基于GIS的陕北景观结构

以陕西土地利用现状图作为数据基础,应用Arc/Info和Arc/view等GIS专业软件,对陕北地区的景观进行了分类,并形成了景观分类图。利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS,在斑块类型和景观两个水平上计算了相应的参数和景观指数,定量揭示了整个区域的景观格局与类型特征。为进行深入研究和揭示生态过渡地带生态过程奠定了基础。     

土地整治生态环境效应的作用机制

生态化土地整治是生态文明建设的必然要求,土地整治生态环境效应的作用机制是生态化土地整治理论的有益探索。土地整治生态环境效应作用机制,可以通过土地整治工程土地自然要素/土地利用类型土地景观要素土地生态服务功能的逻辑框架,解析土地整治生态环境效应作用机制。土地整治工程的实施,对土地整治区及其相关区域的气候、地貌、水文、土壤、植被、动物等自然要素产生影响,引起土地利用类型及空间布局发生变化,改变区域景观结构和格局,从而影响土地景观生态系统服务功能。     

基于多目标遗传算法和FLUS模型的西北农牧交错带土地利用优化配置

西北农牧交错带生态环境脆弱,区位特殊性和生态重要性使其在我国社会经济发展和生态环境保护方面具有重要战略意义。通过对该区域进行土地利用优化配置,使有限的土地资源支撑起生态环境保护和经济发展的重任是本文的出发点。多目标遗传算法和FLUS模型的应用可以从多方面（数量结构、空间布局、综合效益）完善土地利用优化配置,为土地利用优化配置提供更多的选择方案。本文选用多目标遗传算法和FLUS模型对该区域进行2025年的土地利用变化模拟,通过设置自然发展、生态保护优先、经济发展优先、生态-经济均衡4种情景,探讨了如何在兼顾生态环境保护与社会经济发展的情况下进行土地利用的优化配置。结果表明,基于生态-经济均衡情景下的优化方案,土地利用类型的数量结构和空间布局更为合理,其综合效益优于另外3种情景。该情景在合理限制经济发展速度的前提下,使生态建设获得稳定发展,其经济效益较生态保护优先情景下增长了8.96%,生态效益较经济发展优先情景下增长了0.77%,在生态保护与经济发展2种目标之间达到平衡,为西北农牧交错带的土地利用规划提供了决策辅助。     

基于土地利用变化的生态风险评价——以广西岑溪市为例

该文以1999年及2009年岑溪市土地利用数据为来源,在GIS的支持下,分析了10年来研究区内的土地利用变化的时空特点及其转化过程,结合土地利用综合指数、耕地垦殖指数、植被覆盖指数、景观破碎度指数评价了土地利用变化的生态风险。研究表明:研究区域内10年间土地利用类型发生了复杂的相互转换,其中林草地、建设用地和耕地为研究区内变化面积最大的3种土地利用类型;受经济快速发展和城市化进程加快的影响,土地利用的广度和深度不断增大,全市土地利用趋于破碎化,土地生态风险程度有所增加。     

海岸带土地生态系统服务价值评价及治理保护对策研究——以威海市为例

海岸带地区是经济社会快速发展的区域,同时也面临着生态环境的保护压力,海岸带土地作为经济和生态发展的载体,面临着平衡经济与保护生态的冲突。威海市作为典型的海岸带城市,同样面临着经济发展与生态保护的压力。通过当量因子法评价发现,威海市土地生态系统服务价值整体水平较低,土地的生态可持续性较弱,全市仅有15.3%的土地生态系统服务价值处于中高值。基于评价结果并结合威海市土地生态现状,从山区土地生态、流域土地生态和滨海土地生态提出了治理保护的对策建议,为开展针对性土地整治提供借鉴。     

大型工程建设前后周边地区生态质量遥感评估——以北京大兴国际机场为例

机场建设会对区域生态质量产生影响,科学准确地评估机场及周边地区的生态质量对于区域发展具有重要意义。以北京大兴国际机场及周边5 km范围为研究区,选取2013年(机场建设前)、2017年(机场建设中)、2019年(机场建成后)共3期Landsat-8遥感影像数据,定量分析不同时期的土地覆盖类型、热环境及生态质量,探讨遥感生态指数(RSEI)在大型工程建设前后周边地区生态质量评估中的适用性以及生态质量变化主要驱动因素。结果表明：(1)2013～2019年,研究区植被显著减少,不透水面显著增多;(2)研究区城市热岛比例指数相对较低,2013～2019年城市热岛比例指数整体提升229.46%;(3)2013～2019年的遥感生态指数整体下降27.83%,这是因为研究区不透水面、裸土面积上升了15.2%,而植被面积下降了15.19%。总体而言,机场建设导致土地覆盖类型变化剧烈,热岛效应显著升高,生态质量显著下降,验证了遥感生态指数在大型工程建设生态质量评估中的可行性。     

