春季长江口崇明东滩沉积物-水界面营养盐交换过程研究

2005年3-5月,选取位于长江口崇明东滩的3个典型站点,对沉积物间隙水中营养盐剖面进行了观测;同时,通过模拟现场环境培养的方法测定了营养盐在沉积物-上覆水界面的交换通量.结果表明,间隙水中NH4+和SiO32-浓度比PO43-和NO2-+NO3-一般要高2-3个数量级.沉积物-水界面交换过程在春季表现为对NO3-和SiO32-的吸收,吸收的量在很大程度上取决于上覆水中这两种营养盐的浓度;由上覆水和表层间隙水浓度梯度所决定的分子扩散通量对实际交换通量的控制有限.对NO3-,分子扩散通量占交换通量的比例为到21%;对SiO32-,前者和后者的方向相反;对NH3+,较大的浓度梯度支持显著的释放通量,而在培养过程中并没有发现上覆水中NH4+浓度持续的增长.以上结果都说明其它因素,如浮游植物吸收、颗粒物吸附以及底栖动物扰动在更大程度上决定着崇明东滩沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换过程.     

长江口及邻近海域沉积物再悬浮对水体磷酸盐的影响的模拟研究

以长江口及邻近海域为研究区域,采用改进后的SEDEX法对沉积物中各形态磷的含量进行了分析,并通过模拟实验探讨了沉积物再悬浮对上覆水体磷酸盐浓度的影响。结果表明:碎屑磷（De-P）是沉积物磷的主要赋存形态,占总磷（TP）的50%以上;其次是可提取态有机磷（Or-P）和非活性有机磷（Re-P）;生物可利用磷（BAP）占总磷的比例约为21%,可提取态有机磷（Or-P）是生物可利用磷（BAP）的主要存在形态。沉积物再悬浮时,水体磷酸盐的浓度显著升高,说明沉积物再悬浮会引起沉积物中磷的释放;水体磷酸盐浓度升高主要源于沉积物中磷的释放,而间隙水的贡献较低。沉积物发生再悬浮时,厌氧条件相对于好氧条件,更有利于沉积物磷的释放。     

用成岩模型计算沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量--以渤海为例

根据沉积物中营养盐的再生对水体中营养盐的收支循环动力学的作用.利用1998年秋季和1999年春季沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分析结果,建立了沉积物中营养盐的成岩模型,并由此计算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量.结果表明,硝化速率、反硝化速率、有机氮含量、硅质成分的溶解速率、生物扰动作用、孔隙率明显影响沉积物间隙水中营养盐的分布和沉积物-水界面的交换通量.对比了实验室培养法和扩散通量计算法测得沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量,表明2种方法所得NO3通量较一致,但NH4 ,PO43-,SiO32- 2种方法所得通量有一定差异,文中讨论了可能的原因.以渤海为例阐明了在用扩散通量法研究沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量时,表层沉积物分割厚度对界面交换通量影响显著,为了得到合理的与现场接近的结果表层沉积物的分割厚度以不超过1em为宜.     

长江口邻近海域间隙水营养盐扩散通量的探究

通过2011年11月在长江口邻近海域的观测调查,探讨了上覆水和间隙水营养盐组成特征;运用成岩模型计算了沉积物-水界面营养盐的扩散通量,分析了营养盐扩散通量的主要影响因子及其未来变化趋势。研究结果表明:底界面NH_4-N、NO_3-N、PO_4-P、SiO_3-Si扩散通量分别为:0.021 8~0.167 0、-0.751~0.178、-0.001 44~0.012 10、0.34~1.24mmol/m2·d;长江口邻近海域上覆水和间隙水营养盐时空分布受到陆源输入、底界面生化作用、生物扰动和沉积类型等因素的共同影响;长江口邻近海域各项营养盐扩散通量数值与其它地区比较处于中等水平。     

