2001年11月14日昆仑山口西M 8.1地震前的缓慢地震事件

2001年11月14日昆仑山口西M8．1地震前发生了缓慢运动事件，新疆地震台网记录分析结果表明，这次事件在大震前3．5天开始出现，长周期前驱波持续约47小时，波列呈现规则的正弦波形，视周期约为8．8秒。笔者认为，该慢地震事件是M8．1大震前中昆仑断裂临震预滑动引起的。事实表明，慢地震的观测与研究对深入了解断层失稳过程和实现地震短临预报具有重大意义，同时也显示了宽频带数字地震台网的优越性。     

关于2001年11月14日昆仑山口西地震震级的调查

2001年昆仑山口西地震之后,相当多的研究文章使用了震级8.1的数据,但也有人对该震级表示怀疑.为了澄清数据来源,本文整理了国内外主要的地震目录网站,以及已有文章对该地震震级的使用情况,给出了不同的结果.最终表明,震级8.1的说法来自于国内大震速报目录.     

Characteristics of Collapses Caused by the M 8.1 Earthquake West of the Kunlun Mountains Pass

An M 8.1 earthquake that occurred west of the Kunlun Mountains Pass has caused more than 20 collapse bodies or zones, which are mainly distributed near the surface seismic rupture zone, west of Hoh Sai Lake. The collapses are of four types, bedrock, soil mass and ice mass collapses and avalanches. The spatial distribution and the characteristics of development of the collapses are analyzed in the paper. Comparised with those caused by other earthquakes, the collapses are smaller in scale. In addition to the lithological characteristics of the crustal media, topographic, geomorphic and climatic factors, weaker seismic ground motion is an important cause for formation of the smaller-scale collapses. The long surface rupture zone and weaker ground motion are important features of the seismic rupture, which may be related to the structure of the preexisting fault.     

Characteristics of Far-field Precursory Anomalies Before the M_S8.1 Earthquake in the West of Kunlun Mountains Pass

In this study, a number of typical precursory anomalies recorded by stations in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Hebei and Shaanxi provinces and autonomous regions before the M_S8.1 earthquake in the west of Kunlun Mountains Pass are collected and checked. According to the standards of earthquake cases in China, the criteria of the precursory anomalies are determined, and 53 distinguished. The characteristics of these anomalies before the M_S8.1 earthquake are analyzed, with results showing a very large earthquake affected area. The precursory anomalies recorded by instruments were 2900 km away from the epicenter, and according to the study in this paper, reached 2100 km away. The results also show that the anomalies present characteristics of long duration, multi-measurement items and large-amplitude variation. The authors believe that in large earthquake monitoring, attention should be paid to the variation of data over a large area, ranging up to thousands kilometers, with much denser earthquake observation networks.     

Source process of the 14 November 2001 western Kunlun Mountain M_S=8.1 earth-quake

Introduction On November 14, 2001, a great earthquake occurred in the western Kunlun Mountain area(Figure 1). The original time is 09h26min10.0s (UTC); the hypocentral location is 35.95°N,90.54°E; focal depth is 10 km from USGS National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC);MS=8.1 from China Seismic Network and Mw=7.8 from Harvard and Earthquake Research Insti-tute (ERI), University of Tokyo. This earthquake, known as the western Kunlun Mountain earth-quake, is an extraord…     

The Frozen Soils and Devastating Characteristics of West Kunlun Mountains Pass Ms 8.1 Earthquake Area in 2001

The investigation on damages to frozen soil sites during the West Kunlun Mountains Pass earthquake with Ms 8.1 in 2001 shows that the frozen soil in the seismic area is composed mainly of moraine, alluvial deposit, diluvial deposit and lacustrine deposit with the depth varying greatly along the earthquake rupture zone. The deformation and rupture of frozen soil sites are mainly in the form of coseismic fracture zones caused by tectonic motion and fissures,liquefaction, seismic subsidence and collapse resulting from ground motion. The earthquake fracture zones on the surface are main brittle deformations, which, under the effect of sinlstral strike-slip movement, are represented by shear fissures, tensional cracks and compressive bulges. The distribution and configuration patterns of deformation and rupture such as fissures, liquefaction, seismic subsidence and landslides are all related to the ambient rock and soil conditions of the earthquake area. The distribution of earthquake damage is characterized by large-scale rupture zones, rapid intensity attenuation along the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Highway, where buildings distribute and predominant effect of rock and soil conditions.     

