试论长江三峡河段深槽的成因

长江三峡河段共有近90个深槽,累计长度占河段总长的45％左右。它们分布在由多种原因造成的河槽束狭部位的下方、水下岩埂的下方、狭谷急流奔泄及河道拐折处,槽底基岩岩性相对较软弱的地段。它们是在三峡地区构造抬升、流水强烈深切过程中主要由跌水掏蚀与急流冲蚀所形成的,其深度不受海面高度的限制。     

三江并流区干热河谷成因新探析

干热河谷是青藏高原周边及三江并流区引人注目的、较为独特的地生态现象。干热河谷是构造-地貌-古生态效应、环流-季风-“狭管”效应、地形波-局地环流-降水-焚风效应、植被-土地利用-人类活动干扰效应等综合作用而形成的原生性的地生态现象。早第三纪时,三江并流区是斜贯我国广阔干旱气候带的组成部分。随着青藏高原的隆起和西南季风的形成演化,逐渐向暖湿性的亚热带气候和植被演化,进入上新世末-更新世以后,纵向岭谷地貌形成,大江大河溯源侵蚀,河谷深切,在深切河谷下部逐步形成与其纬度位置相当的干旱半干旱生态景观,从古生态上实现了某种意义上的“返祖”现象。冬半年本区受西风南支急流控制形成干季,夏半年受西南季风控制,尽管带来大量水汽,但受特殊地貌格局影响,在本区形成金沙江河谷等四个少雨区,部分气流沿狭窄平直河谷急速北流一路无阻,水汽被输送到北部地势增高之处形成地形降雨。纵向排列的岭谷地形波,形成明显的降水波状起伏分布曲线,气流越过山岭后下沉气流带来“焚风”效应,形成干热河谷。人类活动叠加在原已生态脆弱的干热河谷生态系统之上,社会经济发展使其土地利用强度加剧、植被减少、水土流失严重等,促使生态环境进一步朝干热化方向发展。因而,干热河谷形成有着其地史、大气环流、季风、大地貌及地形波效应、植被抗逆性差等自然要素的综合作用,并叠加了人类的干扰,是局地地-气-水-生-人交互作用及耦合效应的综合产物。     

云南东川地区层状地貌面的成因

在东川地区的山地及小江河谷的两侧山麓上部，分布着不同高度和不同规模的层状地貌面，对其成因仍有不同的认识。分歧主要表现在两个方面：一是高原隆升之前的初始地貌面是否是准平原型夷平面；二是山顶面之下的梯级层状地貌面的成因。本文从以下几个方面对上述问题进行讨论：(1)层状地貌面的地貌特征及其与侵蚀河谷体系的关系；(2)层状地貌面上堆积物的性质；(3)层状地貌面与断裂构造水平展布的关系；(4)相邻层状地貌面的空间过渡关系；(5)区域构造演化背景。作者认为在云贵高原抬升过程中，东川地区以挤压穹起隆升变形为主。不同海拔高度的层状地貌面具有多成因特性。山顶面及局部高原面是高原隆升之前古夷平面的残留。并遭到后期强烈的侵蚀改造。目前，尚缺乏足够证据证明高原隆升之前的古夷平面为准平原型夷平面。小江河谷两侧的梯级层状地貌面是侵蚀或剥蚀面，它们形成于高原隆升及初始地貌面解体之后，其梯级空间分布特征与区域性的阶段隆升有关。     

喀喇昆仑山北坡山地的第四纪构造运动

第四纪构造运动对喀喇昆仑山北坡山地第四纪地质环境的形成和发展起到了极为重要的作用。中生代晚期的燕山运动使本区褶皱回返，进入大陆发展阶段，而形成一系列北西西向构造，奠定了本区地貌发育基本格局。第四纪期间，本区的主干断裂－康西瓦断裂再度复活，中－新生代地层褶皱，错断，沿断裂裂隙喷发的火山岩，穿透了河漫难阶地。山体剧裂的差异抬升，致使本区东西、西两部地貌形态变异很大。主干河流沿断裂活动强烈下蚀，呈直线性伸展，与沿主河新生的次一级张性断裂构成梳状水系。反映山地间歇性上升特点的河谷阶地，在两岸的阶地级数，分布高度上很不一致，显示了构造运动的差异性。     