夏季珠江口外近海沉积物/水界面营养盐的交换通量

基于2002年夏季(7月)对珠江口外近海的生态环境调查,获取了该海域沉积物间隙水的营养盐剖面资料,估算了沉积物/水界面的营养盐交换通量,并且与实验测定的沉积物/水界面交换通量进行了对比。结果表明,沉积有机质在厌氧环境下降解大大提高了间隙水中的铵盐、磷酸盐和硅酸盐含量,导致这些营养盐总体上从沉积物内部向沉积物/水界面转移。但在该界面附近,铵盐被不同程度地硝化,所形成的硝酸盐又被不同程度地反硝化;磷酸盐和硅酸盐交换通量则受到自生矿物沉淀与溶解、吸附与解吸作用的影响,因此营养盐的净交换通量是各种物理、化学和生物作用的综合结果。模拟实验研究显示,该海区NH4+、NO3-、NO2-、PO43-和SiO44-的沉积物/水界面交换通量分别为-0.197—1.93、-0.558—0.178、-0.064—-0.009、-0.079—0.126和-6.89—7.00 mmol.(m2.d)-1。根据营养盐剖面资料计算的交换通量不仅很小,交换通量方向也往往与实验结果不符。     

南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐分布及扩散通量研究

利用中国第18次南极考察获得的沉积物样品,对南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及分布特征进行了研究,估算了营养盐的底部通量.结果表明,南大洋沉积物间隙水中的营养盐以高含量的硅酸盐、铵盐为主.在垂向分布上,硅酸盐在沉积物-水界面呈现出明显的浓度梯度,这种分布特征表明,在硅的早期成岩过程中溶出是主要过程.沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行.硅酸盐与铵盐存在明显的向上释放的通量.     

乳山湾外邻近海域氮和磷的分布与收支过程研究

基于2009年6–9月,2014年5月,2014年7–8月在乳山湾外邻近海域的综合调查资料,分析了该开放海域水体与沉积物中氮、磷营养盐的组成和分布,并在潮汐潮流数值模式计算水通量的基础上分析了近岸开放区域无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的循环与收支的主要过程,量化了潮汐潮流、初级生产的消耗与转化、底界面过程与内部循环等过程对氮和磷营养盐循环与收支的影响。结果表明,夏季乳山湾外邻近海域水体DIN和DIP的浓度与分布受陆源输入和潮汐潮流的共同影响,高值均出现在湾口区域;沉积物-水界面存在DIN和DIP从沉积物向上覆水释放的现象,使得底层水体的氮、磷营养盐浓度高于表层水体。氮的收支表明,研究海域水体内部循环过程是初级生产所需DIN的主要来源,占初级生产总消耗量的86%,其次是水交换作用(11%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献相对较小(3%);水体DIN的移出主要是通过埋藏、向外海的输送和水体反硝化作用,其比例分别为80%、16%和4%。磷的收支显示,研究海域水体内部循环过程贡献了初级生产所需DIP的91%,其次是水交换作用(9%),底界面扩散对初级生产的贡献小于1%;水体DIP支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向外海的输送,其比例分别为67%和33%。研究结果表明内部循环过程是近海水体氮和磷获得补充的主要途径,不过外部来源的氮、磷营养盐结构与系统内部具有显著的差异,且系统内磷的埋藏效率要高于氮,其必将对乳山湾外邻近海域营养盐结构和初级生产产生长远的影响。     

东、黄海沉积物-水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

2000年10月和2001年5月随“东方红2号”考察船在东、黄海进行考察,在A2、E2、E4、E5、E65个站位作了培养实验,研究沉积物-水界面在氧化和还原条件下的交换通量。在东海海域,NO3-、PO43-、总磷(TDP)由水向沉积物中扩散,NH4 、SiO32-由沉积物向水中扩散,NO3-、TDP、NH4 在还原条件下的交换通量大于氧化条件下的交换通量,PO43-、SiO32-在氧化还原条件下的交换通量基本一致。在黄海海域,两站位各溶解态营养盐的迁移方向有较大差异。在距离陆地较近的海域,各溶解态营养盐多由水中向沉积物中扩散,且距离陆地越近,交换通量越大。在东、黄海海域,沉积物释放的SiO32-对初级生产力的贡献分别为13%、10%~18%,与河流输送和大气沉降相比,沉积物对黄海、东海SiO32-的贡献分别占90%、86%,说明沉积物是SiO32-的源。而在整个东、黄海海域,对于溶解无机氮(DIN)和PO43-来说,它们的交换通量为负值,即沉积物从水体中吸附溶解无机氮和磷,说明沉积物是DIN和PO43-的汇。     

