Effectiveness of data assimilation using probabilistic techniques in a model for synoptic velocity field evolution

The results of numerical experiments involving data assimilation by linear and non-linear models for synoptic ocean dynamics are presented. This paper considers the model's response to data assimilation at diverse values of the relative error in the determination of the initial fields and space-time discreteness of data assimilation. The data obtained using the optimal filtering are compared with those provided by the optimal interpolation (OI). A qualitative difference in the response of the linear and non-linear models to data assimilation is noted. The limiting values of the time-space discreteness of observations assimilation are determined, which allow correct application of OI.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Numerical experiments with data assimilation in the simplest dynamic-stochastic model for the ocean's synoptic variability closed at the level of the second moments

The results of numerical experiments with data assimilation in a non-linear model of the synoptic dynamics of the world's oceans are reported. The model's response to the data assimilation is studied at different values of the relative error in determining the initial fields and assimilation discreteness. The results of application of the algorithms of optimum filtration and optimum interpolation are compared. The advantages of the filtration algorithm employed are discussed only for the case of small errors in determining the initial fields and low assimilation discreteness. The possibility of deterioration of the prediction estimates in data assimilation with discreteness less than the typical time of variability of the average fields is noted.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Assessment of the effectiveness of POLYMODE data assimilation by a numerical barotropic model for synoptic motions

This paper considers the results of numerical experiments involving POLYMODE data assimilation by a barotropic model for synoptic ocean dynamics. The model's response the data assimilation for various space-time discretenesses of assimilation is studied. Results derived from the application of optimal interpolation algorithms and modified optimal filtration algorithms are compared. Qualitative similarity to the calculations carried out through the simulation modelling technique is noted. Optimal assimilation algorithms are determined, depending on the space-time discreteness used. An optimal sampling discreteness for the POLYMODE conditions is suggested.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Statistical structure of the large-scale fields of temperature and salinity in the Black Sea

In order to reconstruct the large-scale temperature and salinity fields by the method of optimal interpolation of the archival data, we compute the correlation functions and analyze the space and time variations of the statistical structure of the fields. On the sea surface, the thermohaline fields are spatially inhomogeneous. Thus, the correlation functions are anisotropic in the region of the northwest shelf and close to isotropic in the inner parts of the sea. The values of correlation length vary from season to season. In the layer of pycnocline, the temperature and salinity fields are anisotropic. In the zonal direction, the correlation length is 2–3 times greater than in the meridional direction. The indicated anisotropy becomes stronger in the winter season and weaker in the summer season as a consequence of the seasonal variability of large-scale circulation. We study the dependence of the error of reconstruction of the fields by the method of optimal interpolation on the form of approximation of the correlation functions with regard for anisotropy. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, pp. 51–65, January–February, 2008.     

Omnidirectional beam forming for linear antennas by means of interpolated signals

With Shannon sampling rates at the sensors of a linear antenna, it is not always possible to achieve a beam system with complete azimuth coverage. Furthermore, it is not possible to compensate an antenna system platform's own motion in such a way as to be able to build up a beam system fixed in space. Even the method of increasing the sampling rate for the sensors to an impracticably high value would only solve these problems to a limited extent. On the other hand, a solution which is easily put into practice is offered by time interpolation between adjacent sample points of the sensor signals. Therefore we have investigated this method in detail. The beam patterns are formed by special linear combination of the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the sensor signals. This kind of linear combination is applicable to all types of interpolation between adjacent sample points. For one special type of interpolation, namely linear interpolation, an azimuthal level-distribution function which specifies the maximum antenna reception sensitivity for all steering angles is stated for a linear antenna havingNsensors. With this function, it is possible to estimate the influence of the sampling frequency, Signal center frequency, signal bandwidth, and antenna dimensions on the antenna/beamformer performance.     

