不同大小玉筋鱼摄食、生长和生态转换效率的比较

本研究将Eggers模型移入实验室大型玻璃钢水槽中，以细脚长蜮为饵料，在流水条件下，比较了黄渤海主要中上层小型鱼类玉筋鱼大小两种体重组的摄食、生长和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果表明：小个体的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为12．36gW．W．／100g／d或12．44kJ／100g／d，2．22gW．W．／100g／d或9．09kJ／100g／d，0．18％W．W．或0．73％kJ；大个体的摄食率、生长率和生态转换效率分别为9．16gW．W．／100g／d或9．22kJ／100g／d，0．83gW，W．／100g／d或3．41kJ／100g／d，0．09％W．W．或0．37％kJ。不管是以湿重还是以能量计算，小个体的都比大个体的要高。     

毛鳞鱼、灯笼鱼类、玉筋鱼生态和资源

毛鳞鱼为百万吨级经济鱼类，又为大西洋鳕、狭鳕等重要饵料。灯笼鱼类据称其资源蕴存量可达亿吨，又为鲸类、海豹、海豚、鲨鱼、金枪鱼类和乌贼等饵料。玉筋鱼资源量虽小，但为近海渔业捕捞对象，从开发利用海洋渔业资源着眼，研究其生态习性和资源状况，具有很大意义。１毛鳞鱼（Ｍａｌｌｏｔｕｓ　ｖｉｌｌｏｓｕｓ）１．１分布与环境 毛鳞鱼围绕北极而分布。在北极深度２００ｍ陆架水域内均可发现，但大量渔获是在挪威、冰岛、苏联和加拿大等高纬度海区，其中主要包括巴伦支海、喀拉海和纽芬兰外海等北大西洋海域。 前苏联和挪威北部的巴…     

摄食水平和饵料种类对军曹鱼幼鱼生长及氮收支的影响

研究了不同饵料种类(小沙丁鱼肉-NSF,鳗鱼配合饲料-CEFF,海水鱼配合饲料-CMFF)和摄食水平(从饥饿至饱食)对军曹鱼 Rachycentron canadum 幼鱼(平均初始体重约28g)生长和氮收支的影响,并建立了不同饵料种类时的生长-摄食关系和氮排泄-摄食关系.结果表明,投喂3种不同饵料的军曹鱼幼鱼湿重、干重和氮特定生长率均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势,其中,投喂NSF和CEFF组的特定生长率与摄食水平之间表现为减速增长曲线,投喂CMFF组的表现为直线;饱食时,投喂NSF和CEFF组的特定生长率接近而明显高于投喂CMFF组.投喂NSF和CEFF组的食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而增长或呈先增长后下降的趋势,在饱食或次饱食(约为饱食量的70%)摄食水平组有最大值,而投喂CMFF组的食物转化效率随摄食水平的增加而持续增长,在饱食摄食水平时有最大值;除食物湿重转化效率外,投喂NSF组的食物转化效率最高,其次为投喂CEFF组,而两者均明显高于投喂CMFF组.3个饵料组的军曹鱼幼鱼摄食氮、排粪氮、生长氮和排泄氮均随摄食水平的增加呈显著增长趋势;投喂NSF和CEFF组的摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮明显高于投喂CMFF组,而投喂CMFF组的排粪氮最高,其次为投喂CEFF组,且两者明显高于投喂NSF组.军曹鱼幼鱼投喂NSF、CEFF和CMFF时饱食和次饱食摄食水平的氮收支方程分别为:100CN=1.1(0.9)FN+27.0(29.3)GN+71.9(69.8)UN、100CN=5.2(4.3)FN+27.0(28.7)GN+67.8(67.0)UN和100CN=9.9(8.4)FN+21.6(10.1)GN+68.5(81.5)UN(氮收支方程括号中的为次饱食数据);3个饵料组军曹鱼幼鱼饱时和次饱食时摄食氮中用于排粪的比例较小且变化不大,投喂NSF和CEFF组次饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例较饱食时略大而用于排泄的比例较饱食时略小,但投喂CMFF组饱食时摄食氮中用于生长的比例明显高于而用于排泄的比例明显低于次饱食摄食水平时.因此,军曹鱼幼鱼的氮排泄和氮收支方程受摄食水平和饵料种类双重因素的影响,但不管投喂何种饵料,摄食氮增大是导致鱼类氮排泄增加的主要原因.综合考虑生长、食物转化效率、氮排泄和氮收支方程各因素,军曹鱼由幼鱼优先选择投喂的饵料为NSF,其次为CEFF,在本实验的生长阶段,两者的适宜投喂水平以占饱食量的70%-100%为佳.     

