我国横断山区1960-2008年气温和降水时空变化特征

运用样条函数法、线性回归、最小二乘法和趋势分析等方法,对横断山区27个气象站1960-2008年日平均气温和降水资料分析表明,近50年来横断山区气温呈现统计意义上的变暖趋势,其中60和80年代气温相对较低,其他年代则较高,2000-2008时段年均温比多年均值高0.46^oC。横断山区年均气温、春季气温、夏季气温、秋季气温和冬季气温的倾向率分别为0.15^oC10a^-1、0.589^oC10a^-1、0.153^oC10a^-1、0.167^oC10a^-1和0.347^oC10a^-1,升温幅度表现出随纬度增高而加大的趋势,整个横断山区以沙鲁里山和大雪山南缘区域及梅里雪山地区为中心,春季升温幅度最大,冬季次之。横断山区年降水在60和70年代偏低,80年代以后相对偏高,特别是90年代比多年均值高29.84mm,进入2000年后相较90年代明显下降。横断山区年降水、春季降水、夏季降水、秋季降水和冬季降水倾向率分别为9.09mm10a^-1、8.62mm10a^-1、-1.5mm10a^-1、1.53mm10a^-1和1.47mm10a^-1,只有春季倾向率通过了显著水平检验;除夏季降水外,其他季节降水均表现出由西南向东北和由南向北递减的趋势,这是纵向岭谷对流经该区的东亚季风和南亚季风同时起着东西向阻隔作用和南北向通道作用的体现。横断山区季风期气温和降水的倾向率分别为0.117^oC10a^-1和6.01mm10a^-1,最为明显的是2000年后季风期降水明显降低;横断山区非季风期气温和降水的倾向率分别为0.25^oC10a^-1和7.47mm10a^-1,均高于季风期。     

玉龙雪山冰川稳定同位素分馏冬夏对比

利用玉龙雪山白水1号冰川区冬季和夏季表面积雪、雪坑、融水以及白水河河水中δ¹⁸O资料,对比分析了冬季和夏季我国典型季风温冰川系统内稳定同位素分馏行为的差异。分析结果表明,夏季冰川系统内各水体相变过程中稳定同位素分馏程度均比冬季强烈,指示出夏季季风海洋型冰川强烈消融的特点。另外,不论是冬季还是夏季,从表面积雪到融水再到由融水补给的河流,δ¹⁸O垂直变化梯度依次增大,反映了从固态降雪向冰川融水补给的河流河水转换过程中,稳定同位素分馏程度逐渐增强,体现了沉积后过程对海洋型冰川区同位素记录的影响具有空间差异性。     

西江河口段溶解无机碳稳定同位素组成的时空变化

从2006 年9 月至2007 年6 月间对西江河口段溶解无机碳稳定同位素组成(δ¹³CDIC) 及 其相关的水体理化参数进行了一个水文年的季节性采样调查。夏、秋两季δ¹³CDIC 平均值(-13. 91‰、-13.09‰) 小于春、冬季节(-11.71‰、-12.26‰), 呈现出明显的季节性。δ¹³CDIC 与温度 呈负相关(p = 0.000; r = -0.646), 而与氧化还原电位正相关(p = 0.000; r = 0.569), 表明河段 表层水体δ¹³CDIC 受到季节性变化的水体理化性质等河道有机质氧化分解条件的控制; 夏季洪水期δ¹³CDIC 与航测距离呈正相关, 而春季枯水期的δ¹³CDIC 与航测距离负相关。δ¹³CDIC 的这种时空变异证明了研究河段河- 海作用过程影响了水体的理化性状进而控制了河道表层水体DIC 的性质。研究河段δ¹³CDIC 的上述时空分布规律与流域所处的地理环境关系密切, 汛期的夏季受陆源有机质的强烈分解作用的影响, DIC 的同位素组成向海洋方向变轻; 枯期的春季因海洋作用加强以及咸潮的入侵, 河道DIC 的同位素组成向海洋方向变重。     

党河流域敦煌盆地地下水补给与演化研究

综合应用水文地球化学指标和稳定同位素技术研究了党河流域敦煌盆地地下水补给和演化规律。岩盐、石膏及芒硝等矿物的溶解对Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-及SO₄^2-离子浓度影响较大。阳离子交换作用明显,地下水中Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺浓度增加,并与碳酸盐发生沉淀,导致HCO₃^-减少。地下水的δ¹⁸O值介于-12.1‰~-7.5‰,δ²H值变化范围为-84.3‰~-61.5‰,指示了盆地不同地带地下水补给来源不同。潜水δ¹⁸O和δ²H数值随着地下水径流路径方自西南到东北越来越富集,反映了蒸发浓缩效应,南湖、盆地南部潜水同位素与河水相近,体现了现代补给。相比之下,承压水稳定同位素相对贫乏,指示过去寒冷时期的补给。该研究可以为敦煌区域地下水资源规划和管理提供一定的借鉴意义。     