玉树MS 7. 1 地震同震效应模拟与绝对重力检验

Using the results of aftershock relocation, inversion on seismic waves and InSAR results, and surface rupture displacements obtained by geological survey after the earthquake, this paper constructs a fault model of the Yushu Ms7. 1 earthquake. Based on rectangular dislocation theory in an elastic-viscoelastic layered medium, we have simulated the co- seismic deformation and gravity change with gravitational effect considered. The pictures show that the absolute gravity measuring point is beside the extremum of coseismic gravity change, and the numerical value reaches 25.02 x 10-Sm. s-2. After a discussion about the gravity changes before the earthquake and the coherence consistency between two FG-5 absolute gravimeters, we think that the measured value 27.2 × 10^-8 m· s^-2 at Yushu station is coseismic gravity change. It＇s coincident with the simulation results based on dislocation theory. Therefore it is a good tool to test the near-field changes found by dislocation theory.     

New Insight into the Surface Rupture Parameters of the Kunlun Mountains Pass Ms 8.1 Earthquake

INTRODUCTIONThe relationship among rupture length,displacement and seismic magnitude follows a certainempirical equation.The result can be applied onactivefault seismic hazard analysis,andthe potentialearthquake magnitude and displacement of active fault …     

科里奥利力效应与昆仑山口西8.1级地震后两侧地震活动的可能关系

根据物理学中科里奥利力原理, 分析了以走滑断层为主的大地震产生的科里奥利力对地震断层两侧邻近地区地震活动的可能影响。结果表明, 在昆仑山口西8.1级地震后东昆仑断裂带南北两侧邻近地区较大地震一般发生在8.1级地震产生的科里奥利力引起的库仑破裂应力增加地区。     

昆仑山8.1级地震对青藏高原东北缘地壳水平形变影响的讨论

为了从整体上(较大尺度)把握区域应变场的时—空变化势态,并对区域运动场的描述更加逼真,文中在整体无旋转的基础上使用了以提取低频应变信息为主的连续非线性应变模型。根据《中国地壳运动观测网络》位于青藏高原东北缘GPS测站所产生的复测资料(1999—2001—2004),以1999—2001年的运动为基本参考(阶段性形变背景),从2001、2004年两期资料中分离了2001年昆仑山8.1级地震对其产生的主要影响量,结果表明:①昆仑山8.1级地震对青藏高原东北缘产生了比较显著的影响,且位移与形变的方式与背景有很大的差异;②震后的位移分布更加有序,该区西北地区向西偏南向移动,东南地区向北移动;该区最大位移超过15mm;③地震对该区西北地区的影响是能量释放性的,对东南地区的影响是能量积累性的;④震前面应变以收缩为主,震后西北地区为面膨胀(越西越大),东南部为面收缩地区。从整体上看,昆仑山8.1级地震的发生对青藏高原东北缘地区地震活动具有"东增西减"的作用。     

Influence of the Kunlun Mountain Ms8.1 Earthquake on Horizontal Crustal Deformation in the Sichuan and Yunnan Area

