河南新密—荥巩矿区煤矸石中有害微量元素的溶出

淋溶是有害微量元素从煤或煤矸石中析出后污染环境的重要途径。本文在对河南新密—荥巩矿区煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上,研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度及淋溶过程中pH值的变化规律,探讨了不同淋溶实验方法对有害微量元素溶出的影响,并对有害微量元素溶出的环境意义进行了讨论。      

峰峰矿区煤矸石淋滤与水环境污染分析

峰峰矿区煤矸石堆存量与占地面积呈现出逐年增加的趋势,给矿区的水环境造成了污染。采用煤矸石淋滤试验,在矿区6个主要开采煤矿选择了6组煤矸石样品,对其中的有毒有害成分,进行了连续8d的动态淋滤试验。试验结果显示,各样品在淋滤过程中,其浓度高峰一般在淋滤初期的1-3d,第8d达到相对低值。研究发现,煤矸石淋滤液中的pH值均小于地表水和地下水,有利于煤矸石中有毒有害成分的析出;煤矸石淋滤液中的NOx和F-是引起矿区附近地下水和地表水污染的主要原因。该结果为矿区水环境污染情况提供了理论依据,同时也提出了相应的防治措施。     

河南新密一荥巩矿区煤矸石中有害微量元素的溶出

淋溶是有害微量元素从煤或煤矸石中析出后污染环境的重要途径。本文在对河南新密－荥巩矿区煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上，研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度及淋溶过程中pH值的变化规律，探讨了不同淋溶实验方法对有害微量元素溶出的影响，并对有害微量元素溶出的环境意义进行了讨论。     

土壤pH值对土壤多环芳烃纵向迁移影响的模拟实验研究

影响土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向迁移行为的环境因素很多。文章以氧化钙和冰乙酸改变采自徐州土壤的pH值水平,人工装填土柱进行纵向淋滤试验,研究pH值对土壤PAHs纵向迁移行为的影响。结果表明,土壤pH值的变化加强了PAHs在土柱中的纵向淋滤能力,表层土壤中的PAHs可迅速向底层转移;不同种类的PAHs淋滤特性表现不同,pH值增加更能增强低环PAHs的迁移淋滤能力,pH值降低则更能促进高环PAHs从土壤表层向深部迅速迁移。     

煤矸石中潜在有害微量元素淋溶析出研究

在煤矸石淋溶实验的基础上，研究了有害微量元素从煤矸石中淋溶析出的浓度与其在煤矸石中的含量和赋存状态的关系。结果表明，溶出浓度受淋溶时间，淋溶液温度，酸碱度的影响。淋溶液温度越高，淋溶时间越长，则有害微量元素从煤矸石中析出的浓度越高；不同的有害微量元素受淋溶液pH值大小影响程度也不相同。     

抚顺西舍场油页岩的淋滤行为及其对周围水体的影响

为研究抚顺市区南部地表堆积的油页岩中微量元素的淋滤作用对水体的影响,本文分别进行了抚顺西露天矿采场和西舍场油页岩pH为4.0、6.5和8.0的动态淋滤实验,以ICP-MS测试了淋滤液及水体中的微量元素。结果表明,高、低品位油页岩中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Rb、Bi、Ba、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu和Mn等淋出率较高;水体中Pb、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni、Zn、Mn等元素超标,表明抚顺西舍场油页岩的堆积已对周围地表水体和地下水体造成了污染。     

酸雨淋溶下MICP固化铅污染土的淋滤特性研究

酸雨可与MICP矿化作用过程中生成的碳酸盐反应,破坏材料的结构强度,使被固定的重金属离子再次释放,但该技术在酸雨环境下的研究较少,耐酸腐蚀性尚不明确,因此对酸雨入渗作用下MICP固化重金属污染土的淋滤特性的研究具有现实意义。本文设计了pH值为3.5、4.5、5.6的3种典型的酸雨条件,用pH值为7.5的去离子水作对照,通过土柱淋滤的方法对MICP固化粉土进行了实验研究,分析不同酸雨pH值对MICP固化铅污染土样的强度、pH值、Pb²⁺、Ca²⁺淋出量及Pb²⁺赋存形态的影响。结果表明：随酸液pH值降低,MICP固化试样的强度降低,淋出液pH值降低,Pb²⁺、Ca²⁺淋出量增加,固化试样中可交换态的Pb²⁺增加,当pH值为5.6时,试样受酸雨影响较小,pH值降为3.5时,试样变化显著。     

