基于交叉〖CDF*2〗平行法的双偏振雷达差分反射率硬件定标

双偏振天气雷达具有改善测雨精度及识别降水粒子相态的能力,但其系统自身有可能会对差分反射率因子（ZDR）的测量精度产生明显的偏差,从而降低气象产品的可靠度。美国利用升级为双偏振的WSR 88D进行了大量试验,认为需要校正传输信号在发射和接收通道路径上引起的差异。本文根据其试验报告,以我国研制的车载C波段双偏振多普勒雷达作为试验平台,对比分析后得出产生ZDR系统误差的主要来源为：发射通路、接收通路与天线支路。因此,使用交叉与平行法消除测试信号及设备产生的差异影响,对3部分路径重要节点进行测量并计算出水平、垂直两通道的相对偏差值,进而订正ZDR。其中,天线支路偏差值长期稳定,可相应减少测量次数;发射、接收通路的偏差值会随设备运行产生随机变化,需定期进行测量。以体扫模式最高仰角下的干雪为自然目标物的方法来验证定标的效果,结果表明此方法可较好地订正ZDR的系统误差,为今后偏振雷达业务应用提供了一套消除ZDR系统误差的有效方法。     

C波段偏振雷达几种系统误差标定方法对比分析

通过介绍几种标定C波段偏振雷达差分反射率因子ZDR和水平反射率因子ZH系统误差常用方法的原理,利用两部相同型号的可移式C波段双线偏振雷达(POLC)在云南、安徽等地的观测数据,对这些方法进行了检验和对比分析。结果表明,ZDR的标定方法中,太阳法由于偏振雷达水平与垂直方向两个接收机在较弱的信号下很难保持一致性,目前实际应用比较困难;垂直指向法要求雷达天线必须达到90°仰角,机械上有所制约;仰角法要求探测到非常均匀的雨区,在时间与空间上极难满足;地物引起的ZDR变化,在统计上无任何规律可循,因此,地物法也基本上可以排除应用于实际;干雪的ZDR并不完全等于0 dB,并且需要知道0℃层的高度,0℃层以上满足信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)条件的数据较少,并且水凝物相态难以确定为干雪,因而干雪法有着一定的局限性;微雨滴法理论清晰、结论可信,不需要专门的扫描方式,能够从正常的体扫观测中得到大量的满足SNR、ZH等阈值条件的数据,提供较为准确的ZDR系统误差估计,因此,微雨滴法是一种利用气象目标进行ZDR系统误差估计较好的方法。进一步分析ZH标定的自约束法的结果表明,自约束法能够大致地验证偏振雷达ZH标定是否正确,但是,其用于ZH标定时,对偏振参量数据质量要求较高,并且约束关系的系数也有待进一步验证。     

C波段车载双偏振雷达Z_(DR)资料处理方法研究

本文介绍了车载双偏振雷达参数ZDR的处理方法,首先分析了信噪比SNR对ZDR参数的影响,得出信噪比SNR至少要18 d B,ZDR数据才可信;其次分析了雷达附近的不同类型遮挡物对ZDR参数的影响,结果表明,尖状的遮挡物容易造成ZDR正的偏差,房屋等遮挡物容易造成负偏差,而对树林等遮挡物,偏差的正负变化很大。随着遮挡程度的减小,ZDR的变化幅度变小;针对ZDR的系统误差,使用反射率因子结合ΦDP增量可以很好的进行计算,ZDR系统误差在短时间内变化不大,但是,随时间变化而逐渐变化,需要进行实时订正;最后,使用FIR滤波方法进行KDP参数计算并用于ZDR衰减订正,取得了不错的效果。针对业务应用,给出了实时处理ZDR参数的业务流程图。     

使用气象目标物验证珠海〖CDF*2〗澳门双偏振雷达的差分反射率标定

为了寻求适合珠海-澳门双偏振雷达的差分反射率标定方法,提升其探测的准确性和稳定性,对珠澳雷达的太阳法和垂直指向法的标定结果进行了分析对比。对比表明两个标定方法确定的系统偏差之间存在较大的差异。为了确定真实的系统偏差,基于业务运行的体积扫描数据,在初始差分相移订正的基础上,用差分相移、反射率、信噪比和相关系数作为筛选条件,筛选了适合作为标定参照物的小雨和干雪,对珠澳雷达的标定结果进行了验证并分析了标定误差的成因。结果表明以小雨和干雪作为目标物得到的差分反射率系统偏差和太阳扫描法得到的结果非常一致,且在超过两个月时间内表现较为稳定,可以用于对雷达系统的差分反射率偏差进行长期的在线监控。垂直指向法标定的结果存在明显偏差。与英国Thurnham C波段雷达以及南京大学C波段雷达的垂直入射标定数据的横向对比和分析表明,珠澳雷达的垂直指向法标定受到位于天线罩顶部的航空障碍灯和维护窗的影响,使得标定结果出现偏差。     

