成矿动力学数值计算模拟研究进展：理论、方法与技术

成矿动力学数值模拟以数学、物理及化学的基本规律为原理,结合实际地质资料,建立定量表征成矿过程的数学模型(数学-物理方程),再利用有限元或有限差分等方法通过计算机的高效计算进行求解,模拟成矿作用动力学过程及其成矿响应,揭示成矿规律并指导找矿。它集合了地质、数学、物理、化学及计算机等多个学科的研究理论与方法,具有鲜明的多学科交叉融合的特点。近年来,在计算科学与数学地质理论与方法快速发展的推动下,成矿动力学数值模拟研究取得了重要研究进展。为此,归纳和梳理了成矿动力学数值模拟的基本理论与方法,对比了目前4种常用的(成矿)数值模拟软件的特点,结合当前开展这方面研究所取得的进展,介绍了近10年来成矿动力学数值模拟的发展与应用现状。得出以下主要结论与认识：(1)多场耦合成矿动力学数值模拟是当前能够重现大尺度复杂成矿过程的唯一可行方法,随着高性能计算技术与非线性动力学理论的快速发展与日趋完善,它已成为现代数学地球科学的研究热点和发展方向之一,是揭示成矿机制及获取矿产勘查信息的重要手段,具有很大的发展潜力;(2)成矿动力学数值模拟目前仍存在模拟参量不确定、多场过程耦合不完全等局限性,是其未来的发展重点,...     

泥石流数值模拟方法研究进展

泥石流作为一种多相混合介质,所包含的物理过程和动力学特征非常复杂。针对泥石流问题的数值模拟方法随着数值计算方法和物理计算模型的发展而发展,基于物理过程的数值模拟方法为探究泥石流复杂物理现象背后的机理提供了一种有效手段。回顾了求解泥石流动力问题的数值模拟方法,从连续介质计算方法、离散介质计算方法和混合介质计算方法3个方面分析了不同数值模拟方法的特点和适用情况,介绍了在泥石流分析中常用的数值模拟软件及其特点,展望了求解泥石流动力学问题的数值模拟方法的发展趋势。结果表明:传统的基于网格的计算方法已有长足发展和较长的应用历史,相对比较成熟,但是在处理大变形、快速运移的自由表面流问题时,存在网格容易畸变等问题;基于粒子的计算方法在处理上述问题时无需网格的划分和维护,易于确定自由表面位置和多相间的界面,但存在边界条件处理困难等问题;混合介质计算方法在较小尺度范围内对固体颗粒物质与液相相互作用机理进行探讨时具有重要作用。     

基于光滑粒子流体动力学算法的海浪建模仿真研究

针对传统海浪建模方法中存在海洋表面真实感差、计算复杂的问题,本文进行了基于光滑粒子流体动力学算法（SPH）与移动立方体算法（MC）相结合的海浪建模仿真研究。通过基于空间网格的粒子分配,建立了粒子群单向列表存储结构,在海浪粒子物理量计算时,实现了其光滑核半径内粒子群的快速检索,并基于拉格朗日流体控制方程,进行了海浪粒子受力分析及状态计算;在模拟海浪与环境障碍物碰撞时,将碰撞问题简化为粒子在一定时间段内所经过的路径与障碍物表面三角面片是否相交来进行判定,并假设粒子为理想刚体,采用改进的欧拉方法实现了粒子新位置的动态计算;为增强海浪流体模拟的真实感,在移动立方体节点密度动态计算基础上,依据确定的海浪表面密度阈值,耦合MC算法进行了海浪表面的动态提取,从而实现了海浪三维表面建模与动态演变仿真。通过模拟验证了该算法的时效性与可行性,可为海洋环境信息三维可视化提供一定的参考。     

模拟化学驱微观渗流的介观方法

针对基于连续性假设模拟方法难以处理化学驱微观渗流的多尺度物理现象,引入耗散粒子动力学的介观模拟手段,将流体处理成为一个大量粒子构成的体系,通过统计粒子之间相互运动而得到流体的宏观表现;建立模型参数与可测物理量之间的联系,开发相应的模拟程序,研究经典泊肃叶流动、聚合物分子构象、聚合物溶液流变性、聚合物链条刚性对链条构象和...     

