四川地区早志留世岩相古地理

四川地区早志留世沉积岩系形成于晚奥陶世-早志留世的前陆盆地演化阶段。早志留世龙马溪期主要为局限的深水陆棚环境。小河坝期表现为浅水陆棚的扩展和深水陆棚的萎缩,沉积分异作用加剧,呈现出碳酸盐台地、浅水陆棚、深水陆棚共存的古地理格局。韩家店期主要为潮坪-浅水陆棚沉积。早志留世四川地区表现为沉积盆地充填变浅和海退式的演化趋势,具多物源的混合型陆棚沉积性质,沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受包括黔中古隆起在内的前陆隆起带的NW方向扩展作用控制。有利储集体的发育主要取决于沉积环境,浅海砂坝和碳酸盐台地边缘相是有利的储集相带,如川东地区的“小河坝砂岩”和川南及川北地区发育的生物礁灰岩。     

川西北地区早志留世风暴岩及其环境与古生态意义

研究区为扬子地块西北缘的一套巨厚页岩、泥岩层,间夹生物礁、生物丘及透镜状和不规则层状风暴生屑灰岩。根据风暴岩的地层分布及岩石学特征,作者将三类不同层位的风暴岩划分为A,B,C,D,E五类:A、B型为近源风暴岩,C、D及E型为远源风暴岩。从A型到E型反映出风暴能量逐渐减弱,水体加深的趋势。由于生物碎屑层形成在泥质陆架上,使生境的底质性质发生变化,造成底栖生物群落从适于泥底生活的内栖生物群落通过埋藏反馈作用转变为表栖固着生物群落,形成众多的礁及丘。一般A型风暴岩是本区礁的基底;B型因其沉积位置较A型深且规模小,仅在少数地方可见其上发育丘₁C型风暴岩之上可见生物层;而D、E型不适于表栖固着生物发育,其上均为泥页岩所覆盖。     

江西修水地区早志留世早期笔石动物群研究

江西修水地区下志留统新开岭组中上部笔石化石自下而上可分为３个带：①Ｐｒｉｓｔｉｏｇｒａｐｔｕｓ ｃｙｐｈｕｓ－－Ｍｏｎｏｃｌｉｍａｃｉｓ带;②Ｐｒｉｓｔｉｏｇｒａｐｔｕｓ ｇｒｅｇａｒｉｏｕｓ带;③Ｍｏｎｏｇｒａｐｔｕｓ带。通过与其它地区同期笔石带对比,发现本区笔石动物群属扬子区和江南区的过渡类型,并且早志留世早期可能存在一定规模的间断。     

内蒙古狼山地区早志留世石英闪长岩体的厘定及其地质意义

内蒙古狼山山脉西侧分布有零星的早古生代岩浆岩,早志留世侵入体主要出露于哈日音熬瑞-迈罕陶勒盖一带.该岩体岩性为石英闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄显示,其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为440±1 Ma.岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Pb,不同程度地亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti;轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,具有弱的负Eu异常,显示了岩浆弧的地球化学特征.ε_Hf（t）值为-12.1~-8.8及T_DM2在1 973~2 182 Ma之间,反映了源区以古元古代古老地壳为主,闪长质包体中的斜长石斑晶及矿物成因判别图解显示了岩体在形成过程中受到了岩浆混合作用.构造判别图解及Hf同位素特征表明该岩体可能形成于大陆边缘弧的构造背景.对比达茂旗、白乃庙地区新近发表的有关数据,早志留世石英闪长岩的岩石地球化学特征与之十分相似,由此可见,华北地块北缘早古生代俯冲带从白乃庙地区可以延伸到狼山地区.      

