Comparative application of two mathematical models to predict sedimentation in Yermasoyia Reservoir,Cyprus

The Yermasoyia Reservoir is located northeast of the town of Limassol, Cyprus. The storage capacity of the reservoir is 13·6 × 10⁶ m³. The basin area of the Yermasoyia River, which feeds the reservoir, totals 122·5 km². This study aims to estimate the mean annual deposition amount in the reservoir, which originates from the corresponding basin. For the estimate of the mean annual sediment inflow into the reservoir, two mathematical models are used alternatively. Each model consists of three submodels: a rainfall‐runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel and a sediment transport submodel for streams. In the first model, the potential evapotranspiration is estimated for the rainfall‐runoff submodel, and the soil erosion submodel of Schmidt and the sediment transport submodel of Yang are used. In the second model, the actual evapotranspiration is estimated for the rainfall‐runoff submodel, and the soil erosion submodel of Poesen and the sediment transport submodel of Van Rijn are used. The deposition amount in the reservoir is estimated by means of the diagram of Brune, which delivers the trap efficiency of the reservoir. Daily rainfall data from three rainfall stations, and daily values of air temperature, relative air humidity and sunlight hours from a meteorological station for four years (1986–89) were available. The computed annual runoff volumes and mean annual soil erosion rate are compared with the respective measurement data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西省万安水库对氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应

以江西省万安水库为研究对象,于2007-2009年丰、枯水期对水库进行了人库、出库水样采集,研究了万安水库对氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应.结果表明,万安水库对氮、磷营养盐存在显著滞留作用.DIN浓度和输送通量整体均表现为入库>出库,受径流量季节变化的影响.不同时期DIN的滞留情况整体表现为枯水期<丰水期;TP浓度和输送通量整...     

Evaluation and modification of some empirical and semi-empirical approaches for prediction of area-storage capacity curves in reservoirs of dams

The storage capacity of reservoirs is gradually reduced due to sediment accumulation that causes changes in the area-storage capacity (ASC) curves.Establishing these curves and predicting their future change is an important issue for planners,designers and operators of dams.Many empirical and semiempirical approaches have been suggested for establishing and predicting the future changes for these curves.In this study four empirical and semi-empirical methods were evaluated and three of them were modified to be used for the prediction of changes in the ASC curves due to sedimentation,based on the existing sedimentation survey data for 11 reservoirs in the USK For evaluation,these approaches were reviewed and used to determine sedimentation depth and establishing the ASC curves for the Mosul dam reservoir (MDR),which is the biggest hydraulic structure on the River Tigris in northern Iraq.MDR started operating in 1986 with a storage capacity of 11.11 km3 and a water surface area 380 km2 at normal operation stage (330 m a.s.l.).The results obtained from these methods were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam.The evaluation results showed three methods had presented more accurate results for estimating water depth or sedimentation depth at dam site with percentage error about 1.06-3.30％.Whilst for establishing ASC curves,one method presented good agreement result with survey data.Furthermore,ASC and sedimentation depths at dam site of MDR for periods 50,75,100 and 125 years were estimated using the modified approaches and the area reduction method.The results of the modified methods provided reasonable agreement when compared with the area reduction method proposed by the U.S.Bureau of Reclamation and the agreement became better with an increase in time period.     

Study on the assessment of the comprehensive benefits of the utilization of sediment resources in reservoir areas

The utilization of sediment in reservoirs as resources is an efficient way to reduce reservoir sedi-mentation and turn disadvantage into benefit. Based on economic, social and ecological functions of sediment resources, this paper puts forward a two-layer, three-dimensional evaluation index system. It also establishes six direct and indirect indicators with their formulas to calculate the comprehensive benefits of sediment utilization in the Xixiayuan reservoir of the Yellow River with a volume of 2000 m3. The results show that social benefits would be more prominent, with the ecological benefits coming second. This demonstrates that the indirect public value of utilizing the sediment resources in the Yellow River Basin can be far greater than its direct economic value.     

1999-2015年汛后小浪底水库典型支流口门淤积发展影响分析

支流作为水库综合效益发挥的重要组成部分,其河口泥沙大幅淤积会影响水库综合效益的发挥.选取多沙河流水库黄河小浪底库区畛水、石井两支流作为典型实例,在对1999-2015年汛后水库的来水来沙、水库调度、库区干支流淤积量与形态分析基础上,研究干支流淤积形态的变化,重点研究支流口门拦门沙坎抬升变化特征,结果表明：支流的分流及淤积与入库流量、含沙量及库区的淤积形态有关.入库流量越大,支流分流比小,支流淤积规模小;入库含沙量越大,支流分沙比越大,支流淤积规模越大.     

