河流景观生态学概念、理论基础与研究重点

较系统地概述了河流景观生态学概念、理论基础与研究重点及其在河流生态学研究中的应用。在河流景观视角下,将河流作为空间异质性的完整景观单元,而不仅仅是传统景观生态学研究中将河流作为采样点或线。河流景观生态学将景观生态学原理与方法应用于河流景观的空间分布、斑块、格局、时空尺度、异质性、干扰和联结性等研究之中,并作为其关键研究内容。此外,建议强化河流景观制图、河流生态系统健康评价与服务价值评估、河流生态系统修复以及河流景观管理等研究内容。总之,把河流生态系统视为"河流景观",将有助于从更加综合的视角和更普遍的概念框架开展河流乃至滨河湿地的研究与保护工作。     

分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的应用

该文简介分形理论 ,并讨论分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的价值和地位。针对地理信息科学发展的趋势 ,结合相应的实例 ,提出分形理论在地理信息科学中的地理数据挖掘和空间决策支持、空间数据压缩和传递、制图概括、虚拟现实等方面目前的主要研究进展和方向。     

分形理论在地理学中的应用研究进展

美国数学家Mandelbrot提出的分形理论为解决复杂性问题提供了有效方法。地理学的复杂性问题已成为分形理论的重要实证研究领域。本文根据国内已有的文献,在概括分形理论主要内容的基础上,对地理学各分支领域的应用研究现状及有关问题进行了评述,并就地理学分形研究的前景作了展望。     

基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以长乐市为例

分形理论对地理学中具高度复杂结构的不稳定现象的研究具有良好的效果，为土地利用景观格局的定量描述提供了一条新途径，以分形理论为指导，在地理信息系统技术的支持下，结合多样性、破碎度景观指数，分析了长乐市1990—2000年土地利用景观类型各指数的变化情况：交通用地的分形维数最大，居民点及工矿用地稳定性指数增加，居民点及工矿、园地等受人类活动影响较大的土地利用类型尽管形态简单，复杂性较低，但是稳定性很强，而受人类影响小的自然土地覆被稳定性普遍较差，由此可为区域土地资源的合理利用提供若干参考。     

分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的应用

该文简介分形理论，并讨论分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的价值和地位，针对地理信息科学发展的趋势，结合相应的实例，提出分形理论在地理信息科学中的地理数据挖掘和空间决策支持，空间数据压缩和传递，制图概括，虚拟现实等方面目前的主要研究进展和方向。     

分形学理论在大气环境时序数据分析中的应用研究

本文应用时间序列的域重新标度方法，对福州市大气环境监测数据的时间序列进行分析，发现其具有自相似的分形特征，分形维数为1．19，对于不同的污染物，不同的时间观测尺度与不同的时间跨度，大气环境监测数据的序列均具有相近的D值，分形维数可以从整体上描述大气环境质量的动态变化特征。     

分形理论在湿地科学中的应用现状与前景展望

分形理论是解决复杂性问题的独特理论体系。该文概述分形理论及湿地科学的性质和学科体系,将分形理论在我国湿地科学中的应用归结为5个领域,即湿地生物与生态学、湿地景观学、湿地土壤学、湿地地貌学和湿地沉积学。鉴于分形理论自身的不完善性以及当前湿地分形研究内容的不均衡性、不广泛性和不深入性等,分形理论及其在湿地科学中的应用依然面临很大的机遇与挑战。最后就分形理论在湿地科学中的应用前景进行展望,指出它的应用必将促进湿地研究的纵深化,并为湿地科学学科体系的发展做出重要贡献。     

景观生态区划的理论研究

景观生态系统由多个层次水平的等级体系所组成, 在不同的时间和空间尺度中, 其结构与 功能具有不同的相互依存关系, 区划的概念有助于整合景观的等级性并厘清复杂性。本研究在景 观生态学格局、过程、功能研究的基础上, 结合综合自然地理区划、生态区划、生态经济区划、农业 区划等相关研究的成果,探讨了景观生态区划应依循的原则、内容及区划等级系统, 指出景观生 态区划不仅强调景观水平方向上的空间异质性, 还必须综合景观单元的过程关联和功能统一性。 同时以生态系统完整性原则为核心制定了开展景观生态区划需遵循的等级性、多尺度性、发生一 致性、格局与功能依存性、功能协调性以及界线完整性等原则。在其指导下, 重点讨论了景观生态 区划过程中涉及的方法论构建、景观生态分析与评价、景观生态区划体系构建等研究内容。最后, 通过比较了景观生态区划与自然区划、生态区划以及经济区划之间的异同,提出了不同尺度下景 观生态区划理论的应用方向。     

分形理论及其在地貌学中的应用──分形地貌学研究综述及展望

本文简介了分形的有关基本概念,回顾了分形理论在海岸、流水、喀斯特地貌等多种地貌类型和流域地貌发育的形态研究中,以及在地貌过程研究中的应用的新近成果,并提出了今后分形地貌学研究的五个主要方面.     

