东北印度洋两类主要的深水沉积序列及其对喜马拉雅隆升的响应

东北印度洋存在两种典型的深水沉积序列,它们分别分布在孟加拉深海扇与东经90°海岭。深海扇以浊流沉积和半远洋沉积作用为主,沉积组份主要来自喜马拉雅山系直接剥蚀的物质材料; 海岭以远洋沉积作用为主,沉积组份主要来自海洋环境下生成的钙质浮游生物壳体。两类沉积序列在物质组成和形成机理上存在着根本差别,但在聚积过程中都受到以喜马拉雅隆升为代表的构造运动的显著影响。本文应用DSDP218、ODP717、ODP758及其它来自东北印度洋的资料和样品,通过沉积学、微古生物学与古海洋学的综合研究,实现了9 Ma以来扇区近源相、远源相和岭区沉积记录中的事件对比。我们的工作表明,在东北印度洋所记录的众多与喜马拉雅山系隆升有关的地质事件中, 35 Ma和08 Ma代表了最具规模和影响的两个演化阶段。     

Outlook for use of laser scanning in paleoseismological studies in Siberia

A large-scale survey to select a path for the East Siberia-Pacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline has shown the urgency and high demand for detailed paleoseismological investigations using a new technology based on laser scanning. The laser scanning results allowed us not only to identify and thoroughly map numerous fault-line scarps, but also to estimate their morphometric parameters (height, steepness) and distinguish scarps that were formed as a result of single or multifold seismogenic displacements. The high efficiency of the laser scanning results makes it necessary to involve this tool in paleoseismological investigations.     

Distribution of Palaeozoic tectonic superimposed unconformities in the Tarim Basin,NW China: significance for the evolution of palaeogeomorphology and sedimentary response

Seismic and drilling well data were used to examine the occurrence of multiple stratigraphic unconformities in the Tarim Basin, NW China. The Early Cambrian, the Late Ordovician and the late Middle Devonian unconformities constitute three important tectonic sequence boundaries within the Palaeozoic succession. In the Tazhong, Tabei, Tadong uplifts and the southwestern Tarim palaeo‐uplift, unconformities obviously belong to superimposed unconformities. A superimposed unconformity is formed by superimposition of unconformities of multiple periods. Areas where superimposed unconformities develop are shown as composite belts of multiple tectonic unconformities, and as higher uplift areas of palaeo‐uplifts in palaeogeomorphologic units. The contact relationship of unconformities in the lower uplift areas is indicative of truncation‐overlap. A slope belt is located below the uplift areas, and the main and secondary unconformities are characterized by local onlap reflection on seismic profiles. The regional dynamics controlled the palaeotectonic setting of the Palaeozoic rocks in the Tarim Basin and the origin and evolution of the basin constrained deposition. From the Sinian to the Cambrian, the Tarim landmass and its surrounding areas belonged to an extensional tectonic setting. Since the Late Ordovician, the neighbouring north Kunlun Ocean and Altyn Ocean was transformed from a spreading ocean basin to a closed compressional setting. The maximum compression was attained in the Late Ordovician. The formation of a tectonic palaeogeomorphologic evolution succession from a cratonic margin aulacogen depression to a peripheral foreland basin in the Early Caledonian cycle controlled the deposition of platform, platform margin, and deep‐water basin. Tectonic uplift during the Late Ordovician resulted in a shallower basin which was followed by substantial erosion. Subsequently, a cratonic depression and peripheral or back‐arc foreland basin began their development in the Silurian to Early–Middle Devonian interval. In this period, the Tabei Uplift, the Northern Depression and the southern Tarim palaeo‐uplift showed obvious control on depositional systems, including onshore slope, shelf and deep‐water basin. The southern Tarim Plate was in a continuous continental compressional setting after collision, whereas the southern Tianshan Ocean began to close in the Early Ordovician and was completely closed by the Middle Devonian. At the same time, further compression from peripheral tectonic units in the eastern and southern parts of the Tarim Basin led to the expansion of palaeo‐uplift in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous interval, and the connection of the Tabei Uplift and Tadong Uplift, thus controlling onshore, fluvial delta, clastic coast, lagoon‐bay and shallow marine deposition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