基于样条函数对线状目标矢量化的表示

在分析遥感影像中提取的线状目标的基础上,利用样条插值函数,对提取的线状目标矢量化表示进行了研究。主要过程包括目标的分解、插值点的选取、插值函数的选择、特征点的增加等。实验结果表明,提出的方法能有效地表示提取的线状目标,减少数据冗余,具有好的光滑性。     

基于BP神经网络的高频地波雷达海流空间插值

高频地波雷达是海洋环境监测的重要手段,当前已经实现对海流的业务化观测,但是外部因素常引起海流空间探测的不连续性。为解决此问题,尽量保障区域数据的完整性和准确性,本文将BP神经网络技术与空间插值相结合,建立了海流的BP神经网络插值模型,并进行了针对实测数据的缺失插值仿真,通过与反距离权重法和线性插值法插值结果的对比,分析该模型在区域海流大面积缺失、流速整体较大和流速整体较小3个方面的性能。结果表明,BP神经网络插值模型的海流预测效果明显优于其他两种方法,且在流场数据大范围缺失下也取得了良好的效果。     

Optimal interpolation of the data of remote sensing of the sea surface

We analyze the statistical structure of the data of remote sensing of the fields of surface temperature and the concentration of chlorophyll in the northwest part of the Black Sea with an aim to apply the method of optimal interpolation to the restoration of the maps of these fields according to the restricted amounts of data. We determine the scales of smoothing for the selection of the random components of the fields and estimate their difference from the statistical model uniform and isotropic over the space correlation coefficients. The functions of spectral densities are constructed along various sections and the best intervals of discretization of the fields required to perform the optimal interpolation with given accuracy are determined. It is shown that the construction of the maps of fields under the conditions of controlled accuracy of reconstruction of their values remains possible even if the amounts of the input satellite data are significantly decreased. We consider a procedure of evaluation of the best possible amounts of data required for the use of the method of optimal interpolation. Some examples of application of this procedure to the data of remote sensing of the fields of surface temperature and the concentration of chlorophyll are presented.     

增加近岸船载重力测量数据覆盖的推估方法研究

针对海洋区域离岸距离5～30km的范围内船载重力测量数据覆盖空白的现状,基于已有测线数据,对其进行不同空间距离采样形成对应的采样序列。利用动态时间规整算法计算其与初始测线数据的相关系数,依据相关系数与采样距离之间的关系,确定了最优重采样空间距离新方法。以最优重采样空间距离对测线数据进行重采样,利用拉格朗日插值算法,沿测线方向将测线数据向陆地推估。经过不同测线的内外部检核,结果表明船载重力测量向陆地方向扩展的保守距离约为5～10km,减少了船载重力测量数据在近岸海域覆盖空白的面积。本研究成果可为建立陆海一致垂直基准工作提供更全面的基础数据,技术方法可为航空重力、地磁等测线数据的精细处理及应用提供参考。     

An effectivemethod for improving the accuracy of Argo objective analysis

Based on the optimal interpolation objective analysis of the Argo data, improvements are made to the em- pirical formula of a background error covariance matrix widely used in data assimilation and objective anal- ysis systems. Specifically, an estimation of correlation scales that can improve effectively the accuracy of Ar- go objective analysis has been developed. This method can automatically adapt to the gradient change of a variable and is referred to as ＂gradient-dependent correlation scale method＂. Its effect on the Argo objective analysis is verified theoretically with Gaussian pulse and spectrum analysis. The results of one-dimensional simulation experiment show that the gradient-dependent correlation scales can improve the adaptability of the objective analysis system, making it possible for the analysis scheme to fully absorb the shortwave information of observation in areas with larger oceanographic gradients. The new scheme is applied to the Argo data obiective analysis system in the Pacific Ocean. The results are obviously improved.     

Reconstruction of eddies by assimilating satellite altimeter data into Princeton Ocean Model

An optimal interpolation assimilation model for satellite altimetry data is developed based on Princeton Ocean Model (POM), which is applied in a quasi-global domain, by the method of isotropic correlation between sea level anomaly (SLA) and sea temperature anomaly. The perfor- mance of this assimilation model is validated by the modeled results of SLA and the current patterns. Comparisons between modeling and satellite data show that both the magnitudes and distribution patterns of the simulated SLA are improved by assimilation. The most signiˉcant improvement is that meso-scale systems, e.g., eddies, are well reconstructed. The evolution of an eddy located in the northwest Paciˉc Ocean is traced by using the assimilation model. Model results show that during three months the eddy migrated southwestward for about 6 degrees before merging into the Kuroshio. The three dimensional structure of this eddy on 12 August 2001 is further analyzed. The strength of this warm, cyclonic eddy decreases with the increase of depth. The eddy shows di?erent horizontal patterns at di?erent layers, and the SLA and temperature ˉelds agree with each other well. This study suggests that this kind of data assimilation is economic and reliable for eddy reconstruction, and can be used as a promising technique in further studies of ocean eddies as well as other ˉne circulation structures.     