便携式气压计的电路与系统设计

简述了压力传感器的温度补偿技术以及如何选择恒流源和数据放大器,重点对气压计的系统电路进行了设计。安装调试,结果证明,线性很好,完全符合设计要求。     

基于粒子系统的滑坡灾害过程模拟仿真方法

传统滑坡模拟方法需要进行大量物理模拟计算,导致模拟效率低且模拟精度受制于所采用的力学模型。本研究在传统模拟方法的基础上引入PhysX物理引擎中的粒子系统模拟滑坡发生的整个过程,简化了传统模拟方法的大量物理模拟计算过程,提高了模拟效率。首先采用参数率定以及极限平衡分析方法计算滑坡灾害体的物理属性值及几何属性值,并将其转化为粒子属性,其次在物理引擎中通过控制模拟时间及粒子周期模拟滑坡灾害过程,最后通过粒子系统反馈回的滑坡粒子的几何位置、持续时间和个数等要素的统计计算得到滑坡灾害范围。选取浙江丽水市滑坡为典型案例,验证了本文方法的可行性与可靠性。     

三维冰雹云模式对那曲冰雹天气过程的数值模拟研究

为了对西藏地区冰雹天气有更多的认识,利用三维冰雹云模式对2007年和2008年两年发生在那曲地区的冰雹天气进行了数值模拟,并以2008年8月22日发生在那曲的冰雹天气为个例进行了分析,同时探讨三维冰雹云模式在西藏地区的适用性问题。结果显示：模式能够较好地反映云体发展进程中的宏观动力学过程以及微物理过程。宏观方面：能够模拟出冰雹云发生、发展、成熟、消散的过程;微物理方面：能够模拟出各阶段的水汽混合比。模式能够应用于对西藏地区冰雹天气的研究;考虑冰项过程时,模拟的云体发展更强盛,云顶高度抬高,模拟时间更长;固态水成物粒子的积累过程和融化过程对降水有重要贡献;模式模拟的冰雹直径对预报冰雹直径有一定参考价值。     

近场动力学理论在区域地面沉降建模中的应用研究

地面沉降是由自然和人类活动共同作用导致的缓变性地质灾害,是区域可持续发展的重要影响因素。以往地面沉降在建模时需要地裂缝等不连续结构的位置、走向、深度等信息,在构建微分方程模拟时需假设模型连续,这对开展地面沉降-地裂缝-地面塌陷一体化模拟带来一定的局限性。于2000年出现的近场动力学理论提出以积分形式描述材料受力过程,方法具有无需先验知识与连续性假设的优点,在材料的疲劳、损伤、断裂等模拟研究中展现出良好的应用前景。本文综述了其在岩石水力压裂、滑坡、饱水岩土材料等领域的研究进展;提出了应用近场动力学进行区域地面沉降建模求解的一般方法;结合InSAR技术获取的沉降信息、三维地震频谱谐振勘探技术获取的地下结构与密度信息等,提出了模型的反演调参与优化方法。以北京东部梨园-台湖镇-张家湾镇区域为实验区,建立了其4 km×6 km范围、0.2 km深度的近场动力学地面沉降模型,以实验区地下水位月均下降速率为边界条件,对2007—2010年地面沉降过程进行模拟。模拟结果与实测值的平均绝对误差为18 mm,表明近场动力学在地面沉降建模中有较好的适用性。     

城市形态演化的粒子群智能随机元胞模型与应用——以上海市嘉定区为例

城市形态演化是一个非线性的复杂时空动态过程,认识、理解和模拟此变化过程,有助于探索城市扩展的机理。地理元胞自动机(CA)因其较强的复杂系统模拟和预测能力,越来越多地应用于城市形态的演变研究。CA"自下而上"的结构特性,与粒子群智能(PSO)由底层单元交互而呈现系统全局的自组织性,本质上是一致的。本研究将两者结合,以模拟结果和真实形态的差异最小化为基础,利用粒子群智能,以快速随机搜索的方式,获取CA参数的优化组合和模型结构,从而建立了一种粒子群智能地理元胞自动机模型(PSO-CA)。以上海市嘉定区为案例,通过较长时段的历史数据对PSO-CA模型进行校正,成功模拟了该区域1989-2006年的城市形态演化过程,并进行了2010年发展预测。与传统地理CA模型比较,PSO-CA模型模拟结果的精度更高。     

微波晶体管放大器的图解设计法

在对线性两端口网络Ｓ参量分析的基础上，给出了利用史密斯圆图设计微波晶体管放大器的一般方法。并与解析设计法进行了比较     

Mechanical and numerical models for sea ice dynamics on small-meso scale

On small-meso scale, the sea ice dynamic characteristics are quite different from that on large scale. To model the sea ice dynamics on small-meso scale, a new elastic-viscous-plastic （EVP） constitutive model and a hybrid Lagrangian- Eulerian （HLE） numerical method are developed based on continuum theory. While a modified discrete element model （DEM） is introduced to model the ice cover at discrete state. With the EVP constitutive model, the numerical simulation for ice ridging in an idealized rectangular basin is carried out and the results are comparable with the analytical solution of jam theory. Adopting the HLE numerical model, the sea ice dynamic process is simulated in a vortex wind field. The furthering application of DEM is discussed in details for modeling the discrete distribution of sea ice. With this study, the mechanical and numerical models for sea ice dynamics can be improved with high precision and computational efficiency.     

