长江中下游1998年夏季梅雨期降水再循环研究

改进了Eltahir的降水再循环率计算模式,引入水汽变化量,使其可用于小于月际时间尺度的降水再循环评估。并利用1998年6~8月间长江中下游162个测站的旬蒸发和降水资料,结合NCEP/NCAR的高空逐日再分析资料,对长江中下游1998年梅雨期的降水再循环率做了计算。分析发现:1998年夏季暴雨时期长江中下游的降水平均约有三成来自当地的蒸发。区域蒸发的水汽在安徽南部和湖北东部对降水的贡献最大。区域平均再循环率的旬变化强烈,最高可达67.8%,最小只有0.8%。表明地表水文敏感,地-气相互作用不稳定。     

近45a长江中下游地区夏季降水的区域特征

利用旋转经验正交函数(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function,REOF)展开方法,分析了长江中下游地区六省一市1960—2004年78站夏季(6—8月)降水场,并将降水场分为5个主要区域,在此基础上揭示了长江中下游5个区域夏季降水的时间演变特征。5个区域夏季降水序列的Mann-Kendall突变检验表明,各区代表站中只有衢州和南通发生了突变,且突变时间不同;5个区域夏季降水长期变化呈现增加趋势,Ⅰ区和Ⅴ区表现出较强的增加趋势,Ⅲ区次之,Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区较弱;5个区域夏季降水的周期振荡差异明显。     

Statistically Downscaled Summer Rainfall over the Middle-Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The summer rainfall over the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (YRSR) has been estimated with a multi-linear regression model using principal atmospheric modes derived from a 500 hPa geopotential height and a 700 hPa zonal vapor flux over the domain of East Asia and the West Pacific.The model was developed using data from 1958 92 and validated with an independent prediction from 1993 2008.The independent prediction was efficient in predicting the YRSR with a correlation coefficient of 0.72 and a relative root mean square error of 18%.The downscaling model was applied to two general circulation models (GCMs) of Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model (FGOALS) and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled climate model version 2.1 (GFDL-CM2.1) to project rainfall for present and future climate under B1 and A1B emission scenarios.The downscaled results pro-vided a closer representation of the observation compared to the raw models in the present climate.In addition,compared to the inconsistent prediction directly from dif-ferent GCMs,the downscaled results provided a consistent projection for this half-century,which indicated a clear increase in the YRSR.Under the B1 emission scenario,the rainfall could increase by an average of 11.9% until 2011 25 and 17.2% until 2036 50 from the current state;under the A1B emission scenario,rainfall could increase by an average of 15.5% until 2011 25 and 25.3% until 2036 50 from the current state.Moreover,the increased rate was faster in the following decade (2011 25) than the latter of this half-century (2036 50) under both emissions.     

利用Cloudsat卫星资料分析冻雨天气的云结构

利用Cloudsat卫星资料中的欧洲中心中期天气预报(ECMWF)温湿度廓线、雷达反射率因子等产品结合探空秒数据和地面观测资料从云物理的角度分析了2008年初发生在我国南方地区的一次典型冻雨天气的云结构特征。分析表明：此次冻雨发生时温度廓线上存在明显的逆温层,但有逆温层并不一定出现冻雨,融化层与次冻结层的相对厚度决定着最终的地面降水类型,沿Cloudsat轨迹10个纬距的范围内出现由雨向冻雨、冰粒、雪的过渡。结合湿度剖面发现,逆温层水汽充沛。ECMWF资料与轨迹上长沙站的探空秒数据对比发现,ECMWF的温度产品要比湿度产品有更高的准确性。毫米波云剖面雷达CPR的反射率因子产品显示,此次冻雨有明显的零度层亮带特征,且亮带刚好出现在0℃等温线上界以下,直观地展示出基于经典“融冰过程”的冻雨形成机理。     