使用气象目标物验证珠海-澳门双偏振雷达的差分反射率标定

为了寻求适合珠海-澳门双偏振雷达的差分反射率标定方法,提升其探测的准确性和稳定性,对珠澳雷达的太阳法和垂直指向法的标定结果进行了分析对比。对比表明两个标定方法确定的系统偏差之间存在较大的差异。为了确定真实的系统偏差,基于业务运行的体积扫描数据,在初始差分相移订正的基础上,用差分相移、反射率、信噪比和相关系数作为筛选条件,筛选了适合作为标定参照物的小雨和干雪,对珠澳雷达的标定结果进行了验证并分析了标定误差的成因。结果表明以小雨和干雪作为目标物得到的差分反射率系统偏差和太阳扫描法得到的结果非常一致,且在超过两个月时间内表现较为稳定,可以用于对雷达系统的差分反射率偏差进行长期的在线监控。垂直指向法标定的结果存在明显偏差。与英国Thurnham C波段雷达以及南京大学C波段雷达的垂直入射标定数据的横向对比和分析表明,珠澳雷达的垂直指向法标定受到位于天线罩顶部的航空障碍灯和维护窗的影响,使得标定结果出现偏差。     

河北省双线偏振雷达数据质量分析和衰减订正

选取河北邢台X波段双线偏振全固态多普勒雷达观测到的典型降水过程资料,分析了偏振参量的数据质量及系统稳定性,用ΦDP对ZH和ZDR进行了初步的衰减订正,并对订正结果进行了评估.结果 表明,724XSP双偏振雷达初始相位ΦDP(0)随仰角、方位的变化都是较为稳定的,波动较小.分析垂直扫描数据,发现ZDR和CC能较好地反映降...     

X波段双偏振雷达垂直指向法标定的应用

垂直指向法标定是双偏振雷达的差分反射率因子ZDR标定有效方法的一种,可以订正ZDR测量误差,提高雷达数据的质量。本文基于双发双收模式的X波段双线偏振天气雷达系统,通过分析雷达硬件系统和垂直指向法标定的数据,诊断了观测数值的一些质量问题,初步判断是方位旋转关节损坏而导致ZDR的数值在某一固定区域上出现较大偏差。更换新的方位旋转关节后,对比处理问题前后的垂直指向标定数据证明能有效解决此问题。最后,经过多次试验分析表明,当垂直指向法标定在回波强度为25.5~30.5dB之间的中等范围稳定的层状云降水情况下使用时,其标定的数据能有效订正系统ZDR偏移量。     

天顶扫描模式在双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中的应用

双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差是影响雷达数据质量的关键因素,本文利用南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振天气雷达,对90°仰角天顶扫描数据在Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中的应用进行了分析,同时增加90°仰角定点观测模式,讨论并确认了方位旋转关节对Z_(dr)测量结果的影响,在双偏振天气雷达雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中加入了方位旋转关节因素。研究结果表明:选择合适的90°仰角数据,不仅可以对接收双通道不一致造成的Z_(dr)固定系统偏差进行订正,还能够进一步检测由方位旋转关节衰减不同引起的误差;利用90°仰角数据对Z_(dr)的系统偏差进行订正,稳定性和精度较高,满足双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)精度要求。     

X波段双线偏振雷达回波强度衰减和地物回波识别订正

与常规雷达相比,双线偏振天气雷达在降水系统的准确探测、资料质量的提高等方面具有明显的优势,但X波段双线偏振雷达资料受衰减和地物的影响较大,需要进行必要的衰减和地物订正。本文以2010年7月中国气象局在广东阳江开展的遥感数据比对试验得到数据为例,用ZH和ZDR结合的方法对ZH进行衰减订正,用ZH和ZDR的方差识别地物回波,并利用反射率因子垂直廓线订正受地物影响的底层回波。将订正后的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH相比较,将订正后的ZH与KDP的散点图和拟合的KDP与ZH曲线关系对比验证。结果表明经过订正的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH一致性较好,与拟合曲线也更为吻合,说明方法能有效提高雷达资料的质量。     

多普勒雷达对一次阵风锋的三维结构研究

通过对济南地区一次春季阵风锋的多普勒雷达资料分析,反演出典型的密度流外流边界(阵风锋)的特征,在雷达回波图上表现为一条狭窄的弧状强回波带,强回波带的后方再发展出宽大较弱的回波区.体扫的各仰角速度场显示出阵风锋合理的空间结构;在雷达回波上阵风锋的长度表现为低仰角长,高仰角短,而距离表现为低仰角远,高仰角近.速度垂直剖面上存在典型的中层径向辐合MARC,高度大约在2.5～7 km之间,反映出强对流存在明显的后方中层入流.随着仰角的增大,可以分析出阵风锋是近地面现象.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.