饵料种类和摄食水平对中国对虾蜕皮的影响

采用鱼肉、虾肉、蛤肉、沙蚕、配合饲料和以上 5种饵料的等干重混合物投喂体重为 ( 1.5 3 0± 0 .0 47) g的中国对虾 3 0d ,并对体重分别为 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 )g ,( 7.960± 0 .45 0 ) g ,( 14 .177± 0 .868) g ,( 19.0 12± 1.413 )g 4个规格的中国对虾采用配合饲料分别按每天体重 0 % ,0 .5 % ,1.0 % ,1.5 %和过量 5个摄食水平进行投喂 2 8d ,对中国对虾的蜕皮进行了研究。实验结果证明 ,饵料种类对中国对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)、蜕皮量、蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响。实验期间中国对虾的蜕皮次数范围为 2 .3 1～ 3 .98次 ,蜕皮能占摄食能的比例为 1.16%～ 2 .72 % ,每次蜕皮的体重增长为 0 .14 1～ 0 .488g。不同摄食水平对中国对虾的蜕皮能占摄食能的比例及每次蜕皮的体重增长都有显著影响 ,前者随摄食水平的提高而下降 ,后者随摄食水平的提高而增加。摄食水平对 ( 2 .988± 0 .2 0 0 ) g的对虾的蜕皮次数 (MT)和蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响较大 ,而对其余 3个规格的对虾影响较小。摄食水平对对虾每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量及单位体重每次蜕皮的干重、氮含量、能量的影响仅表现为饥饿或较低摄食水平与其它摄食水平差异显著 ,而更高的摄食水平对它们没有显著影响。     

饵料、温度对香螺摄食的影响

采用实验生态学方法，通过分析摄食喜好系数、平均个体摄食量等参数，研究香螺（Neptunea arthritica cumingii）摄食选择性，以及温度、饵料状态对香螺摄食量的影响。结果表明，香螺成螺对不同的饵料具有明显的摄食选择性，喜食程度的顺序依次为缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）和毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）。随着温度的升高，不同规格香螺摄食量先升高后降低，摄食高峰出现在15℃，香螺对于已开壳饵料的摄食量显著高于未开壳饵料。     

饵料、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食的影响

利用实验生态学方法,通过分析摄食喜好系数、单位体质量摄食量等参数,研究脉红螺(Rapana venosa)的摄食选择性,以及饵料种类、温度和个体规格对脉红螺摄食量的影响。结果表明,脉红螺(壳长100~120mm)具有明显的摄食选择性,喜食缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)、竹节蛏(Solen gouldi)和中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis),但不同饵料对其摄食量的影响不显著。随着温度的升高,不同规格脉红螺的摄食量变化趋势相似,即温度低于7℃时基本不摄食,温度高于16℃时开始大量摄食,22℃左右时达到摄食高峰。不同规格的脉红螺,随壳长的增加,单位体质量摄食量逐渐减小。不同壳长的脉红螺(38~108 mm),随壳长的增加,最低摄食温度先降低(壳长50~70 mm脉红螺最低摄食温度最低)后升高。本研究为脉红螺的人工养殖提供了理论依据,同时为脉红螺的生态影响评估提供参考。     