凸起凹陷构造控矿及找矿探讨——以泰安市区为例

在泰安市所辖6个县市区范围内,分布着以铁、金等为主的金属矿产和以煤、石膏等为主的非金属矿产。两类矿产分别赋存于呈近SN向相间排列的5个凸起和5个凹陷构造中,铁、金等矿赋存于凸起,煤、石膏等矿赋存于凹陷。对凸起构造特征分析认为,南北方向相邻的凸起、凹陷构造本是一体,凹陷深部与凸起有相似的地质条件,相似类比理论为地质找矿工作提供了空间,应树立综合找矿和缺位找矿的思想,整合矿业权,实行整装统筹勘查。     

二连盆地早白垩世断陷及基底构造的耦合性

基底构造在沉积盆地的形成与演化过程中扮演着重要的角色.本文利用地球物理资料和地表地质调查数据, 对二连盆地早白垩世断陷分布规律与基底构造特征及其关系进行了研究, 并分析了基底构造对富油凹陷的控制作用.结果表明, 二连盆地早白垩世68个断陷总体上自北东向南西呈弥散式分布, 这些断陷可分为南部断陷群与北部断陷群, 断陷群夹持在隆起之间, 总体上构成了正负相间的盆岭构造格局.基底构造控制着二连盆地早白垩世断陷分布, 表现为: 断陷群沿着深断裂分布; 坳陷对应着基底先存复向斜, 隆起对应着基底先存复背斜; 刚性的锡林浩特地块分割了断陷群.深断裂作为构造薄弱区在伸展变形过程中优先重新活动, 并控制着断陷的发育与分布; 盖层演化和基底构造之间具有良好的继承性; 基底流变性发生突变的区带对断陷的发育与分布也具有控制作用.盆地基底断裂带上叠的凹陷、基底断裂带交汇处上叠的凹陷和刚性基底上新生的凹陷在伸展变形过程中构造继承性好、沉降量大、优质烃源岩发育, 是富油凹陷发育的有利区域.     

南盘江盆地石炭系沉积体系及页岩气有利区带

综合利用重点剖面实测资料、区域地质调查资料,结合公开发表的成果,讨论了南盘江盆地石炭系沉积体系类型、特征及其分布规律,基于深水沉积相带的分布,预测了南盘江盆地石炭系页岩气有利区。南盘江盆地石炭系发育三角洲—碎屑滨岸、滨海沼泽、陆源碎屑陆架、碎屑陆坡、局限海台地、开阔海台地、台地边缘、深水盆地8种沉积体系。石炭纪,马关隆起、康滇隆起、江南隆起及云开隆起为暴露剥蚀区,但陆源碎屑供应较弱,陆源碎屑沉积主要发育于石炭纪早期,整个石炭纪以内源沉积占优势。早石炭世,云开隆起周边发育陆源碎屑滨岸沉积,在江南隆起南缘发育碎屑滨岸和滨海沼泽沉积,主体为局限台地—开阔台地—孤立台地—台地边缘—深海的沉积格局。晚石炭世,隆起区和深海区均有所缩小,开阔台地范围显著扩大,隆起周缘主要发育局限台地。南丹—河池、罗甸西、柳城—鹿寨—平乐地区、象州—武宣—桂平等地区上古生界出露地表,石炭系埋藏浅,且以深海沉积为主,是寻找石炭系页岩气最为有利的地区。     