敦煌盆地降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

基于敦煌盆地2012年11月至2013年11月降水氢、氧稳定同位素数据 (δD、δ¹⁸O和d-excess),结合GNIP降水同位素监测资料和HYSPLIT 4模型对降水后向气团传输路径模拟结果,对敦煌盆地降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源进行研究。结果表明:敦煌盆地降水δD和δ¹⁸O存在明显的季节效应,即降水δD和δ¹⁸O具有夏高冬低的变化特征;同时降水δD和δ¹⁸O表现出显著的温度效应,温度每升高1 ℃,δD增加6.89‰,δ¹⁸O增加0.92‰。敦煌盆地局地大气水线(LMWL)为δD=7.45δ¹⁸O+2.72(R²=0.98),受降水二次蒸发的影响,其斜率和截距均低于全球大气水线(GMWL)。降水d-excess受当地气温和相对湿度的影响,冬半年(11月至次年4月)偏正,夏半年(5-10月)偏负。从全年来看,敦煌盆地降水水汽主要来源于西风输送,冬季和春季受极地气团的影响,夏季部分降水事件受西南季风和局地再循环水汽的影响。     

长江三角洲城市带扩展对区域温度变化的影响

利用DMSP/OLS 夜间灯光数据、土地利用统计数据和气象站常规观测资料, 结合NOAA/AVHRR、MODIS 反演的月地表温度数据, 定量考察了长江三角洲城市群热岛增温效应对区域温度气候趋势的贡献, 结果表明: ① 1992-2003 年长江三角洲城市化经历了一个快速的空间扩展过程, 宁镇扬、苏锡常、上海大城市区、杭州湾4 个城市群构成了一个“之” 字形城市带, 城市群之间出现城市化连片趋势, 城市带区域内1961-2005 年年平均气温增温 速率为0.28~0.44 ^oC/10a, 显著高于非城市带区域。② 城市热岛效应对区域平均温度的影响以夏秋季最强, 春季次之, 冬季最弱。③ 长江三角洲城市带热岛强度和城市总人口对数呈线性正相关关系。④ 城市带增温效应使得区域的年平均气温在1961-2005 年间增加了0.072 ^oC, 其中1991-2005 年间增温幅度为0.047 ^oC; 年最高气温升高了0.162 ^oC, 其中1991-2005 年间 增温幅度为0.083 ^oC, 表明1991-2005 年间长江三角洲城市带的空间扩展正在改变区域温度变化趋势, 且这种增温趋势显著。     

中全新世7～6 ka东亚季风气候的高分辨率石笋记录

基于神农架青天洞石笋两个²³⁰Th年龄、582条纹层计数和183个氧同位素数据,重建了7～6ka B.P.期间平均3年分辨率的δ¹⁸O变化序列。持续约580年振幅达1.8‰的δ¹⁸O在平均值-9.66‰上下波动,指示了东亚季风降水强度的长期演化趋势和高频振荡信息,大致划分为4个百年尺度旋回。青天洞与阿曼石笋δ¹⁸O记录的对比表明,东亚季风和印度季风在百年或更短时间尺度上同相位变化,可能反映了两地季风气候受统一的印度洋/太平洋大尺度水汽循环控制。功率谱分析揭示出163、81、16和11年的周期,大致与树轮Δ¹⁴C百年至数十年尺度太阳活动变化周期相同。     

2592~1225aB.P.湖北神农架石笋氧同位素记录及区域气候意义

选择处于典型季风区中国内部湖北神农架地区青天洞一支具有连续清晰年纹层发育的石笋样品(QT6),通过精确的年纹层计数,结合高精度²³⁰Th年龄,建立2 592~1 225 a B.P.期间长达1 367 a的石笋δ¹⁸O时间序列。石笋δ¹⁸O记录的17个持续时间在80 a左右的峰谷旋回,与格陵兰冰芯δ¹⁸O记录具有非常好的一一对应关系,说明在年代际尺度上石笋δ¹⁸O同样能反映区域性气候变化,可能的机制是北高纬温度的变化通过大气传输影响热带辐合带(ITCZ)的迁移,从而影响东亚季风的强弱变化。     

