别为0.15～0.30和0.10～0.20,大于填筑前期2～4倍,而碎石桩处理软基固结阶段△ym/△SD、Sy/Sf分别为0.10～0.15和0.03～0.05,各个阶段变化相当。     

FE analysis of grid reinforced embankment system on soft Bangkok clay

The behavior of a reinforced embankment on soft Bangkok clay has been analyzed by plane strain finite element method. The finite element analysis considers the selection of proper soil/reinforcement properties according to the relative displacement pattern of upper and lower interface elements. The large deformation phenomenon is simulated by updating the node coordinates, including those of the embankment elements above the current construction level, which ensures that the applied fill thickness simulates the actual field value. A full scale test reinforced embankment with a vertical face (wall) on Bangkok clay has been analyzed by the proposed finite element method, and the numerical results are compared with the field data. The response of a reinforced embankment on soft ground is principally controlled by the interaction between the reinforced soil mass and soft ground and the interaction between the grid reinforcement and the backfill soil. The tension in reinforcement and lateral displacement of the wall face varied during consolidation of foundation soil. The maximum tension force occurred in the reinforcement layer placed at the base of reinforced mass, due to bending of the reinforced mass resulting from differential settlements. It is considered necessary to account for the permeability variation of the soft ground foundation in the finite element analysis.     

考虑卸荷扰动的黏土蠕变特性试验研究

盾构施工过程中,由于盾尾建筑空隙的存在,土体会受到较大的卸荷扰动,尤其是对于结构性较强的黏土。通过卸荷拉力来模拟土体受到的卸荷扰动,进行排水剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明:卸荷拉力越大,土体的扰动程度增大,同级荷载作用下土样的变形越大,且加载压力较小时土样的变形属于稳定型蠕变,蠕变速率随着卸荷拉力的增大而增大,加载压力较大时土样的变形属于衰减型蠕变;与Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型进行比较,发现卸荷拉力较小土样Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型的计算值与试验值相比吻合较好,但当卸荷拉力较大时,模型计算值与实验值相比有较大的误差;修正了Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型的参数,提出考虑卸荷扰动的修正Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,计算结果与试验数据在加载压力和卸荷拉力较大时吻合较好,对工程实际有一定的指导意义。     

人工制备结构性软黏土长期变形特性试验研究

软黏土的结构性对其变形特性有很大的影响,由于成因等因素的不同,软黏土的结构性强弱不一,这也使得土体变形特性表现出差异性。为研究结构性强弱不同对软黏土长期变形特性的影响,人工制备含水率相同而结构强度不同的软黏土,对其进行三轴不固结不排水蠕变试验,研究结构性对软土长期变形特性的影响。试验结果分析表明,具有一定结构性的软黏土,当偏应力小于结构屈服应力时,土体结构损伤少,其蠕变变形量较小,一般不大于2%;而随着偏应力的增大,尤其是超过结构屈服应力时,土体结构出现大量破坏,应变增长很快,最终演变为临界型应变。相同偏应力作用下,土体结构性越强,各时刻的蠕变变形量也越小。在此基础上,以土体结构强度作为表征土体结构性强弱的量化参数,建立了考虑结构强度影响的长期变形预测公式。     

高速公路工程中粉喷桩复合地基最大侧向变形研究

分析了粉喷桩复合地基路堤填筑过程中最大侧向变形发展的特性,确定了坡脚处最大侧向变形与路中沉降呈双直线的关系,坡脚处最大侧向变形在大部分填筑过程中与路中沉降呈 0.115的关系。对比分析了粉喷桩复合地基和天然地基侧向变形发展规律的差异,并基于复合地基理论分析,认为导致它们差异变化的原因是粉喷桩复合地基桩-土应力分担比的变化。