太湖水环境污染的社会经济因子分析

文章通过一系列的调研数据揭示了太湖目前的水环境问题，并使用了偏相关分析方法探讨了影响水环境的社会经济因子，如COD的排放量，工业产值，耦地面积和人口等，结果表明，COD的排放主要受农业与人口的影响，TP受人口与工业的影响，TN受人口与耕地的影响。最后，提出了实行环境规划和社会经济规划，健全一环保机构，推广污水治理技术等环境治理措施。     

关于三峡库区移民就业问题的几点看法

本文认为三峡库区移民就业问题实际是三峡工程建设而引起整体的社会－经济－环境问题，也就是地球学中新的人地关系问题，即在符合经济效益前提下实现人与地的协调与社会的整合。首先不应当把迁移出的农民完全转向已负担沉重的传统农业方面。而应当转向新出现的环境（如新出现的水域与水位波动带）、新出现的行业（旅游景区的发掘、建设和开发）、新的就业方向（劳务输出）、与新的社会－经济开发区（新的城镇建设和新的工业建设而形     

From Vegetable Box to Seafood Cooler: Applying the Community-Supported Agriculture Model to Fisheries

Community-supported fisheries (CSF) projects show signs of rapid growth. Modeled on community-supported agriculture (CSA) projects, CSFs share objectives of reducing social and physical distance between consumers and producers and re-embedding food systems in social and environmental contexts. This article offers a comparison of CSF and CSA, situated in the differences between seafood and agricultural products, and fishing and farming. We draw on economic and resource theory, past research on CSA, and a member survey from a case study CSF. Survey results show CSF members are interested in accessing high-quality, fresh, local seafood, and in supporting fishing communities, and they believe that participating in a CSF achieves both. They are less certain that a CSF can address environmental concerns, and few identify environmental motives as their primary reason for participating. The latter contrasts with CSA research results, and we contextualize these findings in our broader comparison.     

Double exposure in Mozambique's Limpopo River Basin

This paper examines how double exposure to economic and environmental stressors – and the interaction between the two – affect smallholder farmers in Mozambique's Limpopo River Basin. Studying two case study villages we find that people, in general, are resilient to environmental stressors. However, most households show less resilience to the socioeconomic stressors and shocks that have been introduced or intensified by economic globalisation. Our findings indicate that economic change brought about by structural adjustment policies pressures rural people to alter their approach to farming, which makes it more difficult for them to respond to environmental change. For example, smallholder farmers find it difficult to make a transition to commercial farming within the Limpopo Basin, in part because farming techniques that are well adapted to managing environmental variability in the region – such as seeding many small plots – are not well suited to the economies of scale needed for profitable commercial agriculture. People use a variety of strategies to cope with interactive environmental and economic stressors and shocks, but many face considerable constraints to profitably exploiting market-based opportunities. We conclude that economic stressors and shocks may now be causing small-scale agriculture to be less well adapted to ecological and climate variability, making smallholders more vulnerable to future climate change. Some local level policy interventions, including those that support and build on local environmental knowledge, could assist rural agricultural societies in adapting to future environmental change in the context of economic globalisation.     

Urban agriculture and the sustainability fix in Vancouver and Detroit

Both Vancouver, British Columbia, and Detroit, Michigan, have significant and growing urban agriculture movements. In this article, I follow recent work investigating the connection between urban agriculture and neoliberalization to determine how these local governments have used urban agriculture in narratives of economic development to selectively pursue a sustainability fix. I analyze how different regimes of local governance have influenced the urban agriculture movements, leading to local, hybridized fixes that adapt to different material and discursive contexts in each place. I argue that in both cities, urban agriculture has radical potential as a grassroots response to economic and environmental injustice, but has also been enrolled as a device by the local state in which the primary goal of sustainability planning becomes enhanced economic competitiveness. Pursuing an agenda of food justice requires examining the larger context and effects of municipal involvement with food movements.     