Variability of the useful life of reservoirs in tropical locations: A case study from the Burdekin Falls Dam,Australia

Large dam construction for irrigation, hydropower, water supply, and flood control in tropical to sub-tropical areas increased markedly after 1950. Many of the dams built during this period have filled with sediment and no longer perform to their original design specifications; in many cases, forecast dam life was greatly overestimated. This study investigates the useful life of Burdekin Falls Dam (BFD), northeastern Australia and compares the findings with other tropical reservoirs. Using two independent methods it is estimated that between 61 and 65 million m³ of sediment has been deposited in the reservoir over the 24 years of operation through 2011. This sediment volume equates to an average of 0.15% of capacity lost per year since construction was completed. If current sediment loads/climate regimes persist, reservoir capacity will be reduced by 50% after 345 years. However, the useful life of the BFD reduces to just 276 years when drawdown data are considered; these data show reservoir use would be affected once 40% of storage was filled with sediment, with a 60% drawdown return period of 1 in 15 years. When compared to similar large tropical to sub-tropical reservoirs, the BFD has a slightly longer reservoir useful life than dams in India and a much longer half-life than for both similar-sized and larger dams in China, Brazil, and Iran. Properties of the BFD that promote a longer useful life include a lower trap efficiency, relatively low annual sediment load delivered to the reservoir, limited sediment deposition behind the dam wall (and uniform distribution of deposited sediment), and the export of highly turbid annual floodwaters before settling and deposition of any remaining sediment within the reservoir.     

Reservoir-type water source vulnerability assessment: a case study of the Yuqiao Reservoir,China

ABSTRACT

In this study, we developed a method to assess reservoir-type water source vulnerability (WSV) and adapted the method to the Yuqiao Reservoir (in Tianjin in North China). First, we identified the factors that influence reservoir vulnerability and selected suitable indexes for vulnerability assessment. Second, the CRITIC, AHP and integrated weighting methods were applied to quantify the index weight. Third, the information diffusion method was applied to process the index data. Finally, the vulnerability of the Yuqiao Reservoir was assessed, and the results showed that the vulnerability of the Yuqiao Reservoir is high, with social factors (i.e. the road traffic system, automatic management control system, potential menace in evaluation scope, destructive man-made accidents, emergency management plan, and per capita water consumption) being the main reasons.     

一种气泡释放过程连续监测方法及其在三峡水库香溪河CH4通量监测的应用

气泡释放是天然水体释放CH₄的主要途径之一,准确量化水体气泡释放量对于辨析其“汇、源”特性至关重要。自然水体释放气泡的不连续性、不确定性使得监测其过程较为困难。本研究针对水体气泡释放监测难题,通过改进倒置漏斗型气泡通量监测装置提出了一种气泡释放过程连续监测方法。本方法测量对象为定长时间监测水域释放气泡的体积,经室内外实验验证,其理论量程为3.6～132 mL/(m²·min),测量结果能够较好的表征10～40 m水深缓流水体气泡体积通量变化特征。运用该方法于2021年6—11月对三峡水库支流香溪河库湾开展CH4气泡通量连续监测,并分析不同环境因子对其产生的影响。结果表明:监测期间,研究水域CH₄气泡通量变化范围为0.02～8.13 mg/(m²·d),且各采样点间CH₄气泡通量呈现较高的时空变异性;CH₄气泡通量与水温、水体pH呈显著正相关关系,与水深及水体电导率呈显著负相关关系。其中,水深可能是决定水体是否通过气泡形式释放CH₄的重...     

Medium-term effects of afforestation on sediment dynamics in a water supply catchment: A mineral magnetic interpretation of reservoir deposits in the macclesfield forest,N.W. England

Short term increases in stream sediment loads during pre-afforestation ground preparation have often been followed by a return to low sediment loads. However, in the Macclesfield Forest in the southern Pennines, comparison of the magnetic characteristics of soils and downstream reservoir deposits suggest that significant changes in the processes of soil erosion occur later in the cycle of forest management at the time of canopy closure. A preliminary magnetic mixing model indicates that the proportion of reservoir sediments derived from the subsoil (below 0·3 m depth) has increased from 30 to 70 per cent between 1929 and 1981. Changes in hydraulic stresses subsequent to road construction and forest development, in association with unstable Pleistocene deposits, may provide an explanation for these events.     