美国西部丹霞地貌特征及演化过程研究——以犹他州Zion国家公园为例

丹霞地貌是一种重要的风景地貌,研究其地貌特征和演化过程可以为保护与利用这一地质遗迹提供科学支持。中生代红层是我国丹霞地貌发育的物质基础,在美国西部的科罗拉多高原亦有大量分布。为增进国内同行对美国西部红层与丹霞地貌的了解,以犹他州Zion国家公园为例,通过实地考察,岩样理化性质测试,并结合GIS和DEM分析,对其地貌特征和演化过程进行探讨。结果表明:区域构造方面,Zion公园红层沉积于大型的弧后盆地——西部内陆盆地,盆地抬升时形成的节理群对丹霞地貌发育具有控制作用;红层岩性方面,Zion公园发育丹霞地貌的红层以风沙沉积为主,岩性为细砂—粉砂岩,但不同段的风成砂岩在胶结特性和岩石强度上存在较大差异;地貌特征方面,Zion公园整体为高原—深切峡谷景观,其中高程为1800～2000 m的部分占比最大,公园南部比北部切割侵蚀程度更高,形成的单体地貌以块状山崖—沟谷组合为主,同时还因地下水的基部渗流侵蚀和风蚀作用在崖壁上发育有各种洞穴景观;演化过程方面,Zion公园丹霞地貌发育经历了构造盆地形成—红层堆积—地壳隆升—外力塑造四个阶段,三叠纪末期形成的西部内陆盆地为红层堆积提供了相对稳定的沉积环境,侏罗纪期间干旱的气候环境下形成了大规模的风沙沉积,白垩纪末期科罗拉多高原的抬升及形成的节理裂隙为外力侵蚀提供了条件。其中,强烈的流水下切是该地区丹霞地貌发育的主导外营力,并一直持续至今。     

三峡坝区河谷深槽地貌特征及其成因

This paper describes valley bottom troughs of the Changjiang River and infers the geomorphologic development of troughs. Based on the morphology of the troughs, the following conclusions are drawn. (1) The deep troughs on the Three Gorges valley bottom are formed by river downcutting along the structural zones on the background of regional tectonic uplift at about 40-30 ka BP. (2) When river downcutting occurred in the river bed of Changjiang, the jets current (particularly eddy current) with a large number of pebbles ground and eroded the valley bottom, resulting in trough formation and deepening. Meanwhile, water currents with gravels and pebbles eroded the bank and the left wall of No.76 trough as well as the right wall of No.77 trough by striking, scouring, horizontal and vertical grinding. (3) The depth of the trough is mainly determined by the intensity of the water current and the consistency of bedrock against erosion, and is not controlled hv the altihlde of the sea level as the base level of erosion.     

Geomorphologic characteristics and origin of the valley bottom troughs at the site of Three Gorges Dam

This paper describes valley bottom troughs of the Changjiang River and infers the geomorphologic development of troughs. Based on the morphology of the troughs, the following conclusions are drawn. (1) The deep troughs on the Three Gorges valley bottom are formed by river downcutting along the structural zones on the background of regional tectonic uplift at about 40-30 ka BP. (2) When river downcutting occurred in the river bed of Changjiang, the jets current (particularly eddy current) with a large number of pebbles ground and eroded the valley bottom, resulting in trough formation and deepening. Meanwhile, water currents with gravels and pebbles eroded the bank and the left wall of No.76 trough as well as the right wall of No.77 trough by striking, scouring, horizontal and vertical grinding. (3) The depth of the trough is mainly determined by the intensity of the water current and the consistency of bedrock against erosion, and is not controlled by the altitude of the sea level as the base level of erosion.     

Seismic framework and the Holocene morphological evolution of the Changjiang River mouth, China

Acoustic profiling in combination with coring has been used to examine the recent evolution of river mouth of the Changjiang. Two acoustic facies are present. Petrologic, radiometric and seismic analyses show that the upper facies I of 10–20 m thick fine sand and silt represents the sandy shoals of late Holocene age in the distributary, and the 5–20 m thick lower facies II of fine-grained silty clay with abundant marine microfossils represents the mid-Holocene prodelta facies deposited as fillings in the former large estuarine valley of late Pleistocene to early Holocene origin. Rapid accumulation during the Holocene has led to some instability of unconsolidated sedimentary strata in the distributary, such as strata collapse and mud diaper formation. The existence of large cross beddings, such as tabular and trough stratification in facies I identifies the sediment transport as predominantly bed load, driven by runoff and tidal currents. Two sets of discrete flood-ebb flow troughs, oriented NW and SE reflect controls by tidal waves generated from the sea and the superimposition of runoff and ebb flows. Symmetrical sand waves that appear at the northern trough of one of the distributaries also indicate the balancing sediment dynamics between runoff-ebb and flood currents, whereas the asymmetrical ones in the southern trough indicate superimposed sedimentation by runoff and ebb flows. A large quantity of sediment has been deposited in the slack water region between the discrete flood and ebb flows to form sandy shoals — the principal mechanism of the evolution of estuarine islands in the Holocene Changjiang mouth. The morphology of the extended river mouth to the southeast possibly indicates an external driving force, such as the Coriolis Effect, NW-prevailing wind and longshore currents.     

