张掖及兰州榆中地区沙尘气溶胶粒子谱分布的观测研究

选取张掖和兰州榆中两地春季沙尘气溶胶连续观测资料,主要对2008年5月发生的一次强沙尘天气过程中气溶胶粒子浓度变化和谱分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,此次沙尘天气过程的发生与锋面过境有关;对比分析背景天气下气溶胶浓度,发现榆中站气溶胶浓度主要受人为源的影响,而张掖站主要受自然源的影响.两地沙尘过程的发生时间与物理属性不完...     

北京风沙天气的气溶胶特征

利用常规气象观测资料、卫星云图以及1988、1990、1992、1993、1995、2000年等年北京风沙天气期间所采集的气溶胶样品的分析结果,研究了北京的风沙天气分布特征,风沙期间大气污染状况,产生风沙天气的主要原因及沙尘的来源等.初步得出北京的风沙天气主要出现在春季,是造成春季大气污染的重要原因之一;北京春季风沙天气是由沙尘暴、浮尘和扬沙造成,但以扬尘引起的频率为最高,占71.4%;风沙期间大气气溶胶与无风沙时气溶胶的物理化学特征有明显的差异;大气气溶胶的物理化学特征显示出,风沙期间的大气气溶胶主要来源于自然源,以局地尘源为主,人为排放的气溶胶作用相对减弱.     

2001年春季中国北方大气气溶胶光学厚度与沙尘天气

利用敦煌、北京等5个观测站的大气光学厚度[AOT(λ)]资料，分析了2001年春季中国北方大气气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征。结果表明，在观测期内各站每月都有大气气溶胶光学厚度高值[AOT(λ＝0．50μm)≥1．04]出现，与我国北方历年在春季发生的沙尘天气的一般时空分布特征基本一致。本文还探讨了大气气溶胶光学厚度与水平能见度以及沙尘天气之间的关系。     

东亚沙尘源区与下游地区气溶胶光学特性比较

利用AERONET观测资料从气候学的角度比较分析了2001-2011年东亚地区沙尘天气发生时沙尘源区和下游区大气气溶胶光学特性。结果表明：沙尘期间沙尘源区气溶胶光学厚度明显大于下游区,而Angstr?m波长指数却小于下游区,当沙尘暴出现时会降至零甚至负值。气溶胶粒子尺度体积谱分布除敦煌为单峰外,其余各站均呈双峰分布,香河和北京的细粒子浓度明显大于西北地区,这可能是由细的沙尘粒子和污染气溶胶共同造成。在440-1020 nm范围内,中国地区气溶胶单次散射反照率平均值为0.93,韩国和日本站分别为0.93和0.94。沙尘源区与下游区相比,复折射指数实部偏大,虚部偏小。总体来说,沙尘天气下东亚地区在4个波段内平均不对称因子为0.70。     

激光雷达和微波辐射计对邢台市一次沙尘天气的探测分析

利用气溶胶激光雷达、地基多通道微波辐射计资料,反演得到邢台市2017年5月3 5日沙尘天气过程前后的消光系数、退偏比和高空的温度、湿度变化,结合后向轨迹模式等资料,分析了沙尘天气过程前后的天气形势、颗粒物污染特征及来源、消光系数、退偏比等的变化。结果表明:来源于新疆北部的沙尘气溶胶受地面冷锋东移南下影响,以西北路径远距离输送沉降是导致邢台市颗粒污染物浓度骤升的主要原因,而本地大风的出现会导致由地面向高空扩散形成的沙尘污染次高峰,其中细颗粒物PM10的浓度升幅远大于PM_(2.5)浓度升幅;在高空2 000 m附近集聚的沙尘气溶胶可以形成消光系数大于1 km-1的强值区,沙尘聚集区域的退偏比平均值为0.252,与下层退偏比平均值为0.041的区域形成一个明显的沙尘分界线,消光系数的强值中心和退偏比的高低值分界线可以很好地表征出高空沙尘粒子的沉降变化;在高空沙尘沉降和地面大风引起的沙尘天气时,地面温度都出现了升高态势,在地面颗粒污染物浓度出现剧烈增加前,整层大气湿度呈现陡降趋势,而在颗粒污染物浓度处于高值波动阶段,整层大气湿度均维持在一个较低的水平。     