The evolution of marginal basins and adjacent shelves in east and southeast Asia

The structural elements on the shallow (Sunda Shelf) and deep seas of east and south—east Asia are interpreted as the result of past interaction between lithospheric plates. During the Mesozoic the western Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean were parts of the Tethys Sea and were moving to the north relative to Antarctica. A Mesozoic ridge system trending east—west produced east—west trending magnetic anomalies throughout the entire area. The ridge system was bisected by large north—south transform faults which divided the eastern Indian Ocean—western Pacific Ocean into sub-plates traveling at different speeds. The Mesozoic evolution of the Sunda Shelf and the deep seas resulted from such horizontal differential movement in a north—south direction. During Late Cretaceous—Eocene the various segments of the spreading ridge gradually submerged beneath the deep sea trenches to the north, causing a gradual change in the direction of motion of the Pacific plate. The change in motion of the Pacific plate resulted in the separation between the Pacific and the eastern Indian Ocean plates, the formation of large northeast—southwest tectonic elements on the Sunda Shelf and elsewhere in south—east Asia, the formation of the western Philippine Basin and the rapid northward motion of Australia. The only remnant of the Mesozoic ridge system exists today at the western Philippine Basin.     

太平洋古陆的破碎消亡与中新生代华北克拉通板内构造岩浆活化

回顾了太平洋撞击成因假说的主要内容, 重点围绕太平洋古陆消亡的内外动力学机制进行讨论, 认为P/ T之交发生在太平洋地区的撞击事件撞裂了岩石圈板块, 导致岩石圈下的地幔对流方式发生重大转折.在这种全新的对流方式驱动下, 太平洋古陆板块伴随新生洋壳板块的俯冲和碰撞而逐渐消亡并拼接到环太平洋大陆边缘, 与此同时, 环太平洋构造域开始形成.这种以太平洋构造域为中心的深部构造热体制深刻地影响了环太平洋大陆板块在中新生代的构造岩浆活动.      

中亚造山带东段深地震反射剖面大炮揭露下地壳与Moho结构——数据处理与初步解释

深地震反射大炮数据能够准确地获得下地壳和Moho的精细结构及其横向变化信息,揭露岩石圈尺度的构造样式与深部过程。中亚造山带东段位于古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋三大构造域的叠合区域,其岩石圈结构记录了大洋,特别是古亚洲洋消亡方式和大陆增生的深部过程。本文选用横过中亚造山带东段（奈曼旗—东乌珠穆沁旗,长约400 km）深地震反射剖面中的24个大炮数据和2个中炮数据,通过数据处理获得了近垂直反射的大炮单次剖面,揭露出中亚造山带东段下地壳及Moho的精细结构,刻画出古亚洲洋消亡极性与中亚造山带增生造山的深部过程：西拉木伦缝合带与贺根山缝合带构成古亚洲洋消亡的双缝合带,西拉木伦缝合带下方古亚洲洋板块以向南消亡为主,贺根山缝合带下方古亚洲洋板块以向北消亡为主,后者规模大于前者。在两个缝合带之间下地壳呈现出几个大规模的块状弧状反射体,推测是大洋中的残余微地块,在古亚洲洋消亡过程中拼接在一起,成为中亚造山带增生造山的一部分,并遭受了碰撞挤压和后造山伸展作用。Moho位于双程走时12 s附近（厚度约36 km）,近于水平展布,沿整条剖面起伏不大。平缓的Moho成因与造山后的地壳伸展作用相关。     

深海温度变化对太阳活动的响应

通过太平洋、大西洋深海温度场谱分析发现,地球海洋温度变化广泛盛行着22年尺度的年代际周期性变化,这种22年变化周期在深层海洋中更为清楚。分析认为,这是地球海洋温度场对太阳磁场周期性变化的响应。世界海洋不同海域深海温度对于太阳磁场磁性22年周期响应的相位存在显著不同,南北大西洋海温变化相位相差115度,即变化趋势接近相反;南北太平洋海温变化相位相差19度,南太平洋变化超前。另外,太阳活动所激发的海温变化的振荡幅度在不同海域也有显著差异,北大西洋海温22年周期振幅为0.07℃,而南大西洋则高达018℃,是北大西洋的2.5倍之多!在太平洋中,北太平洋深海温度22年周期振幅最大,南太平洋次之,赤道中太平洋最小     