热带气旋气候数学模型的预报应用

使用西太平洋海温格点资料,选取若干个因子,组成多个复合因子,建立权重方程,使得单因子的相关系数信度检验0．05提高到复合因子的信度检验0．01,权重方程的信度检验提高到0．001。用权重方程产生的突变的高阶非线性预报方程,其Y与X的相关系数比1阶线性方程提高5％左右。自1999年至今,热带气旋年、月频数气候预测的模型投入到实际预报应用,其预报准确律达到75%～90％。使用非线性预报模型作了逐日气压、逐日雨量的气候预测。将沿海气压场、雨量场的气候预测结果用于分析、制作热带气旋登陆中国以及广东地区的时段、地段的气候预报,准确率达80％～90％。     

Effect of time-delay errors on the beam pattern of a linear array

In conventional time-domain beam forming with sampled receiver outputs, the delays required to steer a beam in a given direction can only be approximated to within the nearest half sampling interval. For a linear array of equispaced receivers, and for certain directions, these errors give rise to high isolated sidelobes in the beam pattern. A model describing this beam pattern is used to predict the number, position, and height of these sidelobes. Degradation of the height of the main lobe is also considered. For coarse quantization, and in the absence of interpolation, the model suggests a recursive beamformer structure which significantly reduces the number of additions required. A simple interpolation scheme which reduces the height of these sidelobes is discussed and an Efficient scheme for implementing such interpolation is given.     

浅水区波浪非线性效应对砂质海床动力响应的影响

以广义Biot动力固结理论为基础,运用一阶椭圆余弦波和二阶Stokes波等非线性波浪理论考虑浅水区波浪荷载的非线性效应,在时域上采用有限元方法对非线性波浪力作用下饱和砂质海床的动力响应进行了数值求解,并与线性波浪作用下海床动力响应特性进行了对比分析。结果表明,随着波长与水深之比L／d及无量纲参数T(g/d)^1/2的增大,非线性波浪对海床动力响应的影响增大。与线性波浪理论相比,孔隙水压力与有效应力幅值的增大效应非常显著。因此在近海海洋建筑物设计与工程场地评价中,波浪力的非线性特性必须引起注意。     

Consolidation and creep behaviors of two typical marine clays in China

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the deformation characteristics of two typical marine clays obtained from Dalian and Shanghai, respectively, in China. Three kinds of laboratory tests, i.e. conventional oedometer tests, one-dimensional and triaxial creep tests were carried out. The results obtained from consolidation tests demonstrate linear v e ？ log？ relationships for Shanghai clay at normally consolidated state, while partly or even global non-linearrelationships for Dalian clay. The compression index c C for both clays follows the correlation of Cc=0.009（WL-10）where WL is the liquid limit of soil. The relationship between v log Kv （ Kv is the hydraulic conductivity of soil） and voidratio e is generally linear and the hydraulic conductivity change index kv C can be described by their initial void ratio forboth clays. The secondary compressibility of Dalian clay lies in medium to high range and is higher than that of Shanghaiclay which lies in the range of low to medium. Furthermore, based on drained triaxial creep tests, the stress-strain-timerelationships following Mesri＇s creep equation have been developed for Dalian and Shanghai clays which can predict thelong-term deformation of both clays reasonably well.     

