基于云团分型动态Z-R算法的浙赣铁路沿线面雨量估算

利用雷达组网数据和自动站逐分钟雨量数据,选取浙赣铁路灾害降水个例,运用云团分型的动态Z-R关系拟合算法进行定量降水估测。结果表明:(1)基于铁路沿线的雷达-雨量计降水估测方案可以有效识别降水类型和降水区域的差异性特征,其估测精度优于简单分组Z-R关系拟合算法;(2)对降水估测结果进行效果检验,评估结果可以有效改善雷达QPE的系统误差和局部误差。     

基于雷达组网拼图的定量降水估测算法业务应用及效果评估

基于雷达组网实时的定量降水估测(QPE)及实时评估系统在浙江省杭州市气象局成功实现了业务应用,在评估雷达定量降水估测业务应用效果的同时,根据雷达反射率因子垂直廓线(VPR)特征,探讨分析了不同类型降水过程中雷达定量降水估测的误差源。系统联合杭州、宁波、舟山、温州、金华及衢州6部新一代天气雷达的基数据资料,以及覆盖浙江省且经反距离加权(Inverse Distance Weights,IDW)法实时质量控制的雨量计观测资料,采用先雷达组网拼图再降水估测的方案,集成Z-R关系法和最优插值法反演与校准雷达定量降水估测数据场。4次不同类型降水过程的评估结果表明:(1)在地物遮挡严重的浙江西北部和雷达覆盖较差的浙江南部,降水估测的雷达反射率因子如果源于0℃层亮带,会导致雷达定量降水估测严重高估;如果源于浅薄层云云系的云顶,会造成雷达定量降水估测严重低估。(2)多种降水类型云系并存,但使用相对单一的Z-R关系,会导致梅雨和台风期间雷达定量降水估测的局部高估或低估。(3)伴随飑线系统的强对流以及台风系统的非对称性也是导致雷达定量降水估测误差的重要原因。(4)联合Z-R关系和最优插值法,有效地降低了雷达定量降水估测的系统误差,但仍然存在大量的局部误差。     

雷达波束部分遮挡识别应用及效果评估

雷达波束部分遮挡是雷达定量降水估测(QPE)算法的重要误差源。利用4次大范围的天气过程,联合上饶、黄山、杭州、金华、宁波、衢州、温州和台州8部天气雷达和浙江省2047个雨量计观测资料,应用金华、衢州和上饶雷达的部分遮挡区域识别结果,从定性和定量分析两个角度,将雷达组网拼图数据划分为部分遮挡区域、无遮挡区域和总数据区域,验证分析了部分遮挡回波订正方案在提高雷达组网拼图质量和提高雷达QPE精度方面的作用。结果表明:剔除部分遮挡回波的回波订正方案,在不同天气过程中均可以(1)有效地增强部分遮挡区域内雷达组网拼图和雷达QPE数据场的连续性;(2)显著提高了部分遮挡区域内雷达QPE数据场的精度,降低了因部分遮挡导致的雷达QPE误差,并间接提高了无遮挡区域以及总的数据区域内的雷达QPE的精度;(3)改善了Z-R关系拟合方案和最优插值校准方案的有效性,这是剔除部分遮挡回波后,雷达QPE数据场精度提高的重要原因。     

基于成都天气雷达的一种有效降水估测方案

在基于天气雷达的定量降水估测(QPE)中,仰角选取和算法设计,对估测结果均有非常重要的影响。在对成都雷达资料进行滤波技术处理,减轻孤立噪声和杂波的干扰基础上,建立基于动态a、b值的降水估测算法,分析成都雷达探测所涉及的地形因素,提出了高山规避方案,并通过对流性和稳定性层状降水过程的高山规避实验表明,平均相对误差(RE)分别降低14.5%和10.8%;结合3次不同类型(对流性、稳定性层状和混合性)降水过程的雷达探测和雨量观测资料,基于0.5~3.5km区间的7个等高面的反射率因子进行降水估测实验显示,基于0.5km高度的反射率因子进行的降雨估测,平均相对误差综合指标最优;通过对2009~2010年主要降水过程的统计分析表明,降低QPE检验样本比例可以提高QPE精度;通过对2008~2009年主要过程QPE误差与雨强的关系实验表明,该算法对5mm以上实况降水的估测效果更好,相对误差为35.7%。      

雨滴谱仪资料在“温比亚”台风降水估测中的应用探究

利用台风温比亚(1808)登陆阶段受外围云系降水影响的上海、浙江、江苏、安徽四个省(直辖市)42个雨滴谱仪站点数据,对比分析雨滴谱仪数据计算获得的雷达反射率因子、降水强度分别与雷达实测、雨量计实测的差异;进行Z-R关系拟合,以探究台风降水回波与降水强度的关系;分别利用两种Z-R关系进行降水估测效果对比,以探究雨滴谱仪资...     

