中国大坝安全管理与风险管理的战略思考

中国大坝安全管理水平不断提高的同时,更为科学与全面的风险管理理念也在不断发展。从法律法规、研究进展两个角度,对中国大坝安全管理与风险管理进行对比分析,指出当前采用的安全管理方法存在事故概率计算难度较大、对事故后果重视不足、评价准则不够全面及管理措施较为单一等问题。为促进管理方式和理念的转变,提高中国大坝的管理水平,提出在今后的研究与实际操作中,应重视事故概率与后果的定量分析,及时构建风险标准并综合运用风险控制方法。     

设计企业电子资料管理与企业知识管理初探

本文阐述了设计企业对电子资料管理平台建设的认识和需求,以及电子资料库的建设和利用给企业知识积累带来的积极应用效果。     

Disaster management and the military

The increasing range and occurrence of disasters has generated global concern. At the same time, the end of the Cold War has resulted in a re-orientation of military thinking. As the role of the military is being redefined, one focus has been upon the potential contribution of disaster relief. In this paper, the complexity of disasters is examined and then the military capability is discussed and illustrated.     

Effective environmental management through environmental knowledge management

Owing to the green revolution, environmental problems have now become some of the most important issues worldwide. Environmental knowledge management, which combines the strengths of environmental management and knowledge management, will become a popular tool for businesses in the near future. In this paper, through interviews of staff at different levels and in different departments of the business, i. e. managers and engineers and using the environmental knowledge circulation process, the authors evaluate the success of environmental knowledge management when applied to China Steel Corporation in Taiwan. From the case study, the authors found that China Steel Corporation has applied the environmental knowledge circulation process for over thirty years. The company continually improves its environmental and financial performance through environmental knowledge creation, environmental knowledge accumulation, environmental knowledge sharing, environmental knowledge utilization and environmental knowledge internalization. Water pollution and air emissions have reduced year on year and total energy consumption has reduced by 20 % from 1979 to 2006. On the other hand, China Steel Corporation also makes a profit and reduces cost through energy sold, by-products and recycling. Continuous improvement in environmental knowledge management has rendered China Steel Corporation in the most profitable steel company in Taiwan and the world’s twenty fifth largest steel producing company in 2006.     

项目管理体制下的专业管理

贵阳院推行以项目管理为中心的管理模式,适应了工程建设的需要。专业管理是推行项目管理的基础,探索完善和提高专业管理水平的路子,是专业管理的主要任务之一。通过近几年的工作实践,分析现有管理模式下的难点,在专业管理工作中,倡导服务型管理,理顺关系,做好人才培养工作,建立科学的考核机制,构建设计管理流程,加强交流等工作,履行专业管理的职能。     

Improving fisheries management in New Zealand: Developing dialogue between fisheries science and management (FSM) and ecosystem science and management (ESM)

This paper attempts to overcome the dichotomy between the broadly different and largely separate fisheries science and management (FSM) and ecosystem science and management (ESM) knowledge systems that characterise the international literature and are found in fisheries management practice in different countries. The paper argues that the construction of a heuristic we term the fisheries problematic, around issues and contexts, reveals the breadth of international fisheries management concerns and the variety of contexts in which these concerns are being faced. Adopting a political economy informed nature-society approach the paper considers ecological and socio-economic processes in their institutional settings in an attempt to shift from the either/or arguments around fish or ecosystems found in the FSM or ESM literatures to investigation that is grounded in understandings of the historically and geographically specific trajectories of fisheries related interactions and understandings of how knowledge about the trajectories and their interactions is fashioned. Drawing on recent conceptual innovations in the field, the paper develops a matrix-centred approach to explore ecological, industry, community and policy domains in New Zealand’s Quota Management System (QMS) and Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) fisheries management regime. The extended framework prioritises scrutiny of the interaction amongst the four domains, as a strategy to help develop institutional frameworks that facilitate behaviours that are societally inclusive. The paper offers three conclusions. First, the landscape of New Zealand fisheries issues is very much a product of the contingent interaction of the QMS, a management regime designed around the principles of a FSM approach and laid down in a neo-liberal political environment and Maori aspirations encompassing the fisheries sector. Second, the conceptual mapping of FSM and ESM perspectives over New Zealand’s fisheries management experience highlights that a number of management issues have been down played by the commitment to FSM, a situation that has led to on-going tensions between commercial, recreational and customary stakeholders regarding fisheries management. Put another way, there is more to running a sustainable fishery (as defined in the Fisheries Act 1996) than QMS and other tools and dialogue about the development of these should be a priority. Third and more generally, improved dialogue on fisheries questions is likely to be most expeditiously advanced by studies that explicitly conceptualise and contextualise ecological and socio-economic processes and their institutional arrangements.     