Studies on Factors Influencing Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Plates Used in Artificial Reefs

As a simplified model of artificial reefs, a series of plate models punched with square or circular openings are designed to investigate the effects of openings on the hydrodynamic characteristics of artificial reefs. The models are grouped by various opening numbers and opening-area ratios. They are physically tested in a water flume or used in the numerical simulation to obtain the drag force in the uniform flow with different speeds. The simulation results are found in good agreement with the experimental measurements. By the non-dimensional analysis, the drag coefficient specified to each model is achieved and the effects of openings are examined. It is found that the key factor affecting the drag coefficient is the open-area ratio. Generally, the drag coefficient is a linear function of the open area ratio with a minus slope. The empirical formulae for the square and circular openings respectively are deduced by means of the multiple regression analysis based on the measured and numerical data. They will be good references for the design of new artificial reefs. As a result of numerical simulation, the vorticity contours and pressure distribution are also presented in this work to better understand the hydrodynamic characteristics of different models.     

Large-eddy simulation of the influence of a wavy lower boundary on the turbulence kinetic energy budget redistribution

Oceanic turbulence plays an important role in coastal flow. However, as the effect of an uneven lower boundary on the adjacent turbulence is still not well understood, we explore the mechanics of nearshore turbulence with a turbulence-resolving numerical model known as a large-eddy-simulation model for an idealized scenario in a coastal region for which the lower boundary is a solid sinusoidal wave. The numerical simulation demonstrates how the mechanical energy of the current is transferred into local turbulence mixing, and shows the changes in turbulent intensity over the continuous phase change of the lower topography. The strongest turbulent kinetic energy is concentrated above the trough of the wavy surface. The turbulence mixing is mainly generated by the shear forces; the magnitude of shear production has a local maximum over the crest of the seabed topography, and there is an asymmetry in the shear production between the leeward and windward slopes. The numerical results are consistent with results from laboratory experiments. Our analysis provides an important insight into the mechanism of turbulent kinetic energy production and development.     

Prediction of application scope of vertical fracture strike based on scattered wave fracture orientation function

Fracture system plays a very important role in the enrichment and accumulation of oil and gas in the reservoirs. Based on scattering wave information,Fracture Orientation Function( FOF) was built,which can be used to predict the fracture orientations. However,this method has only been verified by physical experiments without studies on the application scope. In this study,based on the linear sliding theory,FOF of the scattering wave was applied to the numerical simulation and the application scope was further studied according to fracture flexibility tensor. According to the fractures filled with gas and liquid,numerical simulation was conducted on the models with various fracture flexibilities. Numerical simulation results were used to inverse fracture orientation with the aid of the FOF of the scattering wave. The results show that it is workable to predict the vertical fracture orientation with the FOF of the scattering wave. Application of this method is more effective when the fractures are filled with gas than liquid. Moreover,the application scope can be predicted by the fracture flexibility.     

Application of CFD modeling to hydrodynamics of CycloBio fluidized sand bed in recirculating aquaculture systems

To improve the efficiency of a CycloBio fluidized sand bed(CB FSB) in removal of dissolved wastes in recirculating aquaculture systems, the hydrodynamics of solid-liquid flow was investigated using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling tools. The dynamic characteristics of silica sand within the CB FSB were determined using three-dimensional, unsteady-state simulations with the granular Eulerian multiphase approach and the RNG k-ε turbulence model, and the simulation results were validated using available lab-scale measurements. The bed expansion of CB FSB increased with the increase in water inflow rate in numerical simulations. Upon validation, the simulation involving 0.55 mm particles, the Gidaspow correlation for drag coefficient model and the Syamlal-O'Brien correlation for kinetic granular viscosity showed the closest match to the experimental results. The volume fraction of numerical simulations peaked as the wall was approached. The hydrodynamics of a pilot-scale CB FSB was simulated in order to predict the range of water flow to avoid the silica sand overflowing. The numerical simulations were in agreement with the experimental results qualitatively and quantitatively, and thus can be used to study the hydrodynamics of solid-liquid multiphase flow in CB FSB, which is of importance to the design, optimization, and amplification of CB FSBs.     