基于农业多功能视觉的都市农业用地效益时空变化研究——以西安都市圈为例（英文）

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi'an metropolitan zone(XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, providemore economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

农业外部性识别、评价及其内部化

农业外部性包括外部经济性与不经济性两方面, 前者表现为农业在食物保障、经济、生 态、社会与文化等方面所具有的多元价值, 而后者主要体现在农业对环境造成的非点源污染。我 国农业在土壤、水、大气、生物多样性和景观五个方面均有外部性表现, 本文对其分别进行了识 别。目前对于农业外部性的定量评估, 由于农业外部性表现具有较强的地域性、评价方法缺乏标 准、评价者立场与视角不同而使结果不具可比性。由于无论是农业外部经济性或外部不经济性均 是资源的低效配置, 因此各国从外部性产生的根源———市场失灵或政策失灵入手, 努力促使农业 多元价值得到最优表现, 并对农业外部不经济性加以控制。各国技术实践表明, 可持续农业技术 体系成为农业外部成本内部化的可行手段之一。     

Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi’an metropolitan zone (XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, provide more economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision- making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

Evaluation of throughflow interceptors for controlling secondary soil and water salinity in dryland agricultural areas of southwestern Australia: I. Questionnaire surveys

Increasing soil and water salinity in southwestern Australia is a major social, economic and environmental problem. Hydrological imbalances following extensive clearing of the natural vegetation for agriculture have redistributed soluble salts into soils and streams. Interceptors have been designed by farmers to control the throughflow component of this hydrological imbalance, to reduce waterlogging of low-lying areas, and thus to ameliorate salinity problems.Farmer interviews show that, to date, interceptors have only partly achieved these objectives. Many interceptor systems are insufficiently comprehensive and leakages are common. Further, too short a period of time has elapsed since interceptor construction to have reversed the severe deterioration of soil properties.     

Water policy,trust and governance in the Murray-Darling Basin

Concerns for river health in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) area and shifting priorities for water use have led to a significant process of water reform over the last decade. The MDB area, also known as the food bowl of Australia, produces much of the country's food and is home to a significant portion of the population. A long-term drought, historical over-allocation of water for irrigation and climate variability have led to mounting concerns about the long-term viability of the rivers. While the reform process has resulted in the Commonwealth government taking control of the rivers from the States, it has also been influenced by changes in governments and consequent shifts in water allocation priorities from a privileging of agriculture to a broader approach encompassing economic, environmental and social concerns. This had led to uncertainty for the people and communities in the Basin and some confusion between the various layers of governance structures. This paper presents the results of exploratory research conducted with key, high-level stakeholders involved in water reform to examine their perceptions of the evolving water policy process. Despite agreement amongst stakeholders that returning water to the environment to ensure river health is critical, our research reveals significant tensions between stakeholders concerning the evolving process, particularly centred on the potential social outcomes and fairness and equity. This suggests the need for more integrated and transparent governance structures, attention to levels of trust between partners and a common vision that incorporates environmental, economic and social goals.     

基于农业可持续发展的土地利用结构最优化研究——以长沙县为案例

由于过度施用化肥、使用农药、侵占农田等行为造成的农业环境和社会问题日益严重,尤其是在城郊农业区和高集约化农区问题更为突出,因此现代农业发展不仅仅追求经济效益,更应该关注生态功能提升和农村社会稳定。本研究旨在提出一套生态、经济和社会协调发展的土地利用结构优化方法,实现农业综合效益最大化和土地可持续发展。本研究以高集约化农业区长沙县为案例,首先构建经济-生态-社会效益评价指标体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS法对农业土地利用经济效益、生态效益和社会效益进行综合评价;其次采用耦合协调度模型和障碍因子模型,识别出影响农业综合效益的障碍因子;最后运用多目标线性规划法,构建生态、经济、社会约束条件和目标函数,计算得出土地利用最大综合效益和最优化结构,并提出了相关政策建议。研究结果表明:(1)长沙县农业综合效益呈现增长趋势,评价值从1996年的0.20上升到2016年的0.79;(2)经济因素不再是影响农业效益协调发展的障碍因子,而社会因素,例如粮食安全指数等成为主要影响因子;(3)综合考虑经济发展、环境保护和社会需求提出了长沙县土地利用优化结构,农业综合效益可由99.83亿元增长到129.34亿元,增长29.56%。本研究采用了一系列的模型和方法得出了长沙县农业综合效益最大化值和土地利用最优结构,可为农业土地空间格局优化和农业可持续发展提供科学的建议和依据。     