利用雷达反射率因子垂直廓线改进复杂地形下的台风降水估测精度

文章发展了一种利用雷达垂直反射率因子廓线改进复杂地形下台风降雨的雷达定量估测方法。该方法通过全局与区域最优拟合的垂直反射率因子廓线(VPR)获取近地面的最优反射率,并获取最优的动态Z-R关系。该方法充分考虑了复杂地形下的垂直降雨结构特征以及地形增雨增幅影响,因此有效弥补了雷达在复杂地形下VPR监测不完整问题。利用浙江地区三个典型登陆台风对方法进行检验,结果表明,反演的VPR能够较好地反映洋面、平原与山区的低层反射率因子结构差异,符合实际降水系统低层结构特征。相比传统的定量降水估计方法.改进算法较好地解决了复杂地形区域的强降水低估问题,其估测的小时降水与地面检验的雨量站观测相关系数达到0.85~0.94,降水累积估测误差减少约50%。     

2021年郑州“7·20”极端暴雨雨滴谱特征及其对雷达定量降水估测的影响

利用雨滴谱仪观测的雨滴谱数据,分析了2021年7月20日郑州极端暴雨的雨滴谱特征,并结合双偏振雷达观测,分析了不同定量降水估测（QPE）方法在此次极端暴雨过程中的性能。结果表明,在此次极端暴雨过程的最强降水时段,雨滴谱表现为很高的粒子数浓度和很大的粒子平均直径;而整个降水过程雨滴谱的截距参数与我国其它地区雨滴谱特征差异不明显,但质量加权平均直径大于其他地区的雨滴谱;在降水最强的2021年7月20日08:00～09:00（协调世界时,下同）前后,雨滴谱的特征发生了显著变化,首先是质量加权平均直径迅速增长,随后粒子数浓度也陡增,从而导致降水率的迅速增强。使用郑州双偏振雷达数据,基于各种QPE方法和参数计算得到了08:00～09:00的雷达反演降水量,并与雨量计观测结果比较。结果表明对于基于反射率的QPE关系（R(Z_H)）,如果不提高或者去除反射率上限进行QPE,会导致降水严重低估,且该方法对参数的准确性较为依赖;基于差传播相移率的QPE关系（R(K_dp)）对雨滴谱差异性敏感度相对较低,其性能主要依赖于差传播相移率的准确性;最优的R(K_dp)关系反演效果比R(Z_H)更好,能达到实际降水量的70%以上。     

雨滴谱的变化对降水估测的影响研究

选取2013年5月20日发生在广东三水的一次飑线过程作为研究对象,首先结合飑线回波带移经三水及其上空雷达回波的时间-高度分布特征将降水过程划分为3个阶段,然后通过计算各时刻的粒子总数密度、中值体积直径和峰值数分析降水过程雨滴谱的变化,再对Z-R关系(Z=aR~b)进行分析,根据雨滴谱实测资料分别统计整体Z—R关系和3个降水阶段的Z—R关系,在此基础上讨论雨滴谱的变化和雷达观测的回波强度对降水估计的影响。结果表明:中值体积直径在对流云降水阶段和层状云降水阶段基本一致,但对流云降水阶段的粒子总数密度远大于层状云降水阶段;对流云降水阶段以双峰型为主,当降水向层状云类型发展时,多峰谱比例增加;雷达观测的回波强度常低于雨滴谱计算的反射率因子,离地面越近两者的相关性越好;根据3个降水阶段分别进行Z—R关系拟合,即分型Z-R关系,通过相对误差分析可知,利用分型Z—R关系反演雨强的效果明显优于整体Z-R关系反演效果,雨滴谱在层化降水阶段估计的相对误差最小、对流云降水阶段反演精度稍低于层状云降水阶段,这与对流云降水中雨强和雨滴谱谱型变化大且快有关;在雷达观测方面,利用分型Z-R关系反演雨强的相对误差较小而雷达观测的误差在对流云降水阶段较小,当降水向层状云降水转化时,雷达观测引起的相对误差增大,这主要是由于对流云降水阶段中雨滴谱仪和雷达对应的回波强度误差最小,也与雷达观测精度、两种仪器采样的时空差异和雨滴谱特征变化等因素有关。     

C波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料分析及在定量估计降水中的应用研究

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达(NUIST-CDP)的观测资料,结合南京龙王山SA天气雷达数据、南京信息工程大学大气综合观测基地的OTT Parsivel雨滴谱仪数据、南京市地面雨量计数据,分析NUIST-CDP探测资料的质量及定量降水估计(QPE)精度情况。将NUIST-CDP与SA雷达的回波强度数据进行了对比,发现NUIST-CDP回波强度偏弱;将滴谱仪上方NUIST-CDP测量的反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR与滴谱仪数据对比,雷达参量Z_H、Z_DR与滴谱仪数据变化趋势一致,但整体略偏小;比较差分传播相移率K_DP与Z_H的变化情况,由差分传播相移Φ_DP经最小二乘法计算得到的K_DP与Z_H数据一致性很好。利用南京地区2015年夏季(5—8月)收集的滴谱数据计算偏振雷达参数,拟合测雨方程,进行两次降水过程个例的QPE分析,并与南京地区雨量计数据进行了对比。结果表明:R(K_DP)测雨精度最高,R(K_DP,Z_DR)次之,使用偏振参量能明显提高降雨估算精度;R(Z_H)、R(Z_H,Z_DR)方法测雨反演结果低于地面雨量计雨量值,且低于SA雷达反演结果。      

基于实测雨滴谱数据的微波链路和天气雷达降水估计关系研究

利用南京地区连续两年夏季的实测雨滴谱数据,分析了雨滴谱和降水特征,区分降水类型计算了微波链路衰减系数与雨强的关系(雨衰关系)和雷达反射率因子与雨强(Z-R)的关系,所得关系与ITU-R雨衰模型和常用Z-R关系均有差异,其中对流性降水中的Z-R关系为Z=161.63R1.55,层状云降水中为Z=227.23R1.53.在...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.