饵料、温度和盐度对两种海洋桡足类摄食与排粪的影响

中华哲水蚤是中国近海典型的浮游桡足类,猛水蚤是青岛胶州湾和汇泉湾常见底栖桡足类,研究2种海洋桡足类的摄食和排粪规律可为大量培养桡足类提供最佳条件。论文研究了在6种不同饵料(球等鞭金藻、亚心形扁藻、小球藻、绿色巴夫藻、三角褐指藻、小新月菱形藻)的条件下,温度和盐度对中华哲水蚤和猛水蚤摄食和排粪的影响。温度和盐度对2种桡足类摄食和排粪的影响具有种间差异性。中华哲水蚤在15℃的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率高于在20和25℃的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率。在15、20和25℃3个温度范围内,猛水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随温度升高而升高。在20～36盐度范围内,中华哲水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随盐度的升高先升高后降低,在盐度为28时达到最大值,猛水蚤的摄食率、滤水率和排粪率随盐度升高而逐渐降低,猛水蚤摄食和排粪的最适盐度为20。温度和盐度实验均表明,在6种饵料中,亚心形扁藻和球等鞭金藻有利于中华哲水蚤的摄食,球等鞭金藻有利于猛水蚤的摄食,而小球藻对2种桡足类的摄食均不利。     

梭鱼幼鱼的生态生长效率研究

在食物链不同点上能流之间的比率，通常称为生态学效率，生态学效率包括多种类型，其中，生态生长效率（Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｇｒｏｗｔｈｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ）特指生物量的生产与食物摄入量之比［１］。海洋鱼类生态效率的测定，是海洋生态系统能量转换研究的重要内容，其中一个重要组成部分，是鱼类生态生长效率的测定。由于野外调查本身的局限性．进行这方面的研究，需要依赖实验手段配合。海鱼生态生长效率的研究国内仅见于杨纪明的工作［２，３］，作者在进行食物链能流实验研究中，为解决小型鱼类摄食浮游动物这一环节的实验室运转…     

饲料、水温、投饲率对中国对虾摄食与生长的影响

本文探讨了实验条件下饲料、水温、投饲率等因子对中国对虾摄食与生长的影响。初步结果:(1)在23～30°C温度范围内,对虾对人工配合饲料和鲜活饵料的日摄饵量随水温上升而增加;(2)对虾对人工配合饲料和鲜活饵料的日摄饵率随体长增长而下降,配合饲料的日摄饵率在体长8cm处有一个明显的突降,对鲜活饵料的日摄饵率的突降点则出现在对虾体长l0cm处;(3)降低投饲率可使饲料效率明显提高,生长率则相应下降,但当投饲率降到50％时,饲料效率不再提高,生长率明显降低。     

摄食水平对梭鱼的生长和能量收支的影响

于 1 999年 8— 1 2月 ,在水温为 (2 4 .0± 0 .5 )℃ ,摄食水平分别为体重的 0 %、1 %、2 %、3 %、4%和饱食的条件下进行梭鱼的摄食 -生长实验。结果表明 ,梭鱼湿重、干重、蛋白质和能量的特定生长率 (SGR)与摄食水平呈直线关系 ,其转化效率与摄食水平的增加成正比 ;梭鱼的湿重、蛋白质、干重和能量的维持水平分别为体重的 1 .85 1、1 .85 3、2 .882和 2 .3 4 2 (% d) ;排粪率和排泄率随摄食水平的增加而增加 ,并呈直线关系。在最大摄食水平下 ,能量收支等式为 :1 0 0C =4.41F +1 1 .1 8U +47.0 6R +3 7.3 5G     

In situ determination on food consumption and ecological conversion efficiency of a marine fish species, Hyporhamphus sajori