In order to track the space-time variation of regional strain field holistically(in a large scale) and to describe the regional movement field more objectively,the paper uses a nonlinear continuous strain model focused on extracting medium-low frequency strain information on the basis of a region with no rotation.According to the repeated measurements(1999～2001～2004) from GPS monitoring stations in the Sichuan and Yunnan area obtained by the Project of "China Crust Movement Measuring Network",and with the movement of 1999～2001(stage deformation background) as the basic reference,we separated the main influencing factors of the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake in 2001 from the data of 2001 and 2004,and the results indicate:(1) the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake has a discriminating effect on the Sichuan and Yunnan area,moreover,the deformation mode and background had not only certain similitude but also some diversity;(2) The movement field before the earthquake was very ordinal,while after the earthquake,order and disorder existed simultaneously in the displacement field;The displacement quantities of GPS monitoring stations were generally several millimeters;(3) The principal strain field before earthquake was basically tensile in an approximate EW direction and compressive in the SN direction,and tension was predominant.After the earthquake,the principal strain field in the Sichuan area was compressive in the EW direction and tensile in the SN direction,and the compression was predominant.In the Yunnan area,it was tensional in the NE direction and compressive in the NW direction,and tension was predominant;(4) The surficial strain before the earthquake was dominated by superficial expansion,the contractive area being located basically in the east boundary of Sichuan and Yunnan block and its neighborhood.After the earthquake,the Sichuan area was surface contractive(the further north,the greater it was),and south of it was an area of superficial expansion.Generally speaking,the Kunlun Mountain M-S8.1 earthquake played an active role in the accumulation of energy in the Sichuan and Yunnan area.Special attention shall be focused on the segment of Xichang-Dongchuan and its neighborhood.     

2004年12月26日印尼8.7级强震广东地区同震效应分析

搜集、归纳了2004年12月26日印尼强震引发的广东地区宏观和微观同震响应信息,分析了地下流体、地形变数字化分钟值观测资料同震效应的表现形态及特征,验证了省内“九五”后新上的数字化仪器的可靠性、灵敏性。     

基于D-InSAR技术的西藏改则地震同震形变场特征分析

2008年1月9日在西藏改则地区发生6.9级地震, 接着1月16日又发生6.0级余震, 表现为双震型。 本文利用差分干涉测量技术(D-INSAR), 通过对欧空局ASAR数据进行处理获取了其同震干涉形变场。 通过分析表明: 改则地震干涉形变场呈双贝壳状, 影响范围约33 km×30 km, 以北东向地震破裂带为分界线分为西北视线向沉降盘与东南视线向隆升盘, 最大视线向沉降形变量约53.2 cm, 最大视线向隆升形变量约11.3 cm。 西北沉降盘又存在东、 西两个形变中心, 推测西部形变中心受6.0级余震的控制, 东部形变中心受6.9级主震的控制。 宏观震中位置应位于左旋走滑改则—洞错断裂与依布茶卡—日干配错断裂的分阶部位(左阶), 构造应力场以张性拉伸为主, 导致地震破裂为典型的正断层破裂, 与此次地震的干涉形变场特征及哈佛大学震源机制解吻合。     

2001年昆仑山口西Ms 8.1地震最大位移讨论

最大位移是认识地震破裂机理和断层未来地震危险性的最重要参数之一。对 2 0 0 1年 11月 14日发生的昆仑山口西 8 1级地震地表破裂带最大位移的调查有多种结果。通过野外调查发现 ,本次地震地表最大同震水平位移 6 4± 1 4m ,位于库赛湖东北 (93 2 2 6 6°E ,35 7779°N) ,最大垂直位移 5 2± 0 2m ,与水平位移分布基本一致。影响本次地震地表破裂带地表位移测量的因素很多 ,其中断裂带多期活动、地震地表破裂带构造形式复杂 ,以及特殊的冰川冻土区地貌位移标志是主要因素。     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大震预报的再讨论

由立交模式、静中动判据和高山峰指标讨论了2001年昆仑山口西8．1级大震的地点骤报。由74年周期性、三性法和倍九律讨论了这个8．1级大震的时间预报。倍九律包括热红外异常、6级地震活动和K＝8的大磁暴在震前出现的倍九天时间特征。     

