南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及邻区地壳结构反演及构造解析

南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及邻区是南极半岛海域火山、地震等新构造运动最活跃的地区,由于前人对资料处理解释的差异,导致盆地的构造格局仍部分存疑。本文以研究区的卫星重力数据为基础,以多道反射地震和部分岩性资料为约束,采用重震联合反演方法构建了三条横跨研究区的地壳结构剖面,并进一步研究布兰斯菲尔德海峡盆地的地壳结构。研究结果表明布兰斯菲尔德海峡盆地莫霍面深度为33—38km。菲尼克斯板块俯冲消减下沉至南设得兰岛弧之下,导致南设得兰海沟的俯冲带后撤,产生3—4km厚的岩浆混染地壳,密度为2.9g/cm³。分析认为受板块运动和弧后扩张影响,沿布兰斯菲尔德海峡盆地扩张脊分布的海底火山裂隙式喷发,并进一步导致盆地的持续性扩张。     

马里伯德地的晚第四纪火山活动:南极西部冰心和海洋岩心中潜在的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年层位

南极西部马里伯德地的３个大的碱性复合火山的晚第四纪火山活动以火山喷发为主 ,许多沉积火山灰层作为南极西部冰盖和南大洋海洋沉积物的区域时代 -地层层位。在Ｂｅｒｌｉｎ山、Ｔａｋａｈｅ山和Ｓｉｐｌｅ山的熔岩和熔合火山碎屑坠积物以及非熔合火山碎屑坠积物共记录了２０次喷发 ,在组成上大多数为过碱性粗面岩。运用４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ激光熔融和反应堆逐步加热方法测得的喷发年龄范围为５７１～８．２ｋａ。４０Ａｒ／ ３９Ａｒ测年的这些马里伯德地喷发中的火山灰可用１９６８年伯德站冰心的地球化学资料来鉴定。７４ｋａ的冰心记录…     

南极西部冰盖过去和未来的基线后退

自末次冰期最盛时（ＬＧＭ）以来 ,大约距今２０ｋａ时南极西部冰盖（ＷＡＩＳ）的基线已后退了近１３００ｋｍ ,那时罗斯海海湾的搁浅冰几乎延伸到了库尔曼岛。南极西部冰盖的完全崩塌可能会导致海平面上升５～６ｍ。总质量平衡的不确定性和有关冰盖对海平面或气候变化的动力响应的不确定性阻碍了对冰盖现今稳定性进行评价。据判断 ,南极西部冰盖经过扰动之后可能需要１０ｋａ达到平衡状态 ,但由于现今冰盖的动力学是以冰川为主 ,因而难以对此做出精确估算。急流冰川快速排空了内陆冰 ,但是野外证据表明过去发生过冰川由急流到慢流的急剧变…     

The Aegir Rift: Crustal Structure of an Extinct Spreading Axis

Two seismic refraction and gravity lines were obtained along and normal to the axis of the Aegir Rift, an extinct spreading centre in the Norway Basin. Velocity-depth solutions and crustal structure models are derived from ocean-bottom records using two-dimensional ray tracing and synthetic seismogram modelling techniques. Gravity data are used to generate models consistent with the lateral variations in thickness of the layers in the crustal models. The resulting models require considerable degree of lateral inhomogeneity along and perpendicular to the rift axis. Crust within the extinct spreading centre is found to be thinner and of low P-wave velocity when compared with the crust sampled off-axis. To explain reduced velocities of the lower crust we suggest that, due to the relationship between fracturing and seismic velocity, the decreasing spreading rate leading up to extinction let the mechanically strong layer thicken, so that faulting and fracturing extended to greater depths . Low velocities are also observed in the uppermost mantle underlying the extinct spreading ridge. This zone is attributed to hydrothermal alteration of upper mantle peridotites. Furthermore, after spreading ceased 32-26 my ago, ongoing passive hydrothermal circulation was accompanied by the precipitation of alteration products in open void spaces, thereby decreasing the porosity and increasing the velocity. Consequently the typical low velocities of layer 2 found at active mid-ocean ridges have been replaced by values typical of mature oceanic crust.     

Hydrography and circulation of the West Antarctic Peninsula Continental Shelf

The water mass structure and circulation of the continental shelf waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula are described from hydrographic observations made in March–May 1993. The observations cover an area that extends 900 km alongshore and 200 km offshore and represent the most extensive hydrographic data set currently available for this region. Waters above 100–150 m are composed of Antarctic Surface Water and its end member Winter Water. Below the permanent pycnocline is a modified version of Circumpolar Deep Water, which is a cooled and freshened version of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water. The distinctive signature of cold and salty water from the Bransfield Strait is found at some inshore locations, but there is little indication of significant exchange between Bransfield Strait and the west Antarctic Peninsula shelf. Dynamic topography at 200 m relative to 400 m indicates that the baroclinic circulation on the shelf is composed of a large, weak, cyclonic gyre, with sub-gyres at the northeastern and southwestern ends of the shelf. The total transport of the shelf gyre is 0.15 Sv, with geostrophic currents of order 0.01 m s^-1. A simple model that balances across-shelf diffusion of heat and salt from offshore Upper Circumpolar Deep Water with vertical diffusion of heat and salt across the permanent pycnocline into Winter Water is used to explain the formation of the modified Circumpolar Deep Water that is found on the shelf. Model results show that the observed thermohaline distributions across the shelf can be maintained with a coefficient of vertical diffusion of 10^-4 m² s^-1 and horizontal diffusion coefficients for heat and salt of 200 and 1200 m² s^-1, respectively. When the effects of double diffusion are included in the model, the required horizontal diffusion coefficients for heat and salt are 200 and 400 m² s^-1, respectively.     