中上扬子地区晚奥陶世－早志留世岩相古地理演化与黑色页岩的关系

晚奥陶世-早志留世时的中上扬子地区,是一个周边被前陆隆起围限的浅海陆棚,沉积环境受武陵-雪峰及黔中前陆隆起带的控制。前隆间的隆后盆地为滞留、还原环境的海域,为黑色页岩沉积提供了空间。上奥陶统凯迪阶五峰组黑色页岩厚度薄而稳定,含笔石生物层和丰富的放射虫,沉积环境为浅海深水盆地;下志留统鲁丹阶龙马溪组下部的黑色页岩为五峰组的继承性沉积,其上部及埃隆阶的龙马溪组为向上变浅的沉积序列,由潮下带潮汐沙坝-潮坪环境黑色含粉砂质页岩、灰色粉砂岩薄互层所构成。沉积序列的变化和时空演化受边缘古隆起的制约。晚奥陶世前陆隆起范围小(平缓),至早志留世鲁丹期,前陆隆起不断扩大并导致盆内构造分隔,发育了大致与前隆平行的坳陷,造成龙马溪组黑色页岩厚度变化大;至埃隆期晚期,海平面相对下降,水体变浅。除个别地区外,中上扬子地区基本结束了黑色页岩沉积。     

川南柏香田地区早志留世石牛栏组风暴沉积的发现及意义

通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,于通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,在川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,具有侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世处于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料。通过总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,可提供油气勘探新途径。川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,发育侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面中重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世存于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料;总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,提供油气勘探新途径。     

陕西岚皋地区早志留世滔河口组的厘定及其意义

陕西南部北大巴山地区早志留世滔河口组碱基性火山岩，分布层位稳定，岩性标志特征。根据火山岩岩石类型和地层学以及古生物组合特征对其岩石地层单位重新进行了厘定，研究了火山岩的成因，探讨了火山岩形成的机制和构造环境。     

下扬子地区晚奥陶世凯迪期—早志留世鲁丹期岩相古地理及其油气地质意义

下扬子地区奥陶—志留纪之交岩相分异明显,发育了多种类型的岩石地层单位,其沉积岩的颜色、岩性、厚度、赋存化石组合等方面存在显著的差别。笔者通过对研究区内野外露头及钻井剖面的考察,总结前人研究成果,利用岩石学、古生物学、生态学及室内分析方法将其划分为滨岸相、孤立台地相、浅海陆棚相、陆棚坡折相、欠补偿盆地相和盆地浊积岩相6种沉积相类型。岩相古地理研究表明,晚奥陶世凯迪晚期,受加里东构造运动影响,华南板内碰撞挤压作用显著,"江南古陆"不断抬升和扩张,直接导致了旧的"台-坡-盆"格局的消失和新的古地理格局的形成,之前发育的自西北向东南方向水体变深的古地理格局彻底转变为北西、南西、南东三面被古陆包围,向东北方向水体加深的古地理格局。晚奥陶世赫南特期,由于南极冰盖凝聚导致的全球海平面下降和气候变冷,扬子地台海域变浅,致使海底盆地上升到最低含氧深度面之上处于充氧水层中,富氧环境代替了缺氧环境,岩相由五峰组黑色页岩转变为更浅水的观音桥层泥灰岩或新开岭层泥岩;江南沉积区长坞组—于潜组的复理石沉积组合转变为更浅水的的文昌组—堰口组近磨拉石沉积组合。早志留世鲁丹期,随着全球海平面重新上升,隆起面积继续扩大,构造围限作用加剧,黑色页岩重新出现。尤其是安徽南部的安庆—铜陵—巢湖一线,江苏中部的南京—句容一线五峰组—高家边组底部的黑色硅质页岩和炭质页岩,笔石带与中上扬子的五峰—龙马溪组具有很好的一致性,厚度均在40～60 m,TOC含量1.2%～4%,具很好的生烃潜力,应视为下一步烃源岩及页岩气勘探开发的重点研究区域。     

内蒙古北山地区标山一带早志留世花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

通过内蒙古标山一带区域地质矿产调查,查明该区早志留世侵入岩由早到晚依次为花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩。该期侵入体为钙碱性岩系,准铝质岩石,SiO2、K2O具正相关变化特征。三者球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线均具Eu负异常（δEu值分别为0.60～1.06,0.44～0.81,0.12～0.39）。原始地幔标准化蛛网图显示中等不相容元素La、Ce、Sm、Hf、Zr及强不相容元素Rb、Th、U相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti相对亏损。在花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩中获得LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄值分别为（444±12）Ma、（441.2±1.8）Ma、（441.1±3.3）Ma,代表该期侵入体就位时代为早志留世。综合前人及本次项目研究成果可见,标山一带早志留世侵入岩就位于岛弧的构造环境。区域上早志留世古亚洲洋壳沿红柳河—月牙山—洗肠井一线向北强烈俯冲,导致本区早志留世深成岩侵位,形成石头井-化石山早古生代岩浆弧。     