Sinkhole management and flooding in Jamaica

More than 518 km² (200 mi²) of prime lands in Jamaica lay on Karstic material where sinkholes are the natural outlet of important streams. Due to increasing social pressure, the lands are inappropriately managed and as a consequence, vegetal debris and silting have plugged the sinkholes which have thus lost their capacity to drain the runoff produced during heavy rainfalls. One of these areas is Cave Valley, which during the last 36 years, has been affected by at least six floodings, some of which have produced losses of life and property, in a sector of the Jamaican population which is already under severe economic hardship. A flood prevention and mitigation project is being implemented including watershed management, river training and community preparedness. A geologic, hydrologic, and hydraulic analysis are also part of this study. All these measures are expected to reduce future losses. This article is not an official World Meteorological Organization document and WMO does not necessarily share the views expressed in it.     

工程总承包和项目管理

首先，我代表公司总经理刘家明对首届合作与发展高峰论坛会召开表示热烈祝贺，向长期以来对公司发展进行指导与关爱的建设郜、工程咨询协会和勘察设计协会领导表示衷心的感谢，应会议的要求，把公司的情况及总承包、项目管理的情况向各位代表做个简要的汇报。     

Salinity management and water resources development

The interrelationship of salinity management and water management is a factor which is sometimes easily overlooked in the water resources planning, even though it can place a limit on the degree of water resource development within a basin. Costs and control measures of salinity management are considered on a case study of the Colorado River basin where salinity damages are found to be higher than previously estimated. After review of the costs of salinity management, the possible control measures, and research on adaptions in agricultural use of more saline water, it can be concluded that, at very least, the management of water quantity and water quality, especially in arid regions, are closely intertwined.     

Development of coastal erosion and management

Coastal erosion and management attract much conern all around the world as coastal erosion is a problem at many coastal sites exacerbated by human activities and its adaptability through reasonable mitigation measures. This paper summarizes the main factors causing coastal erosion including reduction of sediment discharged by rivers trapped coastal structures, sand mining and reclaimation, relative sea-level rise, destruction of coastal ecosystem and weakening of coastal defenses. Mechanisms causing erosion of coastal dune, soft rock coast and muddy coast are identified and discussed. Sandy coastal erosion, soft rock coastal erosion, muddy coastal erosion, biological coastal erosion and coastal structural erosion are identified according to the characteristics of erosion in China. This study supplements the theory and methodology for coastal erosion management and provides information for managers and stakeholders.     

风险管理是干旱管理的发展趋势

对我国干旱管理现状进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,介绍了抗旱工作要从被动抗旱向主动防旱、科学防旱转变的趋势,并从应急抗旱向常规抗旱和长期抗旱转变的科学管理理念出发,提出我国的干旱管理方式应该从现行的危机管理向风险管理转变,并重点介绍了干旱风险管理的几个主要方面:干旱期的水资源管理、干旱早期预警和干旱预案.     

Risk based management approach in contaminated land management practices

The present Dutch approach is often addressed in Europe as an example of practical, innovative and cost effective soil management. During the last 25 years of finding the best practices the Dutch soil clean-up policy evolved from a sectoral soil remediation program, managed and financed mainly by the central government and provinces, towards an integrated contaminated sites management approach, managed by local and regional bodies, financed by tax money and private investments. The contamination perception evolved from very strict demands on ＂full remediation＂ to the more pragmatic and practical concept of reducing or eliminating risks associated with contamination to the acceptable levels for humans and ecosystem, the so-called ＂Risk based management＂. The environmental regulatory system is presently undergoing trough considerable modifications towards integrated risk based management to satisfy the changing needs of the Dutch society and to correspond with the new European legislation as Water Framework Directive, Waster Directive and EU Soil Strategy. Dutch Policy Development, Netherlands has a long history of contaminated land management. In the year of 1979 the major obstructions for finding successful solutions for soil contamination problems were： Absence of knowledge about contamination behaviour and fate in the natural environment and as a consequence incapability to make priorities and sound decisions. Absence of experience in treating soil contamination. Not enough financial resources to clean everything according to the standards set in the legislation. During the last 25 years of finding the best practices the Dutch went through a complex process of developing realistic, affordable and practical approaches towards soil contamination. Dutch soil clean-up policy evolved from a sectoral soil remediation program,     

Irrigation and farm water management in Pakistan

Present irrigation practices and water management techniques in Pakistan are the result of a long process. Through a cultural-historical approach, generic relationships of some present patterns are traced to their origin. The origin of irrigation was probably in small alluvial valleys of Southwest Asia, which is also considered the hearth of seed agriculture. From a simple beginning the irrigation and water management systems have become extremely complicated to support Pakistan's largest irrigation network in the world.Part of the research for this paper was done at the Department of Geography, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany during the summer of 1992.     

需水管理的定义与内涵

水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用.     

福建省地震局FTP服务器的建设与管理

本文介绍省局FTP服务器技术系统的构建和管理 ,以及如何在地震监测预报的业务处理工作中更有效地利用该系统进行数据和信息资源共享。