2000～2002年青岛地区沙尘天气分析

利用气象台沙尘天气常规观测资料和micaps天气图资料,借助美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT),分析了影响青岛市的沙尘来源、移动路径,以及沙尘粒子的干沉降通量.结果表明:青岛市沙尘天气主要发生在春季,一天中出现沙尘频率最高时刻是14时.影响青岛的沙尘暴天气主要爆发于蒙古国,在境内的浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地以及蒙晋冀长城沿线得到加强后到达青岛.影响青岛的沙尘天气移动路径主要是偏西和偏北两条路径,偏西路径是爆发于蒙古国的沙尘暴由内蒙古中部入侵,沿着山西北部-河北-山东-青岛的路径到达青岛;偏北路径是爆发于蒙古国的沙尘暴由内蒙古东部入侵,经内蒙古东部的浑善达克沙地或科尔沁沙地至河北北部,再沿京津地区-山东-青岛的路径到达青岛.每年由青岛入黄海的沙尘粒子干沉降通量为51.3 g m-2a-1,春季的干沉降通量为o.20 g m-2d-1,整个黄海每天的总干沉降量为7.58×105g.     

北京上甸子典型天气个例的大气气溶胶数谱分布特征

使用差分淌度粒径分析仪(TDMPS)和空气动力学粒径分析仪(APS)对上甸子区域本底站气溶胶(直径3nm~10μm)数谱分布特征进行观测。利用2008年的观测结果,分析了不同天气(包括沙尘天气、干洁天气和雾霾天气)条件下大气气溶胶数谱分布及其与气象要素和气团来源的关系。结果表明,沙尘天气条件下,上甸子站受西北方向的气团控制,风速较大,粗粒子数浓度明显增加,PM10的质量浓度可以迅速增加到毫克每立方米(mg·m-3)的量级。典型的"香蕉型"新粒子生成事件通常发生在比较干洁晴朗的天气条件下,西北气团主导,大气中背景气溶胶数浓度较低,核模态气溶胶数浓度迅速增长,气溶胶的粒径呈现明显的增长过程,核模态可以平稳地增长到约80nm,达到成为云凝结核的尺度。雾霾天气通常是在西南气团影响下,细颗粒物(1μm以下)不断累积、相对湿度不断升高的条件下发生的。雾霾天气条件下数谱分布的几何中值粒径出现在积聚模态,积聚模态数浓度也高于非雾霾天。个例研究表明,雾霾天气条件下,PM2.5质量浓度可以达到非雾霾天的10倍左右,其中以细颗粒物的贡献为主。在雾霾天气条件下,上甸子站数浓度较高的积聚模态颗粒物主要来自城区的传输,因此对背景地区气溶胶数谱的研究可以为解析城区气溶胶复杂来源提供依据。     

近年来华东地区大气气溶胶的时空特征

利用2000年2月—2008年12月的AERONET（AErosol RObotic NETwork）地基观测数据对MODIS/TERRA Collection 005气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical thickness;AOT）在华东区域的适用性进行了验证,并利用验证后的MODIS气溶胶产品对华东区域气溶胶光学厚度和尺度分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,（1）通过验证比较,MODIS的AOT在华东区域与AERONET站陆基观测到的AOT具有非常好的一致性,满足美国NASA的设计要求。（2）华东区域的气溶胶光学厚度存在明显的时空分布特征。时间上,在春季和夏季达到最大,而在秋季和冬季最小,表现出明显的季节变化规律。空间上,气溶胶光学厚度受地形影响明显。其高值区主要分布在平原地区,而低值区主要在海拔较高的山区。（3）该区域的气溶胶尺度分布也存在显著的变化特征。在冬、春由于沙尘输送的影响,整个华东区域气溶胶粒子的尺度都比较大,主要以自然生成的沙尘粒子为主。而在夏、秋季由于夏季风和降水的影响,气溶胶粒子的尺度都比较小,以工业排放的人为气溶胶粒子为主。     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

2006年北京春季气溶胶吸收系数的分离研究

对2006年春季北京城区大气气溶胶中沙尘和黑碳气溶胶吸收系数的波长指数及其对总吸收系数的贡献进行了估算。结果表明：2006年春季北京城市地区测点,黑碳气溶胶吸收系数随波长的变化呈指数递减,假设某些天的气溶胶吸收无沙尘的贡献,估算的波长幂指数a＝-0.92。另外,计算了北京3次浮尘天气下沙尘气溶胶对吸收系数（520 nm波段）的贡献,计算表明,在浮尘天气影响期间,沙尘气溶胶对吸收系数的贡献平均为32.8%,黑碳气溶胶仍是浮尘影响期间城市气溶胶吸收消光的主要物质。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.