一次西南涡东移引起的长江上游流域强降水过程分析

利用MICAPS常规观测资料、FY2E卫星云图资料、fnl 1°×1°资料和三峡梯级调度自动化降水资料对2016年6月30日长江上游流域的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：在有利的大尺度环流背景配合下,产生此次强降水过程的主要影响系统是西南涡和低空急流,副热带高压和大陆高压的稳定维持使得西南涡移动缓慢,低空急流的加强使得西南涡加强,从而造成大范围的暴雨;本次过程地面没有冷空气触发,是一次在西南低空急流中出现的暖区强降水过程;高空分流区增强了高层辐散抽吸作用,使得西南涡不断发展加强。     

欧亚中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水的可能联系

利用国家气候中心提供的中国区域753站降水观测资料、ECMWF逐月地表感热通量再分析资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料,讨论了欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游夏季降水之间的联系及其相关的物理机制。分析发现欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热异常与长江中下游地区夏季降水存在显著的正相关:感热偏强期,长江中下游夏季降水偏多;感热偏弱期,长江中下游夏季降水偏少。春季感热异常偏强时,夏季东亚副热带西风急流主体位置偏东、强度偏强、范围偏大,长江中下游地区主要受辐合上升气流控制,水汽输送条件好,降水异常偏多。而春季感热偏弱时,情况大致相反,则夏季降水异常偏少。研究表明欧亚大陆中高纬春季地表感热通量异常变化对我国长江中下游夏季降水预测具有一定的指示意义。     

The Relationship between the Interdecadal Variation of Summer Precipitation and Its Interannual Variability over the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley

The intensity of summer precipitation interannual variability is strongest over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV). The variability is larger than 1.5 mm d–1 and up to 35%–40% of the climatological mean summer precipitation. The relationship between the interdecadal change in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability over this area is investigated, by analyzing five gauged and re-constructed precipitation datasets. The relationship is found to be very weak over the MLYRV, with a correlation coefficient of only approximately 0.10. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation influences the western North Pacific subtropical high, which is responsible for the interdecadal change in summer precipitation over the MLYRV. However, the precipitation interannual variability is closely related to the ENSO events in the preceding winter due to its impact on the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet. Different physical mechanisms cause different interdecadal variation in the intensity of summer precipitation and its interannual variability, and thus result in a poor relationship.     

Probability Distribution of Precipitation Extremes over the Yangtze River Basin

 Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005, and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum (AM) and Munger index (MI) were constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series. Research results show that (1) the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment, the Dongting Lake area, the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River, and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment; whereas, the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment; (2) compared with observational data, the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data, and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards; (3) in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes, by applying General Extreme Value (GEV) and Wakeby (WAK) models with the method of L-Moment Estimator (LME) to the precipitation extremes, it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well. The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

长江中下游夏季降水及其与全球热通量的关系

统计分析了1951-2002年52 a长江中下游夏季降水的年际和年代际变化特征.结果显示:长江中下游夏季降水在20世纪60、70年代处于少雨期,80年代旱涝相间,90年代处于多雨期,而且年际异常和年代际异常的配置决定了旱涝的强弱.在此基础上,分析了长江中下游夏季旱涝年的前期潜热和感热通量在年际和年代际尺度上的异常合成场,以及夏季旱涝年同期大气环流场及风场的异常合成场.结果表明:中北太平洋西部(T区)和日本以东洋面(R区)当年春季热通量的异常分布形势是长江中下游夏季旱涝的一个前期讯号.     

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005,and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century,time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum(AM)and Munger index(MI)were constructed.The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series.Research results show that(1)the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment,the Dongting Lake area,the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River,and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment;whereas,the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment;(2)compared with observational data,the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data,and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards;(3)in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes,by applying General Extreme Value(GEV)and Wakeby(WAK)models with the method of L-Moment Estimator(LME)to the precipitation extremes,it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well.The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