黔西南高原区峰丛洼地的形态特征与发育规律

本文通过对黔西南坡岗地区峰丛洼地形态参数的统计和趋势面分析，论证了高原区峰丛洼地的形态特征与发育，探讨了高原区暗河纵剖面形态和喀斯特地貌演化的规律。     

科尔沁沙地西部响水河河水与其河岸相互作用的初步研究

近年来,半干旱地区的风水相互作用正成为风沙地貌研究的新热点,为探讨科尔沁沙地西部响水河河水与其河岸间的相互作用,通过对科尔沁沙地西部响水河的3个典型河段的6个断面的断面形态、流速进行现场实测,同步采集了31个水样,然后在室内对其泥沙含量进行测试,并推算断面流量。结果表明：由南向北3个河段瞬时流量和泥沙含量呈递增的趋势,集水效应十分明显;该河丰水期水量较为丰沛,河流与河岸间的相互作用明显且活跃,主要存在河水掏蚀河岸陡坡等5种相互作用的方式;当下风向陡岸弯道的法线方向与当地盛行风向一致时,气流发生明显汇聚,侵蚀加强,形成风蚀槽,且当风蚀槽接近谷底时,又为曲流的摆动创造了有利条件;河流受到沙丘前移的压迫与下风向河谷陡坡的阻挡,曲流较为发育但不完美,属于非自由曲流。     

黑河流域水土资源可持续利用研究

黑河流域属于典型的环境脆弱区,水资源供需矛盾和土地退化问题是区域社会经济可持续发展中面临的迫切需要解决的问题。文章对黑河流域水土资源状况进行了概要性论述,分析了水土资源对区域社会经济发展的影响以及水土资源的承载力。基于黑河流域水土资源利用现状,提出了水土资源可持续利用模式。     

四川螺髻山清水沟冰川槽谷演化及其影响因素

螺髻山地处青藏高原东南缘,是确切存在第四纪古冰川遗迹的典型山地之一,该区冰川地貌演化对于研究环境变化具有重要的科学意义。螺髻山东坡清水沟保存两套古冰川槽谷,分别为上槽谷和下槽谷,其中下槽谷保存完整,而上槽谷在3450~3600 m的阴坡部分出现缺失。采用野外地貌调查与模型分析相结合的方法,对冰川槽谷地貌进行分析,结果表明:清水沟槽谷的抛物线模型中,|A|值在1.3101~15.2064 之间变动,B 值变化于0.9695~3.2965 之间,且随着海拔由高到低,都存在着先变小后变大的规律,A、B值同时反映出在海拔3450~3600 m处冰川槽谷的演化不符合常态。分析认为岩性差异和河流溯源侵蚀是影响上槽谷形态的主要原因。对保存在清水沟上下槽谷内的高、低侧碛进行ESR年代测定,结果显示:高侧碛形成于58-84 ka BP左右的末次冰期早期,对应深海氧同位素4 阶段(MIS4);低侧碛形成于13-17 ka BP,属于于全球末次冰盛期晚期的产物。两次冰川作用分别塑造出两套冰川槽谷,即在末次冰期早期冰川作用形成上槽谷,末次冰期晚期形成下槽谷。     

雅鲁藏布江河谷风沙地貌分类与发育问题

雅鲁藏布江河谷风沙地分类体系则４级２１个类型组成，其中风积地貌划分为谷底与谷坡风积地貌２个亚类。河谷风沙地貌面积１９２９．９４６ｋｍ＾２，可称为“雅鲁藏布江河谷沙地”。河谷区具有沙源，风动力和堆积场地等风沙地貌形成的基本条件。     

重庆市区冬季热岛和湿岛效应的研究

1989年12月15日——1990年1月15日,重庆雾害课题组在市区进行了包含地面气象、边界层气象和大气污染等多种项目的外场综合观测。本文利用此观测资料,分析了城市热岛的水平分布,热岛和湿岛的垂直结构及其成因。     

Channel morphology and its impact on flood passage, the Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze River

The Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze is about 8 km long, and characterized by a narrow river width of 650 m and local water depth of > 90 m in deep inner troughs, of which about 60 m is below the mean sea level. The troughs in the channel of such a large river are associated with regional tectonics and local lithology. The channel configuration plays a critical role in modifying the height and duration of river floods and erosion of the riverbed. The formation of the troughs in the bed of the Yangtze is considered to be controlled by sets of NW–SE-oriented neotectonic fault zones, in which some segments consist of highly folded thick Triassic limestone crossed by the Yangtze River. Several limestone hills, currently located next to the river channel, serve as nodes that create large vortices in the river, thereby accelerating downcutting on the riverbed composed of limestone highly susceptible to physical corrosion and chemical dissolution. Hydrological records indicate that the nodal hills and channel configuration at Tianjiazhen do not impact on normal flow discharges but discharges > 50,000 m³s^− 1 are slowed down for 2–3 days. Catastrophic floods are held up for even longer periods. These inevitably result in elevated flood stages upstream of prolonged duration, affecting large cities such as Wuhan and a very large number of people.