东昆仑灶火沟早志留世花岗岩岩石学、地球化学特征及地质意义

灶火沟早志留世(436.8~433.7 Ma)花岗岩发育于东昆中蛇绿构造混杂岩带中,主要岩石类型为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩,其围岩分别为中元古代万宝沟群和奥陶—志留纪纳赤台群。花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩w(Si O2)分别为56.12%~63.49%和70.62%~76.54%,均为钙碱性系列。二长花岗岩显示向富碱质过渡的特征,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.79~1.02,属准铝质—弱过铝质系列,为I型花岗岩。花岗闪长岩∑REE低于二长花岗岩∑REE,两者均具有LREE相对富集而HREE相对亏损的相似的右倾球粒陨石标准化配分曲线特征,花岗闪长岩具弱负Eu异常,二长花岗岩具强负Eu异常;两者均具有相对富集LILE而相对亏损HFS的微量元素特征。地球化学特征显示灶火沟花岗岩为岛弧型花岗岩,是原特提斯洋壳向北俯冲引起地幔楔物质底侵东昆仑岛弧下地壳部分熔融的产物,表明东昆仑造山带在早志留世仍处于原特提斯洋壳俯冲消减阶段。     

四川旺苍志留系鲕粒灰岩特征及地质意义

近期在川西北旺苍地区早志留世南江组中首次发现了鲕粒灰岩.它们多以10 cm左右的薄层夹持在页岩或粉砂质泥岩中, 沉积相分析显示该段地层总体应属于均斜缓坡沉积体系.说明这些鲕粒是由异地搬运而来, 在旺苍附近可能会存在相当规模的鲕粒滩.在显微镜下可观察到, 其中的鲕粒类别单一, 鲕粒紧密排列, 并呈现一定程度的压缩变形, 局部壳层呈锯齿状, 也指示这些鲕粒曾经历过高能分选和搬运, 以及压实成岩作用等.氧碳同位素测试显示, 这些鲕粒灰岩沉积时的古温度大体为25~31 ℃, 表明早志留世的上扬子地台应处于中低纬度干热或温暖的古气候带.除去古气候及古地理学方面的意义, 当前鲕粒灰岩的发现还为该区油气勘探提供了重要的储层信息.      

Storm-dominated sedimentation along a rocky transgressive shoreline in the Silurian (Llandovery) of Western Ireland

Sedimentation patterns are described from the Kilbride Formation west of the Maam Fault zone, north Galway, Ireland. Seven distinct facies are described using faunal and lithological parameters. Environments of deposition range from marginal marine to deep shelf conditions. Lateral facies distributions were largely controlled by a rocky topographic high which influenced sedimentation until being buried by outer shelf sediments in middle-upper Kilbride Formation times. Four distinct sequences are described: in the lower Kilbride Formation, sequences I and IV are dominated by proximal storm deposits; sequence II was deposited in the lee of the topographic high and is interpreted as barred estuarine deposits; and in sequence III, at the topographic high, no deposition took place. In the upper Kilbride Formation the barrier was buried and uniform outer shelf conditions prevailed throughout the area. Faunal assemblages were strongly controlled by local environmental conditions and do not conform directly with the expected pattern of depth-related brachiopod communities. The Lingula and Eocoelia communities are amalgamated and alloch-thonous, the Pentameroides and Costistricklandia communities are absent, and only the Clorinda community is well represented, though parautochthonous.     