渤中坳陷大型油气系统输导体系及其对油气成藏控制

渤中坳陷东营组沉积期以来快速沉降和强烈断裂活动的地质背景导致其呈现出不同于渤海湾盆地其他地区的油气成藏特征.凹陷周缘凸起带成为油气聚集的主要场所, 输导体系的分布与演化控制了油气运移和成藏.在阐明渤中坳陷大型油气系统烃源岩和油气分布规律的基础上, 综合利用多种资料分析了各类潜在输导通道的发育特征及其空间配置, 识别出断裂主导型、砂体主导型和不整合主导型3类控藏输导体系.凸起边缘继承性的长期断层充当了垂向流体释放和油气运移的主输导通道, 控制了凸起带上新近系储集层中的油气聚集.特别是在构造活跃期, 开启的长期断层成为油气快速垂向运移的首选通道.古近系沙河街组和东营组的连通性砂体与活跃烃源岩直接接触, 不仅是早期油气运移和聚集的主要场所, 也是晚期油气运移和聚集的始发站.因此, 它们不仅控制了古近系圈闭的油气聚集, 同时在很大程度上直接控制了凸起带新近系圈闭的油气供给.不整合T₈是中生代末区域构造变革的产物, 其渗透性因风化作用而得以提高, 充当了深部侧向油气运移的输导通道, 控制了潜山储集层中的油气成藏.3类输导体系对油气成藏的时间、部位、速率和规模等都具有不同程度的影响, 但断裂主导型输导体系的控制作用最为显著.      

隆起对砂岩型铀矿成矿的控制及找矿启示

沉积盆地古隆起对油气成藏起到明显控制作用,对砂岩型铀矿成矿的制约也不可忽视。砂岩型铀矿通常就位于盆地边缘构造斜坡带和盆地内部隆起附近。隆起对砂岩型铀矿成矿的控制具体体现在:控制地下水补-径-排体系、控制层间氧化作用、控制沉积相带发育、伴生断裂促进物质输运以及为成矿供给铀等。中国北方沉积盆地中新生代以来经历复杂的构造活动,盆地域内非均衡发展而多形成隆起,因此我国铀矿找矿尤其需要重视隆起对铀成矿的控制。其中,盆地内部找矿应重点关注被大幅抬升的隆起,而盆地边缘构造斜坡带上找矿需重视微隆起以及基底上覆地层的褶皱。将隆起作为关键控矿要素,优选适用的攻深找盲方法,精细刻画盆地基底隆升形成的背斜、褶皱及伴生断裂,可有效提高铀矿找矿效率并拓展铀矿找矿空间。     

Typification of the Earth’s crust of Central Arctic Uplifts in the Arctic Ocean

The modern views on the structure of the oceanic and continental crust are discussed. The presented geological-geophysical information on the deep structure of the Earth’s crust of the Lomonosov Ridge, Mendeleev Rise, and Alpha Ridge, which make up the province of the Central Arctic Uplifts in the Arctic Ocean, is based on CMP, seismic-reflection, and seismic-refraction data obtained by Russian and Western researchers along geotraverses across the Amerasia Basin. It is established that the crust thickness beneath the Central Arctic Uplifts ranges from 22 to 40 km. Comparison of the obtained velocity sections with standard crust sections of different morphostructures in the World Ocean that are underlain by the typical oceanic crust demonstrates their difference with respect to the crustal structure and to the thickness of the entire crust and its individual layers. Within the continental crust, the supercritical waves reflected from the upper mantle surface play the dominant role. Their amplitude exceeds that of head and refracted waves by one to two orders of magnitude. In contrast, the refracted and, probably, interferential head waves are dominant within the oceanic crust. The Moho discontinuity is the only first-order boundary. In the consolidated oceanic crust, such boundaries are not known. The similarity in the velocity characteristics of the crust of the Alpha Ridge and Mendeleev Rise, on the one hand, and the continental crust beneath the Lomonosov Ridge, on the other, gives grounds to state that the crust of the Mendeleev Rise and Alpha Ridge belongs to the continental type. The interference mosaic pattern of the anomalous magnetic field of the Central Arctic Uplifts is an additional argument in favor of this statement. Such patterns are typical of the continental crust with intense intraplate volcanism. Interpretation of seismic crustal sections of the Central Arctic Uplifts and their comparison with allowance for characteristic features of the continental and oceanic crust indicate that the Earth’s crust of the uplifts has the continental structure.     