中国大陆GPS连续观测站测得的日本9.0级地震同震位移与震前变化

利用中国大陆GPS连续观测站资料, 获取了2011年3月11日日本9.0级地震造成的连续站同震位移。 计算结果表明, 位于我国东部尤其是东北地区的台站在水平方向都有明显的同震位移, 且离震中越近同震位移量越大, 其中绥阳站的水平同震位移量最大, 达到33 mm。 通过对时间序列分析发现, 有明显同震位移的连续站, 震前水平方向的运动速度都有放缓的趋势, 可能是一种形变前兆现象。 这些GPS观测到的同震位移及震前运动速度异常, 对于进一步研究前兆地壳运动、 地震动力学特征以及精化中国大陆地壳运动速度场都有重要意义。     

基于GF-1卫星影像解译2014年新疆于田M_S7.3地震同震地表破裂带

2014年2月12日新疆于田发生MS7.3地震,震中位于平均海拔5 500m的藏北地区。本文利用国产GF-1号卫星对震前、震后数据进行对比解译,快速获取了该次地震的同震地表破裂带,破裂带沿硝尔库勒盆地南缘的多个洪积扇体后缘发育,断续延伸,走向NEE62°,以弧形断层陡坎为主,未见明显水平位错,长度约9km。阿尔金断裂在硝尔库勒盆地共发育3条分支断裂,均发育古地震破裂带,其中沿盆地北缘和中部的分支断裂未见同震破裂,最新地表破裂带位于南缘断裂的东北段。结合震后余震分布,确认该次地震的发震构造为硝尔库勒南缘断裂,是青藏高原北部阿尔金断裂带西段尾端张性区的一次新破裂事件。本次应用也展现了国产高分辨率数据在中国西部高海拔地区地震应急工作中所发挥的重要作用。     

汶川地震同震电离层扰动研究

利用中国大陆陆态观测网(CMONOC)的下关、 昆明和庐州GPS台站, 对汶川地震引起的同震电离层扰动(CID)进行研究。 通过对GPS原始观测数据进行处理证实汶川地震存在5个明显的同震电离层扰动(CID)现象。 根据GPS TEC时间序列和走时, 得到在电离层高度CID的水平传播速度为1.1 km/s, 属于震中区地表抬升引起的声波在电离层中传播速度; 同时, 也得到次一级CID传播速度接近0.7 km/s, 认为可能是重力波。 在此基础上, 利用射线追踪模型寻找震中位置发现, 当CID水平传播速度为1000 m/s时, 发震时刻对应的标准偏差能达到最小值19.55 s, 相应的CID起源位置是30.8°N, 103.15°E, 距离实际震中西南方向33.6 km。     

井孔水温对远场巨震同震响应及其机制的数模研究

热量的流动必然伴随着温度的改变,地震活动期间的井孔水温同震响应也服从热力学的基本规律。本文以汶川8.0级地震和日本福岛9.0级地震为例,以海口ZK26井水温同震响应的观测数据为基础,运用热力学传导方程的数值模拟方法,研究了同震响应过程中井孔水温度变化与热量传导之间的关系及相关的热力学机制问题。通过正演的方法,得出沿井深方向不同时刻水温同震响应变化的数值模拟曲线,水温数值模拟曲线与实际测量数据一致。研究结果表明,井孔中水温同震响应方式（上升、下降或不变）,与水温传感器的位置、热源的位置和分布、传感器与热源之间的相对空间等因素有关。     

Surface Rupture and Coseismic Displacement of the M_S7.1 Yushu Earthquake

On April 14,2010,a devastating earthquake measured 7.1 on the Richter scale struck Yushu county,Qinghai Province,China.Field geological investigation and remote sensing interpretation show that this earthquake generated an inverse L-shaped surface rupture zone,approximately 50km long.The surface rupture zone can be divided into three segments.Between the northern and middle segments of the surface rupture,there is a 16km-long segment,where no rupture was observed.The middle and the southern segments are arr...