数字岩心逆建模理论下的储层参数定量预测方法

数字岩心微观孔隙结构十分复杂,有限元模拟物性参数与弹性参数之间关系是非线性的,直接反演其物性参数准确度低、稳定性差.本文发展了一种数字岩石物理逆建模方法,实现了基于数字岩心的储层参数有效预测.从数字岩心基函数的构建出发,基于有限元方法,计算了一系列具有等间距物性参数值（孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度）的数字岩心弹性参数（体积模量、剪切模量和密度）,通过插值算法建立了数字岩心弹性参数三维数据集,从而实现了弹性模量的有限元数值解的快速构建;然后搜索弹性参数的单值等值面,通过等值面的空间交会得到交点,完成储层参数预测.测试结果表明：基于数字岩心逆建模理论的储层参数预测结果与实际模型一致,具有可行性,并且可以通过增加插值点数目提高预测的准确性;孔隙度和泥质含量预测结果稳定性很好,而含水饱和度对噪声的加入较为敏感.

     

三峡水库区间来沙量估算及水库排沙效果分析

三峡水库是控制和开发长江的重要工程,具有巨大的防洪、发电、航运等综合效益.水库排沙比是反映水库拦截泥沙程度的重要指标.针对目前三峡水库排沙比计算没有考虑三峡水库区间来沙,结果偏大的问题,依据三峡水库区间水文站2003-2016年实测水文资料,采用水文学法估算了三峡水库区间月、年入库输沙量,分析了三峡水库排沙效果及主要影响因素.结果表明：1）三峡水库区间年均来沙量约1775×10⁴ t,占总入库沙量的10.3%,近年来沙占比有所增大,其中2013-2016年来沙量占总入库沙量的26.9%;2）三峡水库年均排沙比为21.6%,其中围堰蓄水期为34.1%,初期蓄水期为17.0%,试验性蓄水期为15.4%;3）三峡水库采用"蓄清排浑"方式运行,主汛期7-9月的排沙比一般大于枯季,但2013年以后,出现了主汛期排沙比小于枯季的现象;4）入库细颗粒泥沙的排沙比大于粗颗粒泥沙,其中粒径d ≤ 0.062 mm的细颗粒泥沙排沙比为23.4%,0.062 mm0.125 mm的中粗沙排沙比分别为5.5%和11.1%;5）三峡水库排沙比汛期主要受V/Q影响,枯季主要受入库含沙量的影响;当V/Q约为170×10⁴ s时,水库排沙效果最差;分别建立了汛期和枯季排沙比经验计算式.本文的研究成果可为三峡水库水沙优化调度等提供参考.     

天目湖沙河水库水质对流域开发与保护的响应

利用长期水质监测资料,对苏南地区天目湖沙河水库十多年来的开发与保护工作的水库水质影响情况进行了分析.结果发现:大规模放养鳙鱼等不合理的渔业开发对水库硅藻、蓝藻等浮游植物异常增殖有较大的促进作用;在营养盐处于中富营养水平下,利用不同食性鱼类的组合调控,能够较快地抑制浮游植物的异常增殖,但当浮游植物生物量下降到一定程度以后,其控制能力下降,营养盐和气候因子的影响变得更为重要;流域的旅游开发和农业开发都对水库营养盐、透明度等水质指标产生较大影响,特别是坡地大规模茶叶种植等农业开发对水库氮的影响十分明显;春季少雨等气候变化因子对水库氮等营养盐浓度影响较大,但影响是短时段的.研究表明,合理调控水库渔业养殖,控制流域农业、旅游等开发活动强度,减少农业化肥施用量,恢复和扩大湿地等流域营养盐削减途径,是沙河水库水质保护的关键,也对同类水库水质保护具有示范价值.     

江苏省石梁河水库高分辨率沉积速率变化及环境意义

石梁河水库是江苏省最大的人工湖泊.开展水库沉积速率研究,对认识水库环境变化具有重要意义.本文对石梁河水库沉积物岩芯粒度组成特征进行了分析,表明沉积物以黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土为主,从底部向上呈明显的变细趋势,并记录了1970年的强降雨事件.采用¹³⁷Cs同位素测年分析,得到1963年和1986年两个时标.通过石梁河水库的沉积年代序列,推算出平均沉积速率:1963 1970年为10.85 cm/a,1970 1986年为3.81 cm/a,1986 2005年为1.32 cm/a.对比粒度沉积特征和流域降水记录,粗颗粒物质和降雨量的变化趋势基本相同,沉积物粒度组成特点直接反映了沉积时的降水、水动力搬运强度等信息.在河川来水来沙、坝前水位变化和地形等条件下,石梁河水库表现为三角洲淤积,且沉积速率逐渐变缓,符合水库淤积的一般规律.此外,石梁河水库上游建设的众多大型水库,拦截了大量泥沙,也使得沉积速率呈现减小趋势.     