大亚湾沉积物间隙水的无机磷硅氮营养盐化学

1988～1989年对大亚湾14个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解性磷酸根、硅酸根、氨氮和硝酸根+亚硝酸根进行了3次调查研究.它们在间隙水及上覆水中的浓度表现出不同的空间和时间变化:除个别情况外,间隙水中的营养盐浓度比上覆水高.间隙水中的营养盐除硝酸根+亚硝酸根浓度随沉积物深度而降低外,其他的随深度增加.根据沉积物界面上的营养盐浓度梯度计算了它们的扩散通量.     

胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率及其影响因素探讨

采用实验室培养法在原位温度和溶氧条件下测定了胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率,并探讨了相关环境因子对界面交换速率的影响机制。结果表明,胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换表现为从沉积物向水体释放,其交换速率在947~4 889 μmol/（m2·d）范围内,平均速率为1 819 μmol/（m2·d）。表层沉积物中叶绿素a（Chl a）和总有机碳（TOC）是影响胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅交换速率的主要环境因子,同时表层沉积物的含水率（φ）、生源硅（BSi）和粘土含量以及间隙水中溶解硅酸盐（DSi）对沉积物-海水界面硅的交换也有重要影响。由此可推知,胶州湾沉积物-海水界面硅的交换速率主要受生物活动和溶解-扩散双重过程调控,而表层沉积物粒度与底层水体中DSi对胶州湾硅的释放影响较小。     

Factors influencing nutrient dynamics in the eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, North China

We conducted studies of nutrients and water mass movements in a semi-enclosed bay in northern China to understand nutrient dynamics under varying tidal regimes. Four cruises were conducted under varying tidal regimes in Jiaozhou Bay, two at neap tide and one at spring tide in August and one at spring tide in October 2001. In addition to transect surveys, drift experiments and an anchor station were employed to show current and tidal effects. Samples for nutrient evaluation were taken from the five major tributary rivers in March (dry season) and August (flood season) of 2002 to estimate nutrient transport by rivers, and wastewater samples were collected to evaluate nutrients in wastewater discharge. Benthic nutrient fluxes were determined by (1) incubation of sediments with overlying seawater on board the boat and (2) calculated by Fick’s First Law from nutrient pore water profiles. Nutrient concentrations were high in the north, especially the northeast and northwest sectors, reflecting human activities. Jiaozhou Bay was characterized by high nitrogen, but low phosphorus and silica concentrations compared to Chinese coastal seas. Based on nutrient atomic ratios, the limiting elements for phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay were silica and phosphorus. The fluxes of nutrients between sediment and overlying water varied depending on the specific nutrient, the site and redox conditions. Benthic nutrient fluxes based on sediment incubations were all lower than the estimated diffusive fluxes, implying that the nutrients released from sediment pore waters were probably utilized by benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. A preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets demonstrated that riverine and wastewater inputs were greater than atmospheric deposition into Jiaozhou Bay, except that nitrate from wastewater inputs was less than atmospheric deposition. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus increased while silica decreased in the last four decades, similar to other eutrophicated estuaries. The resulting shift in nutrient composition in Jiaozhou Bay affects phytoplankton composition, trophic interactions, and sustainability of living resources.     