华北上地壳构造单元划分

利用天然地震数据分析研究得到的中地壳滑脱层的深度、活动方式、强度等结果,与重磁异常基底解译成果相结合,提出华北地区在中地壳位置发育有区域滑脱面,其特定壳层及深度位置决定了其在华北深浅构造关系转换中,起着“屏蔽”或联系的重要作用,而在华北伸展变形中是地块运动变形的底边界面。上地壳各个部分在沿其滑动时,因速度差、侧向约束条件等的不同,而派生出断叉线、横向调整断裂及相应的凸起、凹陷断块等次级单元。它们构成了华北上地壳基本构造单元,并直接控制着盆山空间分布、构造地貌单元发育。研究提出了华北上地壳构造单元划分方案:上地壳基底构造分为9个一级单元(Ⅰ~Ⅸ)和23个二级单元。其中一级构造单元为:Ⅰ阴山北部东西向区域凹陷断块;Ⅱ阴山-燕山区域凸起断块;Ⅲ太行山区域凸起断块;Ⅳ大别山区域凸起断块;Ⅴ渤海湾盆地断坳、断隆区;Ⅵ南华北盆地断坳、断隆区;Ⅶ鲁西区域断隆区;Ⅷ下扬子区域断坳、断隆区;Ⅸ鄂尔多斯区域断坳区。     

高精度重力测量在河南某铝土矿区调查评价中的应用

豫某铝土矿勘查中重力异常显示,区域重力异常反映深部奥陶系顶面呈自西向东缓斜坡状起伏分布;对浅表干扰异常,通过上延过滤后,可以发现奥陶系顶界面的隆、凹起伏分布特征;虽铝土矿密度大于奥陶系灰岩密度,有较大密度差,但由于评价区似层状铝土矿厚度薄,斗状铝土矿虽厚度大,但体积小,重力异常不能直接反映铝土矿。含铝岩系厚度与铝土矿厚度总体上成正比,因此寻找厚大含铝岩系分布区可间接起到找矿的作用。比较含铝岩系密度值与奥陶系灰岩密度值可知,含铝岩系与奥陶系地层有一定的密度差,奥陶系灰岩密度相对较大,因此,局部重力高异常对应奥陶系隆起;对比己知见铝土矿钻井资料和上延后重力异常分布关系,发现铝土矿床大多分布在局部重力高异常以外的区域;通过上述分析,圈定了2个铝土矿找矿靶区,从而对铝土矿的调查评价有重要指导作用。     

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions of Ordovician Carbonate in Tarim Basin

<正>Based on comprehensive analysis of reservoir-forming conditions,the diversity of reservoir and the difference of multistage hydrocarbon charge are the key factors for the carbonate hydrocarbon accumulation of the Ordovician in the Tarim Basin.Undergone four major deposition-tectonic cycles, the Ordovician carbonate formed a stable structural framework with huge uplifts,in which are developed reservoirs of the reef-bank type and unconformity type,and resulted in multistage hydrocarbon charge and accumulation during the Caledonian,Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan. With low matrix porosity and permeability of the Ordovician carbonate,the secondary solution pores and caverns serve as the main reservoir space.The polyphase tectonic movements formed unconformity reservoirs widely distributed around the paleo-uplifts;and the reef-bank reservoir is controlled by two kinds of sedimentary facies belts,namely the steep slope and gentle slope.The unconventional carbonate pool is characterized by extensive distribution,no obvious edge water or bottom water,complicated oil/gas/water relations and severe heterogeneity controlled by reservoirs. The low porosity and low permeability reservoir together with multi-period hydrocarbon accumulation resulted in the difference and complex of the distribution and production of oil/gas/water.The distribution of hydrocarbon is controlled by the temporal-spatial relation between revolution of source rocks and paleo-uplifts.The heterogenetic carbonate reservoir and late-stage gas charge are the main factors making the oil/ gas phase complicated.The slope areas of the paleo-uplifts formed in the Paleozoic are the main carbonate exploration directions based on comprehensive evaluation.The Ordovician of the northern slope of the Tazhong uplift,Lunnan and its periphery areas are practical exploration fields.The Yengimahalla-Hanikatam and Markit slopes are the important replacement targets for carbonate exploration.Gucheng,Tadong,the deep layers of Cambrian dolomite in the Lunnan and Tazhong-Bachu areas are favorable directions for research and risk exploration.     