煤中微量元素研究进展

煤炭是我国的主要能源，在煤炭开采、运输、洗选、淋溶（滤）、燃烧等其它加工利用过程中，煤中的微量元素要发生迁移、析出，并入侵到大气、水、土壤和生态环境中，最终影响人类生存和生活环境。煤中微量元素十分重要，是因为它们与环境问题、动、植物及人类健康密切相关。在研究微量元素时必须考虑微量元素的性质及毒性，它们主要依靠其含量、种类、存在形式、pH值、氧化-还原条件及其它因素。在全面综合国内外研究文献的基础上，分析了煤中微量元素的发现、分布规律、赋存状态、成因机理及微量元素的应用等方面研究的历史、现状，并对今后研究的重点内容和发展方向进行了较为详细的论述和分析，并指出在进一步深入研究煤中微量元素地球化学的基础上，加强微量元素环境学方面的研究是今后煤中微量元素环境地球化学研究的重要内容。     

铜矿采矿废石重金属环境污染的淋溶实验研究——以安徽铜陵凤凰山矿田药园山铜矿床为例

本文基于凤凰山铜矿田药园山矿床采矿废石的淋溶实验研究,着重探索表生环境下影响重金属淋滤迁移的因素,分析重金属在采矿废石中迁移转化的机制。动态淋滤实验考查了重金属从两种采矿废石中淋出的浓度与淋溶液的pH值、淋滤时间以及淋出液酸度的关系。结果表明,采矿废石中重金属淋滤强度随酸度的增加而逐渐增强,而淋滤出的重金属浓度并不总是随时间的延长而递减,同时实验研究也表明,淋溶采矿废石的排放水不一定都是酸性的。因此,在评价矿山环境污染以及治理过程中要对当地雨水的平均pH值、所排放采矿废石的岩性以及废石的堆放时间进行综合考虑。     

淋滤条件下GGBS-MgO固化铅污染黏土强度与溶出特性研究

以粒化高炉矿渣粉-氧化镁（GGBS-MgO）固化铅污染黏土为研究对象,通过半动态淋滤试验,对GGBS-MgO在酸雨作用下的强度特性及溶出特性进行研究。通过对GGBS-MgO固化铅污染黏土半动态淋滤后pH值、针刺深度、无侧限抗压强度及浸出液中[Pb]、[Ca]、[Mg]元素浓度的测试,分析淋滤液初始pH值、掺量以及含铅不含铅对GGBS-MgO固化土强度特性的影响,讨论了初始淋滤液pH值、固化剂掺量对GGBS-MgO固化铅污染土累积铅、钙、镁溶出质量以及铅有效扩散系数的影响规律。结果表明,半动态淋滤试验使试样无侧限抗压强度qu较标准养护39 d试样降低了2%～53%,且淋滤液初始pH=2对试样qu影响最大;在相同掺量、相同淋滤液初始pH值时,GGBS-MgO固化未污染土半动态淋滤后qu较水泥固化未污染土qu提高了12%～43%;且当固化剂掺量为18%时,固化铅污染土强度特性较水泥有明显优势,约为水泥固化铅污染土强度的1.3～1.8倍;且相同配比时,淋滤液初始pH=2表层的pH值约为pH=3、4、5、7的1/2;随着淋滤液初始pH值、半动态淋滤后qu及内部pH值的增加,针刺深度减小;针贯入阻力与qu存在幂指数关系。此外,累积铅、钙、镁溶出质量随着初始淋滤液pH值、固化剂掺量的增加而减少,在初始淋滤液pH=2时,Ai,Pb、Ai,Ca、Ai,Mg分别约为pH=3、4、5和7的29～222倍、1.7～4.4倍和12.0～80.3倍;固化剂掺量为12%时的累积溶出质量约是18%掺量时的1.1～2.0倍;铅有效扩散系数De随着初始淋滤液pH值的增加而降低,初始淋滤液pH=2时的De比pH=3～7的De高约3～5个数量级;且低于水泥固化铅污染土De,当初始淋滤液pH=7时,GGBS-MgO固化土De相比于水泥固化土低1～2个数量级。     