胶州湾泛亚码头疏浚方案优选及悬浮物影响预测

采用有限元分步杂交方法,在已建潮流场的基础上,建立了胶州湾疏浚物悬浮泥沙的二维输运-扩散模型,并应用于胶州湾前湾港区泛亚码头工程疏浚区的疏浚物输运扩散的数值模拟预测。根据预测结果分析了泛亚码头疏浚区施工期间悬浮泥沙对附近海域水环境和生态环境的影响,并对不同的疏浚方案进行了优选。     

Seasonal variations of dissolved organic matter and nutrients in sediment pore water in the inner part of Tokyo Bay

At four stations in Tokyo Bay, pore water profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), phosphorus (DOP), and inorganic nutrients were determined at 3-month intervals over 6 years. Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrients were significantly higher in pore waters than in the overlying waters. Pore water DOC, DON, and DOP concentrations in the upper most sediment layer (0–1 cm) ranged from 246 to 888 μM, from 14.6 to 75.9 μM, and from 0.02 to 9.83 μM, respectively. Concentrations of DOM and nutrients in pore waters occasionally showed clear seasonal trends and were highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. The seasonal trends in the pore water DOM concentrations were coupled with trends in the overlying water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration. Benthic effluxes of DON and DOP were low compared with those of inorganic nutrients, accounting for only 1.0 and 1.5 % of the total benthic effluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively; thus benthic DOM fluxes were quantitatively insignificant to the inorganic nutrient fluxes in Tokyo Bay. The DOM fluxes represented about 7, 3, and 10 % of the riverine discharge of DOC, DON, and DOP to Tokyo Bay, respectively.     

Benthic Nutrient Recycling in Port Phillip Bay, Australia

Benthic chamber measurements of the reactants and products involved with biogenic matter remineralization (oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, TCO₂and alkalinity) were used to define solute exchange rates between the sediment and overlying water column of Port Phillip Bay, Australia. Measurements at various sites throughout the bay, conducted during the summers of 1994 and 1995, indicate that the variability in flux values within a site is comparable to year-to-year variability (±50%). Four regions of the bay were distinguished by sediment properties and the northern region was identified as having 3–30 times greater nutrient regeneration rates than the other regions. Benthic recycling accounted for 63 and 72% of the annualized N and P input, respectively, to the entire bay as determined by summing benthic, dissolved riverine, atmospheric and dissolved effluent sources. However, bay-wide sedimentary denitrification accounted for a loss of 63% of the potentially recyclable N. This fraction is higher than many other coastal regions with comparable carbon loading. Denitrification efficiency is apparently not enhanced by benthic productivity nor by bio-irrigation. The rate of bio-irrigation is negatively correlated with denitrification efficiency. Bio-irrigation was studied using radon-222 and CsCl spike injection chamber measurements. Radon fluxes from sediments in Port Phillip Bay were enhanced over the diffusive flux by 3–16 times. The modelled rate of loss of Cs from chamber water was positively correlated with radon flux enhancement results. Both methods identify regions within Port Phillip Bay that have particularly high rates of non-diffusive pore-water overlying water solute exchange.     

Pore-water distribution and quantification of diffusive benthic fluxes of nutrients in the Huanghai and East China Seas sediments

1 Indroduction The coastal zone and continental shelf area is an important region in the global biogeochemical cycle of nutrients in the ocean. This portion of the global ocean interacts closely with the continents, atmosphere and the open ocean in a comp…     

Short-term environmental impact of clam dredging in coastal waters (south of Portugal): chemical disturbance and subsequent recovery of seabed

The physical and chemical changes in sediment and near bottom water caused by clam dredging were examined during July and September 1999, at two locations Vilamoura (VL) and Armona (AR), south coast of Portugal. Sediment cores and near bottom water were collected simultaneously before dredging (control samples) and within short time intervals (min-h) after dredging. After dredging operations, microphytobenthos coming from the path were accumulated in the re-worked sediment (ridge). Chlorophyll a in superficial sediment increased from 1.2 microg x g(-1) before dredging to 1.7 microg x g(-1) after dredging and these higher values remained for a few hours. However, the expected increase of chlorophyll a in near bottom water due to re-suspension was not observed. After sediment disturbance an instantaneous sorption of phosphorus onto iron oxides occurred in the upper sediment layers (from 2 to 3 micromol x g(-1) before dredging to 4-5 micromol x g(-1) after dredging). A microcosm experiment showed that after sediment disturbance HPO(4)(2-) dissolved in pore water decreased from 40 to 10 microM being simultaneously sorbed onto iron oxides formed in the top layer of sediment. The ammonium, nitrates, organic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate dissolved in pore water decreased immediately after dredging activity and simultaneously an increase in near bottom water was sporadically observed. Generally, the re-establishment of seabed was reached within a short time (min-h), at both stations (VL and AR).     