长江中下游地区春季降水的时空特征

使用41站日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,研究了长江中下游地区春季降水的时空特征。结果表明,过去50多年来,长江中下游地区春季的雨日、雨量呈整体下降趋势,降水强度呈东减西增的趋势;该区春季连续性降水通常以2 d降水居多,江北地区以连续性中小降水为主,而江南地区则是独立性的强降水居多。春季长江中下游地区在近50 a里呈现出干旱化趋势,其和对流层中高层气温下降关系密切,由于气温相对下降,我国东部上空高层产生气旋性环流异常,不利于降水的发生。     

黄河上游地区降水对水资源的影响

利用１９５９－１９９７年黄河上游地区降水,流量资料,用ＥＯＦ、ＲＥＯＦ、功率谱等数理统计预报方法,分析黄河上游地区降水与流量之间关系及降水变化趋势,并用逐步回归,最优子集回归方法建立流量预测的最优评估模型。     

NCC_CGCM产品对长江中下游夏季降水预报的释用

通过对1983—2002年国家气候中心NCC_CGCM季节预报模式的2月初始场的5个预测场 (500 hPa高度场,200 hPa经向风、纬向风场,850 hPa经向风、纬向风场) 与NCEP实况场的相关检验,指出模式预测与实况有一定差距,但也存在预报效果好的区域,其中预报效果最好的是200 hPa和850 hPa纬向风场,正相关达到95%信度的点数最多;500 hPa高度场正相关达到95%信度的点数最少;利用模式预报效果好的区域的预测值,对2003—2007年长江中下游区域夏季降水指数进行释用,预报准确率达到80%;对比模式在该地区的降水预报以及仅用模式高度场的解释预报发现,用挑选有用信息后的预报效果更好。该方法在全国其他14个区夏季降水的释用中,江南区和内蒙古区预报准确率也可达到80%。     

基于GIS的长江中上游降水的空间分析

为了获取长江中上游地区高分辨率的降水情况,以长江中上游及其周围地区共613个气象站点的降水资料为基本数据,利用分辨率为4km 的DEM(Digital elevation model),采用了较适合地理信息系统(Geographic Information System)的插值方法,分别对该区域1992-2001年逐年降水进行了分析.结果表明:逐步插值法得到的高分辨率降水空间分布效果较好,计算的精度较高.该方法提高了计算的准确性,体现了降水随地形的变化以及在空间分布上的不连续性,有效解决了复杂地形条件下降水空间插值精度不高的问题.     

长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨的结构和特征

应用国家气象中心ＨＬＡＦＳ模式计算的物理参数,对１９９６年长江中下游地区梅雨期一次持续性大暴雨过程形成的物理条件进行了诊断分析,给出了梅雨锋强暴雨的风场,垂直环流及其有关的物理场结构和分布特征,所得结果有利于实时预报业务和科研工作。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

1951～2009年东亚地区日降水趋势特征分析

研究大陆或次大陆尺度日降水长期趋势变化规律,对于检测、理解区域气候和陆地水循环对全球气候变暖的响应特征十分重要。利用美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)和中国基准气候站、基本气象站网降水观测资料,在对该站点资料进行基本质量控制基础上,选取东亚地区619个站1951～2009年日降水数据,按照百分位阈值对降水进行分级,共分为弱、中、强、极强4个级别,用经纬度网格面积加权平均方法构建区域平均的时间序列,分析了各类降水事件长期变化趋势的时空特征。结果表明:东亚地区近59年平均总降水量表现出不显著下降趋势,降水日数没有出现趋势性变化,平均日降水强度略有减小;区域平均的年降水量、降水日数和日降水强度在中国北方大部、蒙古东部、俄罗斯远东地区南部和日本列岛多呈减少趋势,而在俄罗斯中西伯利亚南部、朝鲜半岛南部和中国长江中下游流域一般表现为增加。从季节上看,近59年东亚区域平均的冬、春季降水量、降水日数和日降水强度均呈增加趋势,而夏、秋季一般呈减少趋势,仅夏季日降水强度略有增加。降水的年内分配出现均匀化趋势。从不同级别降水事件看,近59年来东亚区域平均的各级别降水量均为下降趋势,中降水、强降水和极强降水日数也呈现下降趋势,弱降水日数表现出较明显增加;仅有全区秋季强降水量、日数减少趋势和冬季中降水量、日数增加趋势通过了显著性水平检验。分析还发现,近30年(1980～2009年)东亚地区日降水趋势变化出现了新的特征,主要表现为大部分地区降水日数呈现增加,日降水强度减少,45°N以南多数台站降水量也增加,全区降水有向非极端化方向发展趋势。     