塔里木新元古代原型盆地与深层油气勘探意义

震旦系白云岩是当前塔里木深层油气勘探战略突破的潜在层系之一,但是受资料限制,对新元古代原型盆地和烃源岩分布仍存在较大争议.综合重磁电反演和地震解释,开展了塔里木新元古代地层分布、隆坳格局和原型盆地性质研究.地球物理位场异常和联合反演结果显示,塔西南、阿瓦提地区深层都有新元古界广泛分布.新元古代盆地呈隆-坳相间格局,塔北...     

沉积盆地动力学研究的进展、发展趋向与面临的挑战

近20年来沉积盆地动力学研究已经取得巨大进展。盆地研究最为重要的推动力源于人类社会发展对能源资源的巨大需求。国家和私人企业对油气勘探和开发的巨大投入获得了关于沉积盆地结构和演化的庞大系统资料,特别是大量的深度大于7 000 m的钻井和高分辨率反射地震成果,能够提供给中国的多学科合作研究团队使用。创新性的研究思路和方法系统已出现在盆地动力学研究的多个方面,包括盆地沉积充填的动力过程、盆地构造动力学机理、盆地形成演化的地球动力学背景以及油气系统演化的动力过程。文中在建议的研究纲要中汲取了部分重要内容,如从源区到汇区的路径系统研究和基于大陆动力学思维的构造地层分析。对于盆地演化研究至关重要的深部过程研究始终是难度最大的挑战。应用天然地震成像和岩浆岩岩石地球化学方法对中国东部及海域中新生代板块俯冲、地幔流上涌、岩石圈减薄及破裂过程的研究成功地解释了晚中生代-新生代断陷盆地群、大火山岩省和大型裂谷盆地的成因和演化。然而以塔里木和四川盆地为代表的中国西部大型多旋回叠合盆地形成演化的动力背景则全然不同于中国东部,这些盆地发育于古老的地台基底之上,被造山带所环绕,造山期的强大挤压应力在盆地中形成了隆起和凹陷系列,并控制了油气生成及聚集的地区。多学科合作完成了造山事件和过程的精细定年和盆地中不整合面与构造地层单元的对比研究,其成果对大型叠合盆地演化的动力过程得出了合理的解释,并可用于油气资源预测。     

中扬子西部下志留统生物礁特征及其油气地质意义

中扬子西部下志留统灰岩、生物礁的分布与奥陶纪-志留纪之交"崇余运动"形成的NE向分布的古隆起相关,沿着鄂西利川-重庆石柱-南川一线,在早志留世小河坝期发育大型水下古隆起,小河坝中期(相当turriculatus带底部)发生区域性海侵,有利于钙质沉积,在鄂西宣恩高罗等古隆起的边缘发育生物礁。高罗生物礁是在陆棚相泥质条带灰岩礁基之上发育的一套以珊瑚和层孔虫为造架生物的生物礁,主要出露礁核的背风面沉积,造架生物间充填含大量藻类的泥岩,指示较深水、宁静的沉积环境。中扬子地区下志留统生物礁是除小河坝砂岩体之外重要的储层类型。