兖州矿区山西组 3煤层中微量元素的特征分析

通过对兖州矿区山西组3煤层21个样品中全硫、硫化物硫、有机硫和具有环境意义的微量元素Cu、Pb、Zn、As、U、Th含量的测试，分析了微量元素在研究区煤层垂直方向上的变化特征及主要形成原因，并发现煤层中所选的微量元素、硫化物琉及全硫在煤层顶、底或煤层夹矸样品中含量相对较高。微量元素与硫化物硫、全硫的相关系数表明，所研究的微量元素与硫化物硫和全硫有明显的正相关关系，而且研究区3煤层中全硫的含量取决于硫化物硫的含量。同时还研究了原煤中微量元素的含量与灰产率的关系，并将研究区微量元素同世界和中国同类煤中的微量元素的含量进行了比较。     

贵州小牛井田煤的地球化学特征及古海平面变化

基于贵州水城小牛井田晚二叠世煤样的全硫分、微量元素、常量元素等测试数据,探讨了煤中元素富集特征及其与陆源碎屑的关系,重点是全硫分、微量元素对古海平面变化的反演。结果表明,小牛井田煤中常量元素Si、Ca、Mg、Ti、K含量高于中国煤均值,Al、Fe、Na含量低于中国煤均值;与地壳克拉克值相比,煤中微量元素只有B和Mo相对富集;煤中微量元素的富集在一定程度上受控于陆源碎屑,常量元素对陆源碎屑也有一定的继承性。煤中全硫分及微量元素B、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Ge、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Zn的纵向变化规律可以用来反演古海平面变化,海退时形成的煤层全硫分及微量元素含量较低,海侵时形成的煤层全硫分及微量元素含量较高。      

Trace elements in world steam coal and their behaviour in Dutch coal-fired power stations: A review

Trace elements associated with the combustion of coal have received more attention recently, as can be seen from the increasing demands laid down in legislation and permits.Knowledge of the trace element content of coal is essential. Coal used in the Netherlands is imported from all over the world. As a consequence, Dutch power stations are designed to burn a wide range of bituminous coals. The largest share nowadays originates from South Africa, Colombia, and Indonesia, with these three countries accounting for more than 85% of the coal fired in the Netherlands in recent years. The coals, as imported in the Netherlands, have been monitored for their (trace) element content. At present the database contains results of own analyses of about 170 coals, originating from 14 different countries. An important uncertainty was the question of how homogeneous the imported lots are. It appears that the lots as imported from overseas are fairly homogeneous.The behaviour and fate of trace elements in coal-fired power stations has been studied in more than 40 mass balance studies since 1977. More than 50 test series have been completed during co-combustion of biomass and waste materials (up to 40% on mass base) since 1993. It has therefore been possible to establish a relationship between (trace) elements in the fuel and the ash, as well as with emissions into the atmosphere.     

Coal combustion by-product quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source vs. fly ash collection system design

Fly ashes from two stoker boilers burning Pennsylvanian Eastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous coal blends were examined for their petrology and chemistry. The source coals have similar trace element contents. One of the ash collection systems was retrofitted with a baghouse (fabric filter) system, collecting a finer fly ash at a cooler flue gas temperature than the plant that has not been reconfigured. The baghouse ash has a markedly higher trace element content than the coarser fly ash from the other plant. The enhanced trace element content is most notable in the As concentration, reaching nearly 9000 ppm (ash basis) for one of the collection units. Differences in the ash chemistry are not due to any substantial differences in the coal source, even though the coal sources were from different counties and from different coal beds, but rather to the improved pollution control system in the steam plant with the higher trace element contents.     

山西白额勘探区煤质特征分析

基于原始测试数据分析了山西白额勘探区石炭二叠纪各主要煤层煤质特征与成煤环境的关系。研究表明,区内主要可采煤层煤的显微组分均以镜质组为主,约占76％,惰质组约占19％。各煤层灰分产率总体为低-中灰煤,2、3号煤硫分属特低硫-中高硫,10号煤硫分为中高-高硫。成煤环境的水介质由咸水-半咸水-淡水,导致煤层原煤全硫及微量元素含量由下向上降低,同一煤层顶板附近煤中微量元素含量低于底板附近煤层。聚煤特征决定了煤中伴生元素的地球化学行为,使得区内煤中微量元素含量普遍较低,无明显伴生元素富集。     