疏浚物倾倒区海水水质级别的模糊综合评价

应用模糊综合评价方法对大连臭水套海域疏浚物预选倾倒区的水质状况进行了评价，得到了有益的结论。     

大亚湾营养物质变异特征

利用大亚湾现场调查和室内模拟数据,以及大亚湾生态网络17～18年8个航次的现场调查资料,采用营养状态质量指数(NQI)的方法评价大亚湾海域富营养化水平,结果表明,大亚湾海域除部分养殖海区为中营养状态外,大部分为贫营养状态;溶解态的无机磷和硅在过去10a多有较大幅度的下降,而溶解态的无机氮、溶解氧和叶绿素a则上升;浮游植物生长由过去认为由氮控制转变为现在由磷控制.分析了养殖海区底层海水、上覆水、沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及其化学形态.估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量,NH₄+,NO₂-,NO₃-,HPO₄2-,H₄SiO₄平均通量分别为302.0,-0.06,-1.82,2.53,47.6μmol/(m2·d).室内模拟了天然海水体系表层沉积物营养盐的吸附-解吸及其磷酸盐在沉积物上的吸附等温线.论述了大亚湾海域营养盐与赤潮的关系.     

Short-Term Benthic Recolonization after Dredging in the Harbour of Ceuta, North Africa

Abstract. The benthic recovery after dredging (area: 2625 m²) was studied in a polluted and enclosed area of the harbour of Ceuta, in which the recolonization through the water column (larvae and adult bedload transport) could be limited by the lack of renewal. The benthos was sampled at two sites (control and dredged) using a van Veen grab and adopting a BACI (Before, After, Control, Impacted) approach. Five samplings were conducted after dredging (3, 15, 30, 90, 180 days). The proportion of gravel in the sediment of the dredged site increased after dredging, while the organic matter decreased. The impact on the community was estimated at species level, using both univariate and multivariate analyses. The maximum negative effect on benthic macrofauna was a reduction by 65% for species richness (15 days after dredging) and by 75% for abundance (3 days after dredging). Between 15 and 30 days after dredging, the abundance of some species such as the molluscs Parvicardium exiguum and Retusa obtusa and the polychaete Pseudomalacoceros tridentata increased considerably in the dredged site, while typical ‘opportunistic’ species such as Capitella capitata were disfavoured by the disturbance. For this small‐scale dredging, about 6 months are required for the disturbed area to re‐establish a sediment structure and a macrobenthic community similar to the undisturbed area. Small‐patch dredging operations are proposed in harbour management whenever possible, since they allow a quick re‐adjustment of the initial sediment structure and benthic communities.     

A sediment trap experiment in Funka Bay, Japan: “upward flux” of particulate matter in seawater

Sediment trap experiments were carried out ten times in one year (1977) at three depths in Funka Bay. The material obtained in the traps was analyzed for metals, organic elements and radionuclides, together with the suspended matter in the overlying water column. Two groups with extremely different downward fluxes were found, a group with a small flux increasing with depth, and another with a large flux that is rather constant with depth and is observed only in winter. The flux in winter, and sometimes in the bottom layer below the summer thermocline was larger than the net sedimentation rate for total dry matter or for each chemical constituent. The flux was also larger than the net removal flux for ²³⁴Th. A most striking fact is that the specific activity of short-lived ²³⁴Th did not decrease in winter, indicating that the large flux in winter was not caused by the re-suspension of old bottom sediments. The concentration of suspended matter in winter was not much greater than that in other seasons. These results suggest that the downward flux observed in sediment trap experiments is not a net removal rate and that there must be an upward particulate flux in the bay.