东亚副热带西风急流位置异常对长江中下游夏季降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR 200 hPa月平均风场再分析资料,定义东亚大陆对流层上层不同经度上最大西风所在位置的平均纬度为东亚副热带西风急流轴线指数,该指数能准确反映东亚副热带西风急流位置的南北变化及其对长江中下游降水的影响,并能较好地体现东亚夏季风盛行期间对流层低层与高层的纬向风场变化特征。分析表明,该指数的时间变化具有与长江中下游夏季降水较一致的年代际变化及年际振荡特征。对东亚副热带西风急流位置异常年的大气环流差异分析表明,急流异常偏北时,南亚高压偏弱,位置偏北偏西,呈伊朗高压型;西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)偏弱、位置偏东偏北;气流的辐合上升区北移至华北一带,而长江流域低层风场为辐散异常,上升气流较常年偏弱,降水偏少。急流异常偏南时,南亚高压偏强,位置偏南偏东,呈青藏高压型;西太副高偏强、位置偏西偏南;长江流域地区上空低层有较强辐合上升气流,高层有较强的气流辐散,对流旺盛,雨带在此维持,容易引发洪涝。     

季节内振荡水汽收支对长江中下游持续性极端降水强度的调控作用

利用中国1979—2019年逐日降水格点数据,考量降水的时空聚集性强度之客观监测方法,识别中国东部区域极端降水事件,发现长江中下游是夏季持续3 d及以上区域持续性极端降水(PREP)发生最频繁的区域。以此为研究对象,基于水汽收支理论,利用ERA-Interim再分析资料和带通滤波方法,诊断日降水及其水汽收支的季节内特征,研究关键尺度对流层高低空系统配置及演变。结果显示：PREP日降水强度及其演变被证实与区域大气柱水汽辐合量相一致。10～30 d准双同振荡(QBWO)和30～90 d(MJO)的水汽辐合在事件发生前1～3 d和7～9 d开始由负位相转为正位相。区域南、北边界QBWO(MJO)水汽输送在事件发生前2～4 d(9～10 d)由水汽输出转为输入。南海的QBWO对流北传至长江中下游,促使源于西北太平洋的对流层低层QBWO反气旋式环流系统向西南移动,其西北侧的西南风使区域南边界水汽输送在事件开始日达最大。事件发生前10 d左右,对流层低层MJO反气旋式环流系统出现在西北太平洋,并向西南移动,长江中下游气旋系统加强维持,对流层中层孟加拉湾MJO尺度低槽开始加深,三者的配合使区域南边界的MJO水汽输入逐渐增强并维持到事件发生后。MJO尺度的强水汽输入结合QBWO反气旋式环流促使长江中下游地区的持续性极端降水事件的发生。研究结果对持续性极端降水事件延伸期的预报提供参考。     

2011年初夏我国长江中下游降水的气候特征及成因

文章主要分析了2011年初夏长江中下游降水的气候特征及其成因。结果表明：2011年5月长江中下游降水异常偏少,6月转为异常偏多,出现了明显的旱涝转换。长江中下游地区的旱涝转换主要受南海季风、东亚季风强度以及西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的异常快速北跳的影响。研究还发现,6月亚洲中高纬长期维持两槽一脊的环流形势,东北冷涡活动频繁,多次引导冷空气南下。同时,副高异常偏北、偏西,并出现多次西伸过程。由于冷涡的加强南压与西伸的副高相互作用,促使长江以南地区西南气流明显增强,使得冷暖空气在长江中下游地区交汇,最终导致该地降水偏多。