农牧交错沙漠化地区应用线性规划探讨农业合理经济结构——以陕北榆林县为例

探讨沙漠化发生地区农、牧、林经济结构有着重要意义。合理的经济结构具有较高的总体功能,而且在发展生产过程中,能促进环境的整治;反之,经济结构不合理会带来总体功能降低和破坏资源的恶果。特别是中国共产党第十二次代表大会上明确提出了在本世纪末我,国经济建设的战略目标以后,在生态失调的沙漠化地区如何实现,既达到恢复环境又发展经济的双重效果,研究农、林、牧生产的合理结构就更有现实意义。本文试以农、牧交错沙漠化地区的陕北榆林县为例,应用线性规划对此问题进行探讨。线性规划的数字抽象含义是求得某组未知数(X₁X₂、°°°°°°X_n)使其满足约束条件,并使目标函数取得最大(或最小)值。线性规划广泛应用于经济规划、工业工程等方面方案选优上,对建立合理的(最优)农业经济结构¹⁾同样适用。但由于此项研究工作开展较晚、资料缺欠,所得结果仅供参考。     

珠三角城市群地区都市农业功能演变及其协同-权衡关系

以珠三角城市群地区的县（区）为研究单元,从生产供给、经济发展、社会保障和生态保育四个维度构建都市农业功能评价指标体系,利用熵值法、时空差异诊断模型、Spearman秩相关系数法和双变量局部空间自相关模型等对2005年、2012年和2019年珠三角地区都市农业多维功能演变及协同-权衡关系进行测度。结果表明：① 2005—2019年,珠三角地区都市农业的生产供给、经济发展和社会保障功能均值先下降后上升而生态保育功能反之;生产供给和生态保育功能总体呈现稳定的外部较强而中心偏弱的空间格局,经济发展和社会保障功能的空间分布格局变化较大。② 时间上,2005年珠三角都市农业经济发展功能较其他功能相对独立发展,2012年功能之间权衡关系显现,2019年各功能之间以协同关系为主;空间上,珠三角地区都市农业生态保育功能与其他三项功能的协同-权衡关系较为稳定,社会保障功能与生产供给、经济发展功能的协同-权衡关系较为稳定。③ 都市农业功能演变及协同-权衡关系发展具有阶段性特征,大致呈现“相互独立/低位协同-相互权衡-高位协同”的演化规律。     

Economic cycles and environmental crisis in arid southeastern Spain. A historical perspective

The arid southeast region has been one of the areas with the oldest settlement in the Iberian Peninsula. Despite limitations imposed by lack of water and low soil fertility, a great number of dwellers have settled in this land for three thousand years thanks to its easy access to the commercial paths of the Mediterranean. The area is currently under great territorial and socioeconomic transformation activated by intensive agriculture through greenhouses and irrigation. The history of this territory offers a series of successful and downward cycles determined, from an ecological and economic point of view, by its integration in different stages of the globalization process. Most recently, in the 19th century an intensive deforestation process took place caused by the mining and iron industry. The deep economic and social crisis which followed the declining of this development model brought also about an ecological crisis. In the second half of the 20th century, negative environmental effects have continued and extended to the next generations with problems such as territorial saturation and aquifer depletion that characterize the new intensive agriculture under plastic. The current debate about the sustainability of this developmental model in such vulnerable environment can take advantage of some ecological lessons from the past.     