冲绳海槽地壳结构与性质研究进展和新认识

冲绳海槽是张裂于东亚大陆边缘的弧后盆地,对其地壳结构性质的研究具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文在总结冲绳海槽重力场、广角反射/折射地震探测、海底磁异常条带以及火山岩和岩浆作用这4个方面研究成果的基础上,对海槽的地壳结构、地壳性质和所处的构造演化阶段进行了探讨。认为冲绳海槽绝大部分地区地壳厚度大于正常洋壳,应属减薄的陆壳,由裂陷作用形成;但海槽中段和南段中央地堑地壳速度结构与洋壳类似,发育条带状磁异常,且已有大量幔源物质参与了地壳的组成,具备初始扩张作用的特征。对于海槽内是否存在洋壳,仍需进一步调查和研究。     

Deformation and sedimentary evolution of the Lake Albert Rift (Uganda,East African Rift System)

This study proposed a new reconstruction of the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Lake Albert Rift based on a biostratigraphical, sedimentological and structural re-evaluation of the outcropping data and on an exceptional subsurface dataset. The infilling of the rift consists of lacustrine deposits wherein two major unconformities dated at 6.2 Ma and 2.7 Ma were characterized, coeval with major subsidence and climatic changes. Combined with the fault analysis, the evolution and distribution of the subsidence highlights a four-steps evolution of the rift after its initiation dated at 17.0 Ma. The first phase (17.0 – 6.2 Ma) consists of low and diffuse extension associated with low accommodation rates ranging from 150 to 200 m/Ma. Restricted in the southern part of the basin, the depocenter location is poorly controlled by faults, meaning that the basin extension was potentially larger at this time. The second time interval (6.2 – 2.7 Ma) shows an increase of accommodation rates with values reaching more than 800 m/Ma. These high rates combined with the location of the major depocenters down the bounding faults argue for a first true rifting phase. Between 2.7 Ma and 0.4 Ma, the accommodation rates decreases to reach less than 400 m/Ma and the individualization of major depocenters continue down the major fault in the southern and northwestern parts of the basin. Finally, between 0.4 Ma and present-day, a late uplift led the formation of the Ugandan scarp. Comparison of the Lake Albert Rift evolution with the data available in the rifts of both branches of the East African Rift System shows that most of the sedimentary basins experienced the same geometrical evolution from large basins with limited fault control during Late Miocene to narrow true rift in Late Pleistocene.     

九州-帕劳海脊地壳结构及其形成演化的研究综述

九州-帕劳海脊(KPR)位于菲律宾海中央,近南北走向.形成于太平洋板块向西的俯冲,裂离于帕里西维拉海盆和四国盆地的弧后扩张,是老的伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳岛弧(IBM)的残留弧.裂离期间同时受到垂向旋转应力和水平挤压力的共同作用,这是形成九州-帕劳海脊现今狭长的几何形态的主要原因之一.九州-帕劳海脊南北部地壳结构可总结为P波波速为7.1～7.3 km/s下地壳;P波波速为6.1～6.3 km/s的中地壳;P波波速为4.5～5.5 km/s上地壳.九州帕劳海脊北段,30°N以北区和25°N以南区的地壳厚度普遍在10～15 km,25°～30°N之间的地壳厚度普遍大于15 km.九州-帕劳海脊的中段的地壳厚度变化较大,而且未识别出中地壳的存在,为不成熟的岛弧地壳.海脊南段与北段相似,具三层的地壳结构,但地壳厚度小于北侧,基本上大于10 km.整个九州-帕劳海脊处的地壳厚度普遍厚于两侧海盆的地壳厚度.     

The Crustal Structure Character of East China Sea

This paper presents actuality of investigation and study of the crustal structure characters of East China Sea at home and abroad. Based on lots of investigation and study achievements and the difference of the crustal velocity structure from west to east, the East China Sea is divided into three parts - East China Sea shelf zone, Okinawa Trough zone and Ryukyu arc-trench zone. The East China Sea shelf zone mostly has three velocity layers, i.e., the sediment blanket layer （the velocity is 5.8-5.9 km/s）, the basement layer （the velocity is 6.0-6.3 km/s）, and the lower crustal layer （the velocity is 6.8-7.6 km/s）. So the East China Sea shelf zone belongs to the typical continental crust. The Okinawa Trough zone is located at the transitional belt between the continental crust and the oceanic crust. It still has the structural characters of the continental crust, and no formation of the oceanic crust, but the crust of the central trough has become to thinning down. The Ryukyu arc-trench zone belongs to the transitional type crust as a whole, but the ocean side of the trench already belongs to the oceanic crust. And the northwest Philippine Basin to the east of the Ryukyu Trench absolutely belongs to the typical oceanic crust.     