生态化土地整治视角下的村域“三生”空间营造

目前,我国的土地整治已进入生态化土地整治阶段。作为一种多类型、多尺度的综合生态治理系统,生态化土地整治可以从区域和工程尺度开展村域空间布局和工程设计,营造村域生态空间、生产空间和生活空间。村域生态空间营造可以通过村域绿色基础设施构建,形成绿色网络空间;村域生产空间(主要是农业生产空间)营造主要是通过生态化农田整理工程布局和单体工程设计,提升生态服务价值;村落生活空间营造可以通过村落空间格局塑造、街巷空间组织,庭院空间布局和公共空间建设等多个层次,形成营造适宜的居住空间。     

全域土地综合整治试点路径探索——以浏阳市永安镇为例

全域土地综合整治是近年来自然资源部门为助推乡村振兴、践行生态文明的重要抓手。为探索新类型项目实施路径,本文结合湖南省浏阳市永安镇全域土地综合整治试点实践,从区域基本情况分析制约试点区域发展存在的问题,研究了本试点的实施路径、目标任务及实施内容,并对试点工作的推进提出建议,为探索全域土地综合整治试点路径提供了浏阳样本。     

近30年来长江源区土地覆被变化特征分析

长江源区是我国重要的水源涵养地。本文利用20世纪70年代中后期、90年代初期、2004年和2008年共4期土地覆被数据,通过土地覆被转类途径与幅度、土地覆被状况指数和土地覆被转类指数,分析评价了长江源区近30年来土地覆被与生态状况的时空变化特征。结果表明：草地是长江源区主要的土地覆被类型,2008年草地面积占该区总面积的66.93%。在70年代中后期-90年代初期、90年代初期-2004年和2004-2008年的3个时段内,土地覆被状况指数变化率分别为-0.15、-0.24和0.01;土地覆被转类指数分别为-0.20、-0.66和0.08。近30年来,长江源区土地覆被和生态状况总体经历了变差-显著变差-略有好转的过程。2004-2008年,长江源区年平均温度比前期（70年代中后期-2004年）升高了0.57℃,年平均降水量比前期增加了17.63mm。区域气候变化有助于自然生态系统的恢复。后期生态保护与建设工程的实施,对植被恢复产生了一定的积极作用。     

湖南省土地生态安全动态评价

以湖南省为研究区,依据扩展型PSR框架模型,并结合湖南省区域环境及土地利用特点,建立湖南省土地生态安全评价的指标体系,运用AHP法与综合评分法计算研究区土地生态安全值,对湖南省1997～2006年土地生态安全状态进行动态综合评价,划定安全等级.结果表明,湖南省土地生态安全状态逐年改善,其安全级别已由风险级上升至敏感级.最后分析了影响湖南省土地生态安全的主要胁迫因子,为湖南省土地生态安全建设提供借鉴和参考.     

松嫩平原农牧渔交错区生态敏感性评价研究——以杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县为例

生态敏感性评价对区域生态环境建设治理具有重要实践意义和科学价值。本论文在RS、GIS技术支持下,采用ETM影像、土壤分布特征以及其他相关地理信息,选用土壤类型、植被覆盖程度、土地利用现状等作为生态敏感性评价的主要因子,并利用层次分析法确定评价因子的权重值,建立生态敏感性评价模型,对农牧渔交错区(以杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县为例)进行生态敏感性评价的研究。该文的研究结论是:低度生态敏感区以湿地生态系统和湖泡生态系统为主,包括生态状况维持较好的草原区域,抗自然灾害能力较强;中度生态敏感区以农田、草原复合生态系统为主,具有一定的生态恢复能力,能抵抗适度的人为扰动;高度生态敏感区以沙土农田、沙地草原以及湖泡周围的盐碱地生态系统为主,自我调节能力弱,相对稳定性较差。本文研究表明,利用遥感技术获取影像信息,结合地理信息系统相关空间分析方法进行区域的生态敏感性评价,具有实际可操作性,评价结果合理可靠,可以为区域生态建设提供科学依据。     

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China's Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou,China

In China,many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects,leading to the removal of the vegetative cover,the creation of areas impermeable to water,in-stream modifications,and other problems. In this paper,the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots (WLSS) area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital elevation model (DEM) and geographical information system (GIS) software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps,and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Arcinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Arcinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.     