湖北宜昌志留系龙马溪组几丁虫及其年代和生物复苏意义

调查分析了位于湖北省宜昌市分乡的一口志留系钻孔,在龙马溪组下段至上段下部的进尺约100 m的岩芯中采取了313件样品进行几丁虫分离,其中165件炭质泥岩和泥岩样品中共发现保存完整的早志留世几丁虫化石917枚。自下而上识别出Belonechitina?postrobusta,Conochitina alargada,Armoricochitina sp.和Conochitina emmastensis生物带。几丁虫生物带的组合特征和时代意义,及其与全球其它地区同期几丁虫对比,暗示几丁虫Conochitina alargada的始限位置与笔石Monograptus triangularis的始限位置接近,可以作为埃隆期底界界线划分的生物化石参考标志之一。志留纪龙马溪组几丁虫多样性最早发生在鲁丹期末期,在埃隆期晚期出现丰度和分异度的明显升高。微量元素组成的环境意义研究显示龙马溪组下段下部黑色页岩与下段上部深灰色页岩和上段下部黄绿色页岩形成于氧化环境,龙马溪组下段下部黑色页岩中几丁虫属种稀少不是环境所致,而是奥陶纪生物大绝灭之后志留纪几丁虫生物复苏之前几丁虫生物残存复苏阶段的产物,暗示奥陶纪大绝灭之后志留纪几丁虫生物复苏开始于鲁丹期晚期,并在埃隆期中-晚期发生辐射。     

A Combination of N2 and CO2 Adsorption to Characterize Nanopore Structure of Organic-Rich Lower Silurian Shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for Shale Gas Sorption Capacity

The pores in shales are mainly of nanometer-scale, and their pore size distribution is very important for the preservation and exploitation of shale gas. This study focused on the organic-rich Lower Silurian black shale from four wells in the Upper Yangtze Platform, and their TOC, mineralogical composition and pore characterization were investigated. Low pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption were conducted at 77.35 K and 273.15 K, respectively, and the pore structures were characterized by modified Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), t-plot, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and density functional theory (DFT) methods and then the relationship between pore structure and shale gas sorption capacity was discussed. The results indicate that (1) The Lower Silurian shale has high TOC content of 0.92%–4.96%, high quartz content of 30.6%–69.5%, and high clays content of 24.1%–51.2%. The total specific surface area varies from 7.56 m2/g to 25.86 m2/g. Both the total specific surface area and quartz content are positively associated with the TOC content. (2) Shale samples with higher TOC content have more micropores, which results in more complex nanopore structure. Micropore volumes/surface areas and non-micropore surface areas all increase with the increasing TOC content. (3) A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption provides the most suitable detection range (~0.3–60 nm) and has high reliability and accuracy for nanopore structure characterization. (4) The TOC content is the key factor to control the gas sorption capacity of the Lower Silurian shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform.     

Sedimentary characteristics,formation mechanisms and geological significance of the Shiniulan Formation reefs (lower Silurian) in the Upper Yangtze Platform

The lower Silurian Shiniulan Formation of the Upper Yangtze Platform contains small-scale coral–stromatoporoid reefs, generally from less than 10?km long and from 10 to 30?m in thickness, especially in the middle–upper parts. The reef-building organisms were dominantly tabulate and rugose corals, with fewer stromatoporoids. Reef-inserted organisms include bryozoans, brachiopods, cephalopods, algae, crinoids and bivalves. The Shiniulan Formation is characterised by biohermal limestone, bioclastic limestone, sandstone and mudstone, and is divided into four members according to lithological characteristics. The reefs generally occur in the middle–upper layer, which corresponds to four growth stages: stabilisation, colonisation, diversification and domination. In the reefs, the argillaceous and sandy contents decrease, and the carbonates increase from the base to the top. The growth characteristics, evolution, scale and size of the reefs in the Shiniulan Formation were influenced by three factors: agitation of terrigenous debris, fluctuation of sea level and seawater temperature. The Upper Yangtze region was mainly a shallow marine environment with a warm or torrid tropical and subtropical climate and high salinity in the late Aeronian. However, the Shiniulan Formation has significant differences in growth, evolution and extension scale compared with corresponding reefs in Laurentia and the Siberia and Kazakhstan blocks. Analysis of the geological factors of the Shiniulan Formation and the Menier Formation of Anticosti Island, which has revealed that the two sections have similar reef types, lithology and biology, aims to explain the under-development of large-scale reefs in the Upper Yangtze Platform during the middle–upper Silurian.     