分形理论在人文地理学中的应用研究

简介分形理论，并给出了四种常见分形维数：Hausdorff维数、僵子维数、信息维数和关联维数的定义，探讨它在人文地理学各分支学科（城市地理学、经济地理学、交通地理学）的应用及其地理意义。     

景观空间异质性对地表水质服务的影响研究——以河南省伊河流域为例

人类干扰使景观空间异质性发生了剧烈变化,进而对生态系统服务产生了严重影响。目前,针对景观空间异质性与生态系统服务的关联关系研究还较为薄弱。以河南省伊河流域为研究区域,以地表水质服务为研究对象,分析了地表水质服务的空间变化;通过以水质采样点为中心建立缓冲区,分析了不同尺度下的景观空间异质性特征,并与地表水质指标进行相关性研究,以探讨景观空间异质性与地表水质服务间的影响规律及响应机制。结果表明：① 研究区地表水质状况整体上为西南、东北部较差,中部较好;② 从景观组成来看,林地面积占比或斑块个数的增加有利于地表水质的提高;③ 类型水平上,林地的景观构型与化学需氧量的质量浓度在200 m半径缓冲区内显著相关（P<0.05）,城镇用地的景观构型对地表水质的影响则在2000 m半径缓冲区内更为明显;④ 景观水平上,总磷的质量浓度受到景观构型变化的强烈影响（P<0.05）,景观构型异质性越低,总磷的质量浓度就越高;⑤ 适当增加景观空间异质性可有效降低地表水质污染物的质量浓度,提高地表水质服务。研究结论可为伊河流域的空间开发及水环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据。     

Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N–S and the other W–E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N–S and W–E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N–S and W–E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W–E was obviously higher than that in the transect N–S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

Advances in applied studies of fractal theory in geography in China

The fractal theory put forward by American mathematician B B Mandelbrot (1967) supplies an effective approach to solve complex problems. The complex problems in geography have become the main positive study field of fractal theory. Based on the works of China’s geographers and the summarization of contents of fractal theory, the authors comment on the present situation of its applications to almost every branch of geography and discuss the related problems and the prospects of fractal study in geography.     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

分形理论在中国地理学应用的研究

1IntroductionMany natural phenomena such as zigzag coastline, various landforms, turbulent rivers, etc. cannot be described with traditional Euclid geometry, but they are of self-similarities. Fractal geometry takes the complex phenomena as its research objects and has been developed into a specific theory. So it has been praised as natural geometry. What is fractal means "irregular, fractional, fragmental" and its core is self-similarity (Wang and Cao, 1995). To characterize fractals differ…     

景观格局分析空间取样方法及其应用

详细介绍了在关帝山森林景观生态研究中提出的景观格局分析空间取样方法,即统一网格样方取样法和统一网格样点取样法,并介绍了相应的样方数值计算方法。在此基础上,介绍了这两个取样方法在景观空间趋势面分析、景观要素空间关联度分析、景观异质性分析、景观要素空间分布模式检验、景观动态过程模型建立等方面研究中的应用。并阐述了取样方法的有效性及其可能的潜在应用价值。     

Forest landscape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Luohe river basin

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin. These indices include patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index, etc. The results showed that: (1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree became very high. (2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes. The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest, and Quercus species forest increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted. (3) The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomorphic regions. From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patch, diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased. In hilly region, both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999, but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly. In mountain region, even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999, the patch number was increased greatly, the mean area of all patch types was reduced, the extension index, diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased. Furthermore, because of different types of land use, human activity and terrain, the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different. According to these analyses, the main driving forces, such as the policies of management, market economy, influence of human activities etc. are brought out.     

土地利用景观格局空间尺度效应研究

城市土地利用景观格局研究对城市规划设计和土地资源管理具有重要的理论价值和现实意义,而研究尺度的选择是其必不可少的部分。本文基于景观生态学方法,以武汉市为研究区域,选取聚集分散指数、斑块类型指数、形状指数三种类型指数对土地利用景观格局进行分析,同时引入层次分析法,研究武汉市土地利用景观格局的空间尺度效应及其响应特征,结果表明武汉市土地利用景观格局具有明显的空间尺度效应,随着空间尺度的增大,景观破碎程度增大,景观分布越来越分散,景观异质性减小,斑块之间连接度越来越弱。在此基础上,建立最佳尺度选择模型,并基于分型理论对最佳尺度的合理性进行验证,最终得出武汉市土地利用景观格局研究的最佳空间尺度为60 m。     

基于分形理论的新疆城市规模分布及异速生长特征研究

采用2005-2014年新疆非农业人口和城区建成面积数据,运用城市位序-规模法则、人口-面积异速生长等相关的分形理论,分析新疆城市体系规模结构的演化和异速生长规律。结论表明：新疆城市体系首位分布明显,新疆城市规模分布的集中力量高于分散力量,中间位序城市快速发展,使城市规模分布逐渐趋向合理;新疆城市人口-面积异速生长关系整体上呈现退化迹象,城市等级结构较为松散。