Interlayer interference analysis based on trace elements in water produced from coalbed methane wells: a case study of the Upper Permian coal-bearing strata,Bide–Santang Basin,western Guizhou,China

Commingling coalbed methane (CBM) production will cause interlayer interference and severely impede the efficient drainage and pressure drop in coal seams. Effective recognition of interlayer interference is important during commingling CBM production. On the basis of water samples and trace element data from CBM wells in the Bide–Santang Basin, western Guizhou, China, the trace element dynamic characteristics and their significance for recognition of interlayer interference are discussed. As drainage proceeds, the trace element concentrations in the water tend to increase. Li, Ga, Rb, Sr, and Ba were selected as characteristic trace elements and were used to detect the water source apportionment of commingling production. The trace element concentrations in water derived from deep coal seams are relatively higher than those in water from shallow coal seams. The characteristic trace element concentrations in produced water exhibit good correlation with gas production and the interlayer span (the maximum vertical distance between produced coal seams in a well) of the CBM wells. Low trace element concentrations are indicative of interlayer interference. Wells with low gas production are characterized by a longer interlayer span, higher water production, and lower trace element concentrations. Wells with high gas production characteristically display a short interlayer span, lower water production, and higher trace element concentrations in produced water. Preliminary diagrams for recognition of interlayer interference are established based on characteristic trace elements in the produced water. The upper CBM system has poor commingling compatibility with the middle and lower CBM systems; thus, the middle and lower CBM systems should be a priority for future development.     

淮北花沟西井田煤中微量元素及其环境意义分析

通过对30件煤样微量元素含量的测定,分煤层、分类型(稀土元素、环境意义微量元素)讨论了煤中微量元素的分布特征。研究发现各样品的稀土元素主要赋存于矿物质中,稀土元素含量均呈正常质量分数水平分布,各煤层的稀土元素分布表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损。受陆源影响的煤,ΣREE含量高,稀土元素主要由陆源物质继承而来。受海水影响的煤,ΣREE含量低,分布模式具有海水性质。形成后受河流冲刷的煤,灰分增加,煤中稀土元素含量增加。该研究成果为煤炭资源的合理开发和利用提供基础资料。     

枣庄煤田太原组煤中微量元素地球化学特征

采用中子活化法测定了山东枣庄煤田晚古生代太原组高硫煤层中的微量元素质量分数 ,用数理统计方法取得了高硫煤中微量元素的浓度分布范围、平均值和变异系数 ,用逐步聚类分析法和相关分析法分析了微量元素的共生组合关系 ,并用扫描电镜 -能谱分析了不同煤岩组分的微量元素浓度 ,在此基础上结合形态硫分析结果和沉积相分析结果 ,讨论了高硫煤中微量元素的富集因素、聚集机理和成因背景 ,指出受海水影响的沼泽沉积环境不但对煤中形态硫的分布和含量有控制作用 ,同时对煤中微量元素的浓度和共生组合特点也有影响。太原组高硫煤中的微量元素按其成因可分成两组 ,一组是陆源碎屑富集型 ,其含量直接与煤中灰分产率呈正相关关系 ;另一组为盆地内部沉积 -生物作用富集型元素 ,海水的入侵和盆地介质的停滞还原条件和陆源碎屑物质输入量的减少最有利于沉积 -生物作用型元素的富集 ,并以有害元素 Cu、As、 U、 Pb、 Mo、 Sr和 Co的富集为特征。煤中黄铁矿及其他硫化物是许多有害元素的重要载体 ,充分凝胶化的富氢镜质体比其他组分承载和吸附有更多的有害元素。深入研究不同煤层的有害元素的有机亲和性有利于指导煤的合理利用和采用有效的有害元素的去除措施 ,以利于煤的有效和洁净利用     

Experiment of Coal Leaching and Study of the Separation of Trace Elements

Leaching is an important way of separation of trace elements from coal. Based on leaching experiments, the content of trace elements separated out from coal is related to their existing state and content in coal, the duration of leaching process, temperature of leaching liquor and its acidity and basicity. The higher the temperature of leaching liquor and the longer the leaching time, the higher the contents of separated trace elements will be. In the course of leaching, the pH values of leaching liquors change and different trace elements are affected differently by the pH values.