The food consumption and ecological conversion efficiency of a species marine pelagic andsmall size fish, Hyporhamphus sajori, were determined by using in situ stomach content method presented by Eggers. The results showed that: (1) the fish was taken in food all day, so empty-stomach rate was very low, taking up about 4.5% of the total determined fish number. However, the fish still has significant daily feeding rhythm. A feeding peak was found 0:00 o'clock at night, but feeding level was always high in the daytime; (2) relationship between instantaneous food content in stomach and corresponding time could be described as S_t = a ·e ~(-b ·t). There was not significant difference of instantaneous gastric evacuation rate between two determinations, with average value being 0.13 × 10~(-2)g/ (g·d) (wet weight); (3) the daily food consumption tended to change in irregular waving form, with average value being (10.16×l0~(-2)±1.19×l0~(-2) g/ (g·d) (wet weight) or (55.56 × 10~(-2) ±6.51 × 10~(-2) kJ/     

条斑星鲽生长与生态转化效率的初步研究

在人工养殖的条件下(自然光照,水温为11~16.3℃),对初始平均体质量为29.64g±5.98g的条斑星鲽(Verasper moseriJordan et Gilbert)幼鱼1周年的生长和生态转化效率进行定期测定。结果显示:条斑星鲽的体长和体高在实验期间皆呈直线增长;体质量的增长可以分为两个阶段:前期呈指数生长,后期为直线增长。体长和体质量呈指数函数关系:W=10-5L3.0226,r=0.9893。条斑星鲽幼鱼周年的生长率和生态转化效率都较高,属于高生长类型鱼类;生态转化效率周年波动范围是34.16%~91.07%,特定生长率的周年波动范围是0.170~1.527。     

Growth,feed conversion and faecal discharge of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) fed three commercial diets

Abstract

A study was undertaken to provide data on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and faecal discharge of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) fed three commercial diets used previously to culture this species in New Zealand. Fish were raised in tanks from 0.4 to 1.2 kg over the spring (water temperature 14–17°C) and summer (17–22°C) periods. There were considerable differences in volumetric and mass‐specific feed intake, and energy intake amongst diets. Daily crude protein intake was similar amongst diets, although it increased from the cold (4.05–4.50 g protein kg^?1 day^?1) to warm period (6.48–7.67 g protein kg^?1 day^?1). The biological and economical FCR varied with diet (BFCR 1.22–2.17, EFCR 1.30–2.62), as did the cost of feed per unit biomass produced (NZ$38–3.78 kg^?1). Growth rates were broadly similar amongst diets, and the warmer summer temperature period greatly improved both growth (increase from 0.51–0.64% to 1.18–1.23% mass gain day^?1) and BFCR (decrease from 1.37–2.17 to 1.22–1.46). The Salmofood ESF diet resulted in only half of the faecal setüeable solids and settleable total nitrogen (T N) and total phosphorus (T P) output compared with Skretting NME, which was in turn only half or less of that of Reliance SF     

不同饵料种类、投喂方式及环境条件对凡纳滨对虾相对摄食量的影响

为提高对虾养殖过程中的饵料利用率并减少养殖废水的排放,作者以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为实验对象,研究了不同饵料种类、投喂方式、体质量、充气量、光照强度、水温及盐度对其相对摄食量的影响。结果表明:配合饲料组对虾的相对摄食量显著高于冰鲜虾肉组;连续单颗投喂时对虾的相对摄食量较高;相对摄食量随对对虾体重升高而显著(P0.01)下降,而且不同规格的对虾在竞争条件下平均相对摄食量会降低;充气量6 L/min组对虾的相对摄食量明显高于另外两组;弱光环境下对虾的相对摄食量较高;水温和盐度对相对摄食量的影响极显著(P0.01),在32℃时对虾获得最大相对摄食量,在盐度为5时相对摄食量最小,高盐度下组间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,在实际生产中应采取少量多次的投饵策略,并根据环境条件的变化合理的调整投饵量。     

Random walk, zonation and the food searching strategy of Terebralia palustris (Mollusca, Potamididae) in Kenya