西沙群岛琛航岛全新世珊瑚礁的起始发育时间及其海平面指示意义

以西沙群岛琛航岛珊瑚礁钻孔为材料,通过高精度铀系测年技术测定了全新世底界的年代;同时利用MAT-253同位素质谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了0~20 m层段δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O和锶元素的质量分数,以U-Th年龄为基础,结合δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O和锶元素的质量分数均在16~17 m之间明显降低这一特点,得到琛航岛全新世珊瑚礁的起始发育时间为距今7 900 a前,不整合于晚更新世的珊瑚礁体（年代老于110 ka）之上,全新世礁体的厚度为16.7 m。考虑研究区域新构造活动相对稳定,以及南海现代珊瑚礁的礁坪面与大潮低潮面基本一致,琛科2井的钻孔井位高于现代礁坪约2.9 m,推测其起始发育时的位置在现代海平面大潮低潮面之下约13.8 m,即西沙群岛海域7 900 a前的海平面在现代海平面以下约13.8 m,近7 900 a以来海平面上升了至少13.8 m。这一结果为理解全新世南海珊瑚礁的发育历史及海平面变化提供了新的信息。     

祁连山东部大气降水分δ17O变化特征及水汽输送

祁连山作为我国西部重要生态安全屏障,是河西走廊内陆河流域核心水源区。通过测定2013年7月~2014年7月收集的降水样品中δ¹⁷O与δ¹⁷O值,分析了祁连山东部乌鞘岭大气降水中δ¹⁷O的特征,在此基础上对水汽来源进行了研究。结果表明：降水稳定同位素¹⁷O存在夏高冬低的变化特征;¹⁷O存在显著的温度效应而不存在降水量效应,¹⁷O与水汽压在干季呈现正相关关系。研究区大气降水的氧同位素降水线方程为：δ′¹⁷O = 0.509δ′¹⁷O -0.16,低于氧同位素全球降水线斜率;过量δ¹⁷O表现出夏低冬高的特点;综合分析氧同位素大气降水方程线和过量δ¹⁷O变化,发现该区域大气降水主要受局地水循环和大陆气团控制。祁连山东部地区主要受到西风和东南季风携带水汽影响,东南季风携带水汽对于祁连山东部的影响主要集中于夏季。研究可提高对祁连山区降水同位素演化的认知,为寒旱区同位素水文学的进一步研究奠定基础。     

青藏高原各拉丹冬冰芯记录的季节气温变化

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive relationships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

Seasonal air temperature variations retrieved from a Geladaindong ice core, Tibetan Plateau

A 70-year history of precipitation δ18O record has been retrieved using an ice core drilled from a plat portion of the firn area in the Guoqu Glacier (33o34′37.8″ N, 91o10′35.3″ E, 5720 m a.s.l.) on Mt. Geladaindong (the source region of Yangtze River) during October and November, 2005. Based on the seasonality of δ18O records and the significant positive rela-tionships between monsoon/non-monsoon δ18O values and summer/spring air temperature from the nearby meteorological stations, the history of summer and spring air temperature have been reconstructed for the last 70 years. The results show that both summer and spring air temperature variations present similar trends during the last 70 years. Regression analysis indicates that the slope of the temperature-δ18O relationship is 1.3℃/‰ for non-monsoon δ18O values and spring air temperature, and 0.4℃/‰ for monsoon δ18O values and summer air temperature. Variation of air temperature recorded in the ice core is consistent with that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), however, the warming trend in the Geladaindong region is more intense than that in the NH, reflecting a higher sensitivity to global warming in the high elevation regions. In addition, warming trend is greater in spring than in summer.     

雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O 的时空变化

通过研究2005年西藏雅鲁藏布江流域拉孜、奴各沙、羊村和奴下4个站点降水中的δ18O变化,揭示了雅鲁藏布江流域降水中稳定同位素的时空变化规律.研究显示,雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O季节变化明显,高值出现在季风降水之前的春季,而低值出现在季风降水季节,其间降水中δ18O具有明显的"降水量效应";从空间上看,降水中的δ18O从下游至上游递减,造成这种分布特征主要是由于"高程效应"以及水汽远距离输送导致其中的18O被贫化的结果.经计算表明,雅鲁藏布江流域降水中δ18O由于"高程效应"造成的递减率为0.34‰/100m,而水平方向上自东向西由于水汽远距离输送造成的递减率为0.7‰/100km.从季风期间大范围的降水过程来看,降水中δ18O的空间变化主要受"降水量效应"制约.     

Temporal and spatial variations of δ18O in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

This paper reveals the temporal and spatial variations of stable isotope in precipita-tion of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin based on the variations of δ18O in precipitation at four stations (Lhaze, Nugesha, Yangcun and Nuxia) in 2005. The results show that δ18O of pre-cipitation has distinct seasonal changes in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. The higher value of δ18O occurs in spring prior to monsoon precipitation, and the lower value occurs during monsoon precipitation. From the spatial variations, with the altitude-effect and rainout process during moisture transport along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley, 18O of precipitation is gradually depleted. Thus, δ18O of precipitation decreases gradually from the downstream to the upstream, and the lapse rate of δ18O in precipitation is approximately 0.34‰/100m and 0.7‰/100km for the two reasons. During monsoon precipitation, spatial variation of δ18O in precipitation is dominated by the amount effect in the large scale synoptic condition.     