Discrete Element Modeling of Stress and Strain Evolution Within and Outside a Depleting Reservoir

Stress changes within and around a depleting petroleum reservoir can lead to reservoir compaction and surface subsidence, affect drilling and productivity of oil wells, and influence seismic waves used for monitoring of reservoir performance. Currently modeling efforts are split into more or less coupled geomechanical (normally linearly elastic), fluid flow, and geophysical simulations. There is evidence (from e.g. induced seismicity) that faults may be triggered or generated as a result of reservoir depletion. The numerical technique that most adequately incorporates fracture formation is the DEM (Discrete Element Method). This paper demonstrates the feasibility of the DEM (here PFC; Particle Flow Code) to handle this problem. Using an element size of 20 m, 2-D and 3-D simulations have been performed of stress and strain evolution within and around a depleting reservoir. Within limits of elasticity, the simulations largely reproduce analytical predictions; the accuracy is however limited by the element size. When the elastic limit is exceeded, faulting is predicted, particularly near the edge of the reservoir. Simulations have also been performed to study the activation of a pre-existing fault near a depleting reservoir.     

水库大坝的震害调查评估方法研究.

水库大坝震害具有与其它建筑物震害不同的类型和特性,目前对水库大坝的震害评估尚无统一标准.本文通过研究分析建国以来19次大地震对水库大坝造成的震害调查资料,并结合笔者以往的震害调查经验,总结了水库大坝的震害调查方法,制定出了水库大坝震害评估等级表.利用该表可以比较准确和客观地评估出水库大坝的震害水平,为采取相应的应急预案和评估灾害损失提供依据.     

云南省糯扎渡水库蓄水前后地震活动性研究

采用2008年6月至2013年10月糯扎渡水库地震台网记录的6 300个地震,对水库蓄水前后的地震活动进行分析,发现库区蓄水后,地震频度与水位同步增长,地震活动显著增强,表明库区有水库诱发地震发生。蓄水前后的地震活动图像显示,澜沧江上景谷、双江交界处的小震活动增加最为显著,采用Hypodd双差相对定位方法对该震群进行了重新定位,定位后地震在空间上更为丛集,地震震源深度从0~20 km都有分布。该震群发生在窝拖寨断裂上,该断裂历史上曾发生过5.3级地震,因此分析认为,该震群的发生时间虽与水位相关,但可能是触发了构造地震,所以震源深度显现的是构造活动的特征。     

Shoreline erosion: a cautionary note in using small farm dams to determine catchment erosion rates

Data from 10 small farm dams in SE Australia show that shoreline erosion due to farm livestock access to the dams can account for a significant proportion (up to 85%) of sediment contained in the dam. The volumes of sediment resulting from such shoreline erosion may be of the same order as the volumes produced by gully erosion in the dams' catchments, prompting caution in using farm dams to which livestock have access to determine small catchment erosion rates. Other issues, related to the trap efficiency, also mean that erosion estimates based on farm dam sedimentation should be treated with caution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of recovery factor for simulation of non-equilibrium sedimentation in reservoir

It is generally acceptable to assume that bed material load is equal to sediment transport capacity, if the exchange between bed and flow occurs instantaneously. However, for non-equilibrium sediment t...     

Numerical modeling of sediment flushing from Lewis and Clark Lake

Lewis and Clark Lake is located on the main stream of the Missouri River. The reservoir is formed behind Gavins Point dam near Yankton, South Dakota, U.S.A. The Lewis and Clark Lake reach extends about 40 km from the Gavins Point dam. The reservoir delta has been growing since the closure of Gavins Point dam in 1955 and has resulted in a 21% reduction of storage within the maximum pool of the reservoir. Among several sediment management methods, drawdown flushing has been recommended as a possible management technique. The engineering viability of removing sediments deposited in the lake should be examined by numerical modeling before implementing a drawdown flushing. GSTARS4 was used for this study and calibrated by using measured data from 1975 to 1995. Channel cross-section changes and amount of flushed sediment were predicted with four hypothetical flow scenarios. The flushing efficiencies of all scenarios were estimated by comparing the ratios between water consumption and flushed sediment during flushing.     

水库区地震前兆在地震预报中的意义

通过对龙羊峡和刘家峡两水库区附近的前兆台站记录到的近几年已发生大地震的明显前兆异常现象进行分析研究,发现当地震观测点附近存在水库或天然湖泊时其前兆现象更加突出.本文分析了这种现象的可能机理,指出利用这一特点进行坝区附近及大区域的地震短临预测的可能性.