Circulation on the West Antarctic Peninsula derived from 6 years of shipboard ADCP transects

Over the past 30 years, shelf circulation on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has been derived from hydrographic data with a reasonable level of confidence. However, with the exception of a very few drifter tracks and current-meter timeseries from moorings, direct velocity measurements have not previously been available. In this article, shelf and shelf-edge circulation is examined using a new velocity dataset, consisting of several years of acoustic Doppler current profiler transects, routinely collected along the ship tracks of the R/V Gould and the R/V Palmer since the fall of 1997. Initial processing and quality control is performed by Dr. Teresa Chereskin and Dr. Eric Firing, who then place the data in an archive accessible by public website, resulting in the broad availability of the data for a variety of uses. In this study, gridded Eulerian means have been calculated to examine circulation on the shelf and slope off the South Shetland Islands, in Bransfield Strait, and on the shelf and slope south of these regions, including Marguerite Bay and the adjacent shelf and shelf-edge. Shelf-edge flow is northeastward in the study area from the offshore of northern Alexander Island to Smith Island, while a southward flowing shelf-edge feature, probably the shallow component of the polar slope current, appears between Elephant Island and Livingston Island. The shallow polar slope current appears to turn shoreward to pass through Boyd Strait between Smith and Livingston Islands. In Bransfield Strait, there is cyclonic circulation. The previously identified northeastward-flowing South Shetland Island jet is strong and present in all seasons, with a large barotropic component not revealed by the hydrography-based velocities derived in the past. On the shelf seaward of Adelaide, Anvers and Brabant Islands, the strong along-shelf Antarctic Peninsula coastal current flows southwestward, with strongest velocities in winter (June–September) off Anvers and Brabant Islands, but stronger in summer (December–March) off Adelaide Island. Seaward of Marguerite Bay, there is seaward flow in the upper 400 m of the water column over the southwest bank of Marguerite Trough, strongest in summer, and shoreward flow near the northeast bank and adjacent shallower shelf areas.     

Crustal seismic structure beneath the West Philippine Sea, 17°–18° North

Crustal seismic structures beneath the West Philippine Sea are determined by using explosive sources (0.5–108.6 kg) and ocean bottom seismometers to measure refracted compressional waves. Total crustal thicknesses are shown to be thinner in the eastern part of the ocean basin, approaching only 3.5 km. Crustal thinning toward the east is consistent with the Palau Kyushu Ridge being a remnant transform fault connecting the Central Basin Ridge and the Kula Pacific Ridge in the past. A velocity-depth inversion from the westernmost refraction profile indicates the upper transitional crust layer to have strong velocity gradients which gradually decrease with depth; the lower crust is characterized by a nearly constant velocity gradient. The western part of the ocean basin is also shown to have more typical oceanic thicknesses, as is found in deep ocean basins of the Pacific. Spectral energy models using WKBJ synthetic seismograms suggest that there is a sharp seismic discontinuity between the crust and moho in the western part of the basin. Predicted water depths for the West Philippine Basin using an age-depth relation and corrected for an isostatic response to the measured crustal thicknesses, are still 300 meters shallower than observed depths. The depth anomaly can not be fully reconciled by thinner crust in the eastern part of the basin. This observation implies that a deeper seated anomaly is present beneath the West Philippine Basin.     

Structure of the Basin and Ridge System West of New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific): A Synthesis

Complementary to previous work mainly based on seismic interpretation, our compilation of geophysical data (multibeam bathymetry, gravity, magnetic and seismic) acquired within the framework of the ZoNéCo (ongoing since 1993) and FAUST (1998–2001) programs enables us to improve the knowledge of the New Caledonia Basin, Fairway Basin and Fairway Ridge, located within the Southwest Pacific region. The structural synthesis map obtained from geophysical data interpretation allows definition of the deep structure, nature and formation of the Fairway and New Caledonia Basins. Development of the Fairway Basin took place during the Late Cretaceous (95–65 Ma) by continental stretching. This perched basin forms the western margin of the New Caledonia Basin. A newly identified major SW–NE boundary fault zone separates northern NW–SE trending segments of the two basins from southern N–S trending segments. This crustal-scale fault lineament, that we interpret to be related to Cretaceous-early Cainozoic Tasman Sea spreading, separates the NW–SE thinned-continental and N–S oceanic segments of the New Caledonia Basin. We can thus propose the following pattern for the formation of the study area. The end of continental stretching within the Fairway and West Caledonia Basins ( 65–62 Ma) is interpreted as contemporaneous with the onset of emplacement of oceanic crust within the New Caledonia Basin’s central segment. Spreading occurred during the Paleocene (62–56 Ma), and isolated the Gondwanaland block to the west from the Norfolk block to the east. Finally, our geophysical synthesis enables us to extend the structural Fairway Basin down to the structural Taranaki Basin, with the structural New Caledonia Basin lying east of the Fairway Basin and ending further north than previously thought, within the Reinga Basin northwest of New Zealand.