上海都市农业生态安全定量综合评价

构建都市农业生态安全评价指标体系,选用相关数学方法与计量模型,对上海都市农业生态安全进行定量综合评价.结果表明:(1)1993～1998年,上海市农业资源安全指数处于平稳状态,上海农业环境安全指数波浪式交替增减,农业经济社会发展指数持续小幅下降,农业生态安全综合指数交互升降.(2)1999～2008年,农业资源安全指数...     

POWER, NATURE AND NEOLIBERALISM: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER IN CHILE

Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern.     

2001-2010年洞庭湖区经济、社会和环境变化及其生态承载力响应

不同时空尺度下,生态承载力对区域经济、社会和环境变化会作出不同程度的响应。利用可持续发展指数测度模型和生态承载力响应模型,对洞庭湖区2001-2010 年经济、社会和环境变化及其生态承载力响应进行分析。结果表明：① 2001 年以来洞庭湖区经济发展度和社会协调度一直呈上升趋势;生态系统的安全性和可持续性向良性转变;环境可持续度则呈波动性下降态势。② 洞庭湖区17 个县域的经济发展度和社会协调度均呈上升态势,可持续性呈现差异性地向弱可持续转变;岳阳市区、常德市区和益阳市区的经济发展度和社会协调度高于其他14 个县域,环境可持续度则下降最明显。③ 洞庭湖区生态承载力的响应状态分为强超载、超载、弱低载和低载4 类,不同时段县域生态承载力的响应状态差异明显;岳阳市区、常德市区和益阳市区社会经济发展水平较高,而其生态承载力响应状态则处于强超载,在区域发展水平上反映出湖区县域经济发展、社会进步、资源利用和环境质量的协调性较差。④ 环境可持续度在一定程度上成为提高生态承载力的重要基础,现行的“掠夺式”县域经济发展模式成为提高生态承载力的阻碍因子,由于社会经济发展过于依赖资源开发以及生态环境干扰,使得环境可持续度对于生态承载力与可持续发展指数的影响相对较弱,其实质往往是以牺牲生态环境为代价。     

脆弱生态环境与农业现代化的关系

本文首先对中国弱生态环境的范围及类型进行了划分，对全国及各省区的农业现代化水平进行了评价。然后，对脆弱生态环境与农业现代化水平的关系进行了相关分析。结论是不同地区脆弱生态环境与农业现代化水平之间的相关性不同。一般地，在工业和经济发展水平高、地理区位和交通条件好的我国东南沿海地区，脆弱生态环境与农业现代化水平相关不明显。反之，在工业和经济落后，地理区位和交通条件差的我国西部地区，脆弱生态环境与农业现     

村落遗产地社区居民旅游发展态度的影响因素

构建了社区依恋、社区关注、社区参与、旅游影响感知和社区居民旅游发展态度的结构关系模型,并以村落遗产地——福建土楼为例,采用结构方程模型（SEM） 验证社区居民旅游发展态度的影响因素,并引入个人获益作为调节变量,剖析在获益居民和没有获益的居民中,各种旅游感知对旅游发展态度的影响是否存在显著差异。研究结果表明：① 经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知均对态度具有显著正向影响,而经济成本感知对态度具有显著负向影响;② 社区依恋通过社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度产生间接影响;③ 社区关注通过经济获益感知和环境获益感知间接影响态度,并通过经济成本感知间接影响态度;④ 社区参与通过经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度产生间接正向影响,并通过经济成本感知对态度产生间接负向影响;⑤ 经济获益感知、社会文化获益感知和环境获益感知对态度的影响对获益居民比没有获益的居民要大,而经济成本感知、社会文化成本感知与环境成本感知对态度的影响对没有获益的居民比获益居民要大。     

发达和发展中国家持续农业发展的不同模式

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