New Fossil Xyelidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China

In this paper one new genus and two new species, Brachyoxyela brevinodia sp. nov. and Brachyoxyela gracilenta sp. nov., in the subfamily Macroxyelinae of the family Xyelidae, are described and illustrated. The specimens were collected from the Yixian Formation, the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. The new genus is established based on the characters that vein Sc meets R only beyond origin of Rs, third antennal segment is almost equal in length to the rest flagellomeres combined, terminal flagellomeres increasingly shortened toward apex, and vein 2r-rs inclined toward the apex of wing.     

关于《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书若干问题的商榷

《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书(陈旭和戎嘉余,1996)有以下结论:(1)将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位归属于特列奇阶上部;(2)将回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层与英国特列奇阶对比;(3)将扬子区特列奇阶的顶界置于回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层之顶;(4)将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层资料编制的古地理图称为特列奇期晚期古地理图;(5)将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层与上覆中泥盆统—中二叠统之间的不整合面代表的上升运动,称为"特列奇期的扬子上升"。笔者等依据多年对扬子地台志留纪地层剖面的实地考察和近数十年来扬子区坟头组中—上部、茅山组、回星哨组、小溪峪组、西坑组等地层中文洛克世、拉德洛世、普里多利世早期古生物化石的发现,认为:(1)回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位是文洛克统—普里多利统;(2)回星哨组、小溪峪组等大致与英国的文洛克统—普里多利统对比;(3)回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组的顶界是文洛克统—普里多利统剥蚀后残留的层位随地而异的顶界;(4)根据回星哨组、西坑组、茅山组等地层资料编制的古地理图应是文洛克世—普里多利世古地理图;(5)"扬子地台整个上升"(Huang T K,1945)的时代是志留纪末期,没有"特列奇期的扬子上升"。特提出商榷。上述这些地层时代的解决,对扬子区志留系4统层序的建立具有重要意义,而且也为中国扬子区与英国命名剖面志留系的对比以及中国南方早古生代加里东运动最后一幕时代的再次确定提供了地层学和古生物方面的依据。     

关于《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书若干问题的商榷

《中国扬子区兰多维列统特列奇阶及其与英国的对比》一书（陈旭,戎嘉余,1996）有以下结论：①将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位归属于特列奇阶上部;②将回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层与英国特列奇阶对比;③将扬子区特列奇阶的顶界置于回星哨组、茅山组及其相当地层之顶;④将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层资料编制的古地理图称为特列奇期晚期古地理图;⑤将回星哨组、茅山组、西坑组等地层与上覆中泥盆统—中二叠统之间的不整合面代表的上升运动,称为“特列奇期的扬子上升”。笔者等依据多年对扬子地台志留纪地层剖面的实地考察和近数十年来扬子区坟头组中—上部、茅山组、回星哨组、小溪峪组、西坑组等地层中文洛克世、拉德洛世、普里多利世早期古生物化石的发现,认为：①回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组、西坑组等的层位是文洛克统—普里多利统;② 回星哨组、小溪峪组等大致与英国的文洛克统—普里多利统对比;③回星哨组、小溪峪组、茅山组的顶界是文洛克统—普里多利统剥蚀后残留的层位随地而异的顶界;④根据回星哨组、西坑组、茅山组等地层资料编制的古地理图应是文洛克世—普里多利世古地理图;⑤“扬子地台整个上升”（黄汲清,1945）的时代是志留纪末期,没有“特列奇期的扬子上升”。特提出商榷。上述这些地层时代的解决,对扬子区志留系4统层序的建立具有重要意义,而且也为中国扬子区与英国命名剖面志留系的对比以及中国南方早古生代加里东运动最后一幕时代的再次确定提供了地层学和古生物方面的依据。     

A New Cockroach Genus of the Family Fuziidae from Northeastern China (Insecta: Blattida)

A new genus and two new species of fossil Fuziidae are described and illustrated: Parvifuzia gen. nov., P. marsa sp. nov. and P. brava sp. nov.. Both species were collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan, Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia of China. In conjunction with Fuzia Vr?ansky, Liang et Ren, 2009, the present findings allow us to demonstrate that members of the family were morphologically diverse, with body length ranging from medium (17 mm) in Fuzia to small (9.7 mm) in the present genus. Wing venation of F. dadao is complicated, but simple in the present species, and apex of male’s cerci are sharp and forceps-like in F. dadao, but strongly curved inward and round in the new genus.