Oxygen isotope analysis of diatom silica and authigenic calcite from Lake Pinarbasi, Turkey

There is increasing interest in the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of diatom silica, particularly for lakes where carbonates are absent. Here we compare the ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios preserved in diatom silica and authigenic calcite from an open, spring-fed, freshwater lake core from Turkey which spans marine oxygen isotope stage 3. The two sets of isotope data show contrasting trends in spite of their mutual dependence on the water ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio and lake-water temperature. The most likely explanation for this divergence is difference in seasonality of biological productivity mediated by the strongly continental climate of the Anatolian plateau. Diatom silica and authigenic calcite are precipitated from solutes in the lake-water at different times of the year. Diatom productivity follows a well-defined seasonal cycle, peaking first and most importantly in the spring and then in the autumn. The precipitation of calcite follows productivity by all forms of photosynthetic organisms that deplete CO₂ but in most lakes this occurs during the summer months. The ¹⁸O_calcite curve shows mean summer temperature maxima at ca. 30–35 and ca. 58 ka BP while the intervening data represent a period of relatively cool summers. The ¹⁸O_diatom curve shows bipolar results (15–20 and 29–33), which suggests that at least two discrete sources or processes contributed to the oxygen composition of the diatoms but probably involved a dilution mechanism to shift the isotopic values. The most likely source of depleted water is from snow entering the lake during the spring thaw. We infer that many authigenic calcite curves from regions with markedly seasonal climates may be temporally limited to a few summer months and that diatom silica provides complementary data on seasonally-specific water isotopic composition rather than a substitute for analyses based on carbonate.     

Lacustrine oxygen isotope record of 20th-century climate change in central EuropeL evaluation of climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation

We report oxygen isotope data from a 108-yr (1885–1993) sequence with annual laminae of bio-induced authigenic calcite in a frozen core from Baldeggersee, a small lake in Central Switzerland. These isotope results provide proxy data on the isotopic composition of past precipitation in the Baldeggersee catchment region and are quantitatively compared with instrumental climate data (i.e. mean annual air temperature and atmospheric circulation pattern indices) to evaluate climatic controls on oxygen isotopes in precipitation.Monitoring the isotope hydrology of Baldeggersee demonstrates that the oxygen isotopic composition of the lake water is controlled by the isotopic composition of local atmospheric precipitation (¹⁸O_p) and that the isotopic signal of precipitation is preserved, albeit damped, in the lake calcite oxygen isotope record (¹⁸O_c). Comparison of the calcite oxygen isotope proxy for ¹⁸O_p in the catchment with historical mean annual air temperature measurements from Bern, Switzerland confirms that authigenic calcite reliably records past annual air temperature in the region. This ¹⁸O_c/temperature relationship is calculated to be 0.39/°C for the period 1900–1960, based on an isotope mass-balance model for Baldeggersee. An exception is a 0.8 anomalous negative shift in calcite ¹⁸O values since the 1960s. Possible explanations for this recent ¹⁸O_c shift, as it is not related to mean annual air temperature, include changes in ¹⁸O_p due to synoptic circulation patterns. In particular, the 0.8 negative shift coincides with a trend towards a more dominant North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. This circulation pattern would tend to bring more isotopically more negative winter precipitation to the region and could account for the 0.8 offset in ¹⁸O_c data.     

珠穆朗玛峰地区雪冰中重金属浓度与季节变化

对2005 年9 月采自珠穆朗玛峰北坡海拔6523 m 的东绒布冰川积累区一批雪坑样品中重金属Ba, Co, Cu, Zn 和Pb 的浓度利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行了测试, 重金属浓度范围分别为(pg/ml); Ba2~227、Co2.8~15.7、Cu 10~120、Zn29~4948、Pb14~142。并利用气体稳 定同位素质谱仪MAT-252 对样品稳定氧同位素比率(δ¹⁸O) 进行了测试, 雪坑样品对应的时间为2004 年夏到2005 年秋, δ¹⁸O和重金属元素的浓度都存在着季节变化特征。在夏季风期间δ¹⁸O 值和重金属元素的浓度都很低,而在非夏季风期间δ¹⁸O值和重金属元素浓度升高,反映了不同的水汽来源对重金属浓度季节变化的影响及其环境意义。Co, Cu, Pb, Zn 的地壳富集系数(EF_c) 分别为: 3.6、27、33、180, 表明该地区Pb, Cu, Zn 已经受到了人类活动的污染, 其中Zn 受到的污染最大。     

Oxygen-18 in different waters in Urumqi River Basin

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ18O against temperature are δ18O=0.94T-12.38 and δ18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn in the east branch of Glacier No.1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No.1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basically.