3D GIS下地下水流有限元数值模拟方法与应用

目前缺乏针对较强空间特性水文地质计算参数的高效采集方法与管理机制,而且现有孔隙地下水流有限元数值模拟在三维可视化与空间分析等方面仍存在很多不足。因此,本文以有限元数值计算方法和三维地理信息平台为基础,结合GIS空间分析算法和计算机图形学理论,针对孔隙承压地下水有限元分析过程的关键步骤（概念模型构建、空间离散、水文地质参数提取与赋值等）,提出了孔隙地下水有限元数值模拟过程在3D GIS下的实现方法和技术框架。基于水文地质钻孔数据和GTP（Generalized Tri-Prism）空间数据模型,以盐城市滨海平原水文地质区为研究区域,实现了地下水系统空间结构特征的三维表达,同时与地下水流有限元数值模型相耦合,提出了3D GIS模型与地下水非稳定流有限元数值模型耦合的核心处理算法,并在此基础上开发了3D GIS地下水流数值模拟系统。应用实例表明,该技术框架可有效简化有限元分析流程、优化模型计算效率、实现地下水有限元数值模拟过程及计算结果的三维可视化。     

Parameter analysis of composite pile foundation in bridge foundation

In the current theory of bridge foundation design,all of the loads above the cap are loaded by the pile,and the bearing capacity of the soil among piles is not taken into account.In order to analyze the bearing capacity of the soil among piles in bridge pile foundation,a model of pile foundation is established based on a bridge foundation which is under construction,and by the finite element analysis software ANSYS.According to the results of finite element analysis(FEA)and current bridge foundation design theory,a feasible composite pile foundation which can be applied in the design of bridge foundation,is recommended.Additionally,a number of modifications are made to the original design.It was confirmed that these modifications derived from numerical simulations can improve the performance of the foundation.     

橡胶纤维-砂混合料力学特性的离散元三轴试验研究

橡胶砂作为一种轻质填料在岩土工程中具有良好的应用前景，为揭示橡胶纤维-砂混合料强度特性、偏应力-轴向应变曲线及微观结构的变化规律，开展了橡胶纤维-砂不同配比的三轴剪切试验，基于颗粒流理论和PFC3D程序，对橡胶纤维-砂混合料的三轴剪切试验进行了数值模拟，并与室内试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:随着橡胶含量的增加，试样的应力-应变关系由应变软化型向应变硬化型过渡，试样剪切过程中体变形式逐渐由体胀型变为体缩型；同一围压下橡胶纤维含量高的试样变形模量小，表明橡胶材料的掺入有助于增强试样的压缩性能。      

Large eddy simulation of the rotation effect on the ocean turbulence kinetic energy budget in the surface mixed layer

A non-hydrostatic, Boussinesq, and three-dimensional large eddy simulation(LES) model was used to study the impact of the Earth's rotation on turbulence and the redistribution of energy in turbulence kinetic energy(TKE) budget. A set of numerical simulations was conducted,(1) with and without rotation,(2) at different latitudes(10°N, 30°N, 45°N, 60°N, and 80°N),(3) with wave breaking and with Langmuir circulation, and(4) under different wind speeds(5, 10, 20, and 30 m/s). The results show that eddy viscosity decreases when rotation is included, indicating that rotation weakens the turbulence strength. The TKE budget become tight with rotation and the effects of rotation grow with latitude. However, rotation become less important under Langmuir circulation since the transport term is strong in the vertical direction. Finally, simulations were conducted based on field data from the Boundary Layer and Air-Sea Transfer Low Wind(CBLAST-Low) experiment. The results, although more complex, are consistent with the results obtained from earlier simulations using ideal numerical conditions.     

多级次地下水流系统的最小能耗率原理初探

20世纪60年代初期,Tóth基于定水头上边界条件推导出解析解,得出多级次地下水流系统,是水文地质学里程碑式的突破,成功地解决了一系列理论和实际问题。但Tóth解析解存在的缺陷也长期沿袭：单纯重视数学模拟而忽视物理机制;将地形控制地下水位看成是普适性规律;忽视给定水头上边界数学模拟的失真。这些缺陷,尤其是忽视物理机制探究,不仅妨碍Tóth理论自身发展,而且导致地下水流系统理论尚未被国际水文地质界普遍接受。参照河流动力学中应用的最小能耗率原理,类比提出地下水流最小能耗率的表达式。基于已有的通量上边界地下水流模式数值模拟结果,进一步探究物理机制,归纳得出地下水流系统遵循最小能耗率原理的结论。