一种用于海洋层化数据的插值方法改进

海洋环境调查数据的客观分析图像是调查结果的直观体现,也是进一步科学研究的基础。在环境要素空间分布复杂的近海海域及陆架坡区,我们发现利用现有插值方法得到的结果有时会出现之前没有被关注到的局部异常,如常用的Kriging方法或三角网线性插值方法插值得到的图像有时会出现或轻或重的"藕"状或"台阶"状的层化结构异常。本文提出一种针对原始数据采用坐标变换方法,并联合使用三角网线性插值法和Kriging法两种方法进行数据插值,从而有效地避免了类似"藕"状或"台阶"状的层化结构假象,解决了插值方法在海洋环境调查数据插值过程中遇到的一个实际问题,也是对现有插值方法的一种补充。     

基于参考压缩线的砂土压缩模型

等向压缩线不唯一及V-lgp空间内非线性变化是砂土压缩模型构建过程中存在的两大问题.通过分析砂土的等向压缩曲线变化特征,结合其力学特性提出了与临界状态线在0点相交并与其它等向压缩线在高压下相互汇聚的等向压缩线作为参考压缩线.采用ln(V-Vmin)-(p/pa)ξ空间内线性函数来描述参考压缩线与临界状态线.利用当前体积...     

Motion response simulation of a twin-hulled semi-submersible

The purpose of the study was to develop a prediction technique to simulate the motion response of a damaged platform under wave, wind and current forces. The equations of motion were obtained using Newton's second law and the numerical solution technique of non-linear equations of motion is explained for intact and damaged cases. The analysis technique employs large displacement non-linear equations of motion. Solutions were obtained in the time-domain to predict the motion characteristics. In this study, analysis procedures were developed to calculate: (a) wave loading on asymmetrical structural configurations; (b) hydrodynamic reaction forces (inertia or moment of inertia, damping and restoring forces) on asymmetrical shapes. During the damage simulation, change in the mass of the structure as well as wave and hydrodynamic reaction forces, were taken into account. The computer program developed for the time-domain simulation is introduced. In order to avoid slowly decaying transient motions of the structure due to wave excitation forces, an exponential ramp function is used. The application of a ramp function enables a quick convergence in the time-domain solution of equations of motion. Results of a numerical motion simulation program and the experimental studies are also presented in order to make comparisons. Comparison of the test results with the numerical simulations shows good agreement for heave, roll and pitch motions. The formulations and the computational procedures given in this paper provide useful tools for the investigation of the non-linear dynamic stability characteristics of floating structures in waves for intact, damaged and post-flooding conditions in six-degrees of freedom.     

A closure for meso-scale eddy fluxes based on linear instability theory

Linear instability theory is used to predict the lateral diffusivity K for eddy buoyancy fluxes in an idealized channel model, following a suggestion by Killworth (1997). The vertical structure and magnitude of K agree approximately with the non-linear model results. The lateral structure of K from linear theory lacks minima within eddy-driven zonal jets, pointing towards a non-linear mechanism for mixing barriers in the channel model. This effect can be accounted for by a modification of K from linear theory by the kinematic effect of the background flow following a recent suggestion by Ferrari and Nikurashin (2010). Implementation of this closure for K in an eddy mixing framework based on potential vorticity mixing in a zonally averaged model version yields approximate agreement with the zonally resolved version over a certain range of external parameters, in particular with respect to the reproduction of eddy-driven zonal jets.     

Investigation of motions of catamarans in regular waves—II

By extending the linear frequency domain theory, a quasi-non-linear time-domain technique has been developed to investigate the large amplitude motions of catamarans in regular waves. The non-linearity of hydrodynamic forces included in this practical method comes from variations of a ship's submerged portion. These forces are obtained from a database generated by the linear frequency domain method at each time step. The coupled equations, heave and pitch, are solved in the time domain by using the Runge-Kutta method with proper initial values. In order to investigate the non-linear effects of large amplitude motions of the V-1 catamaran in the head-sea condition, numerical results obtained from the linear and non-linear strip methods have been compared with those obtained from a series of experiments carried out in the towing tank of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory at the University of Glasgow. Based on the comparative studies, the numerical results obtained from the time-domain program can provide better predictions for the large amplitude motions of catamarans than the linear frequency domain method. It is concluded that the non-linear effects are significant when the model speeds and wave amplitudes increase. The peak values of large amplitude motions around the resonance frequencies, as obtained from the non-linear time-domain predictions as well as from measurements, are smaller than those obtained from the linear theory.