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China＇s Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou, China

In China, many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects, leading to the removal of the vegetative cover, the creation of areas impermeable to water, in-stream modifications, and other problems. In this paper, the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots （WLSS） area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation （RUSLE） with a digital elevation model （DEM） and geographical information system （GIS） software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps, and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Areinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Areinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.     

山东省黄河下游流域生态地球化学调查数据库建设与应用

介绍了山东省黄河下游流域生态地球化学调查项目中,应用计算机数据库技术和GIS技术,采用中国地调局发展研究中心开发的区域地球化学数据库信息系统(GeoMDIS),建立山东省黄河下游流域生态地球化学调查数据库,实现了对各类样品数据进行收集、存储、更新和统计分析管理,为今后利用这些数据服务于政府宏观决策、国土资源规划、农业结构调整、生态环境改善、监测、治理和评价提供一个有效的信息化平台。     

Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin,China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.     

县域生态景观要素信息图谱的图像分析

“数字福建”、“数字厦门”正在建设中。本文以永泰县为例,在RS技术支持下,对生态景观要素信息图谱进行初步研究。利用影像光谱信息统计分析、特征变换等进行生态景观要素(生态水、生态能和生态元)的遥感监测,对山区水热状况、山区植被类型作了分析。     

A study on structural analysis of suburban ecological and economic system

Along with the development of urban economy, the growth of urban population and the increase of needs of urban society, the suburban ecological and economic system changes constantly and profoundly in its structure and function. Intensifying the research on structural analysis of suburban ecological and economic system is of great significance for grasping light the laws governing the development and evolution of the suburban ecological and economic system and leading this system onto a path of sound circle. By making comprehensive use of the cluster analysis and latent structural analysis the author attempts to explore a new avenue of revealing the structure of suburban ecological and economic system, taking Tianjin suburbs and counties as an example. The results obtained from the above-stated analyses show that it is entirely possible and extremely effective to study the structure and function of suburban ecological and economic system and provide scientific evidence for control of this system by using mathematical methods and statistical analyses.     

基于GIS的南宁城市生态系统敏感性评价分析

通过建立南宁市区生态系统敏感性评价因子指标体系和利用AHP法确定评价因子权重,构建南宁城市生态系统敏感性综合评价模型,采用ArcGIS的空间叠加分析功能生成评价结果图,根据结果对南宁城市生态敏感性的空间分布特点做出分析,并提出相应对策,从而为建立相应的生态安全战略,实现南宁市区生态环境与社会经济可持续发展提供重要的决策支持依据。     

章丘区北部土壤重金属地球化学特征及潜在生态风险

以山东省济南市章丘区北部表层土壤中As等8种重金属元素为研究对象,利用多元统计进行重金属来源分析,采用污染负荷指数法及潜在生态危害指数法进行污染评价,结果表明:研究区表层土壤重金属元素含量低于济南市土壤背景值,Cd和Hg元素含量为强度变异,在表层土壤产生一定的富集;不同土地利用类型下重金属元素含量具有差异性。土壤中Cr,Cu,Ni和Zn来源于土壤母质,Cd和Pb元素来源于人类活动,As元素来源复杂。土壤综合污染以轻度污染为主,重金属元素污染程度大小为AsNiPbZnCrCuCdHg。综合潜在生态风险以轻微和中度为主,潜在生态风险强弱程度为HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,建议防范Hg和Cd元素污染及生态风险。     

Eco-compensation of wetlands in Yellow River Delta of Shandong Province, China

Wetlands play an important ecological role and provide many functions for people,yet wetlands are cur-rently decreasing and deteriorating.The ability to calculate an economic value for the loss of wetlands is becoming in-creasingly important for policy makers.In this study,remote sensing,field investigations,department visits,and other methods were used to survey wetland types,assess wetland area changes,and calculate wetland economic value.Mar-ket value loss and ecological function value loss,caused by reduction of wetland area and environmental pollution were calculated using commonly accepted methods of market valuation,ecological valuation,environmental protection investment cost analysis,and outcome parameters.According to market value loss and ecological function value loss,preliminarily fund allocation for wetland and ecological compensation was calculated.This will provide an important reference for future Yellow River Delta eco-compensation studies.