Terebralia palustris is a common mud-whelk present at a particularly high density in all Indo-West Pacific mangroves. Young snails feed on nothing but mud while larger specimens are able to feed on fallen leaves too. In Kenya (Mida Creek) under the canopy, competition for mangrove leaves can be very high due to the high density of Sesarmidae crabs. On open exposed muddy platforms, no Sesarmidae occur but the leaf density is very low because the leaves are only randomly present as they are deposited and removed twice a day by the tide. However, the snail density is always very high, raising the question as to whether the snails use a special searching strategy to optimize their resource finding rather than a purely random movement. By analyzing the snails' movements on a uniform area at different levels and comparing them with simulated random paths, we could show that the snails' movements are not purely random. The distribution of different size classes of T. palustris in Mida Creek was known to be quite odd: the same simulation approach suggests that the zonation asymmetry could reasonably be due to the stochastic recruitment of juveniles in space and time and maintained by a substantial long-lasting spatial inertia.     

Diel feeding, daily food consumption and the predatory impact of whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) in an estuarine environment

Diel feeding pattern and food consumption of whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) were examined and related to seasonal variations in an estuarine environment. To determine diel feeding pattern whitemouth croaker were collected from the Patos Lagoon Estuary over 24 h (～3‐h intervals) and their stomach contents were examined. Food consumption of whitemouth croaker was determined from evacuation rates estimated experimentally and in the field. The results suggested that whitemouth croaker in the Patos Lagoon estuary feed all day long. However, whitemouth croaker showed higher feeding intensity and food consumption during daylight hours when the water transparency increased than in others when water transparency was low. Thus, whitemouth croaker seemed to intensify their feeding when they could see their prey. Daily food consumption was between 0.9 and 5.3% of body wet weight (these being the lowest and highest consumption rates during the winter and summer, respectively). The maximum predation impact of whitemouth croaker on their preferential prey, the tanaid Kalliapseudes schubartii, was 27indiv·m^?2·day^?1. The results suggested that the changes in water transparency seem to affect the diel feeding pattern and food consumption of whitemouth croaker. This could have important consequences for fish growth.     

短蛸对不同生物饵料利用的比较

为比较短蛸（Octopus ocellatus）对不同生物饵料的利用效果,以南美白对虾、肉球近方蟹、菲律宾蛤仔和玉筋鱼四种饵料进行了饲喂实验。结果表明：1）肉球近方蟹组短蛸增重率显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,南美白对虾组脏体比显著高于玉筋鱼组（P<0.05）,各饵料组肝体比无显著差异;2）南美白对虾组和肉球近方蟹组短蛸肌肉的蛋白质含量显著高于菲律宾蛤仔组和玉筋鱼组（P<0.05）,肉球近方蟹组脂肪含量显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）,玉筋鱼组灰分含量显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）;3）南美白对虾组短蛸肝胰腺谷丙转氨酶活性显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）,肉球近方蟹组谷草转氨酶活性显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）,玉筋鱼组谷氨酸脱氢酶活性显著低于其余各组（P<0.05）,菲律宾蛤仔组酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于其余各组（P<0.05）,玉筋鱼组胃蛋白酶活性显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）。综上,投喂肉球近方蟹可以显著提高短蛸的增重率;不同饵料对短蛸肌肉的蛋白质、脂肪和灰分含量有影响,对其肝胰腺功能和胃蛋白酶活性也有显著影响。     

不同饵料对真蛸亲体产罗同量、受精卵孵化率及初孵幼体大小的影响

分别采用文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）、缢蛏（Sinonovacula constrzcta）、许氏平鲌（Sebastodes fuscescens）投喂处于产卵、护卵期的真蛸（Octopus vulgaris）亲体,通过测量亲蛸摄食量、产卵量、...     

低温对不同规格刺参幼参生长与耗氧率的影响

采用实验生态学方法, 选取（0.50±0.07）g（A）、（2.53±0.42）g（B）、（23.87±2.46）g（C）3 种不同规格的刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenta）幼参, 设置6℃（I）、8℃（II）、10℃（III）、13℃（IV）4 个不同温度处理组, 分析比较了低温对工厂...