Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

青藏高原抬升加热气候效应研究的新进展

对近4年来关于青藏高原加热影响气候的研究进行回顾.首先介绍利用位涡方程和热力适应理论,揭示;夏季高原上空低层气旋式及高层反气旋式环流结构稳定维持的动力学机理.结果表明高原加热作用造成的低层正涡源是低层气旋式环流得以稳定维持的重要原因.而边界层摩擦产生的负位涡是平衡正位涡的主要因素.高原加热还在高原上空形成负位涡,它影响着盛夏的大气环流,是青藏高原上空强大而稳定的反气旋环流得以维持的重要因素.在春夏过渡季节青藏高原非绝热加热对大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的影响力方面,进一步确认了感热加热在过渡季节早期(5月中旬以前)环:流演变中的重要作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变引起了海陆热力差异对比的变化,使副热带高压带首先在孟加拉湾东部断裂,亚洲季风因而在孟加拉湾爆发.结果还表明,用纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.在青藏高原非绝热加热与北半球环流系统年际变化的联系方面,发现夏季青藏高原的加热强(弱)的年份,高原感热加热气泵(SHAP)高(低)效工作,使高原加热对周边地区低层暖湿空气的抽吸效应和对高层大气向周边地区的排放作用加强(减弱),高原及邻近地区的上升运动,下层辐合和上层辐散均增强(减弱),从而影响着高原和周边地区的环流以及亚洲季风区大尺度环流系统.而且高原的加热强迫还能够激发产生一支沿亚欧大陆东部海岸向东北方向传播的Rossby波列,其频散效应可影响到更远的东太平洋以至北美地区的大气环流.研究还表明,盛夏的南亚高压存在"青藏高压型"和"伊朗高压型"的双模态,它们与高原加热状态有关,且显著地与亚洲季风区的气候分布密切联系.     

南沙海域近海层大气湍流结构及输送特征研究

本文根据南沙群岛渚碧礁的一次大气湍流观测资料，分析研究南沙海域的湍流热通量输送、方差相似性、风速各分量谱、温度谱及各湍流通量协谱等大气湍流结构和输送特征，并与陆地下垫面上的结果作了比较，得到了一些有关南沙海域大气湍流输送及湍流结构的新认识。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Observations of the diurnal oscillation of the inversion over the Israeli coast

Vertical profiles of temperature and humidity were measured over the sea in two series of 48 hours each, during the summer near the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean. A prominent inversion was observed in the temperature profiles. In the first series the average height of the inversion base was 350m and in the second, 600m. In the inversion a very sharp decrease of the absolute humidity was found. Below the inversion down to the sea surface the atmosphere was well mixed. A significant diurnal oscillation was observed at the height of the inversion base. During the day the inversion moved up and during the night it moved down. This movement was 250m in the first series and 450m in the second. The movement of the inversion base was almost adiabatic. It is suggested that the fluctuation in the height of the inversion base is mainly due to the developing breeze.     

平流层准零风层统计特征及准两年周期振荡对其影响分析

根据形成机制的不同将平流层准零风层（Quasi-Zero Wind Layer,QZWL）划分为由平流层准两年周期振荡（Quasi-Biennial Oscillation,QBO）各高度处于不同位相形成的第一类QZWL和由于平流层低层经向温度梯度逆转而形成的第二类QZWL;利用ERA-40再分析资料分析了两类QZWL在不同季节中空间结构的变化规律,讨论了平流层QBO对两类QZWL年际变化产生的影响。研究结果表明：第一类QZWL集中出现在冬季赤道附近地区,第二类QZWL在夏季热带外地区和冬季20°N～40°N太平洋地区上空;QZWL夏季高度比冬季低约3 km,夏季QZWL出现高度比冬季稳定,约在50～70 hPa之间;由于受到QBO的直接影响,第一类QZWL出现的高度和纬度范围存在明显的年际变化,第二类QZWL受到QBO的影响主要体现在QBO西风位相年和东风位相年相比,冬季20°N～40°N范围内存在第二类QZWL的概率较高。     

边界层Scorer参数对背风波波长的影响

利用一个中层Scorer参数较大,上、下层Scorer参数较小的3层背风波模型,讨论了边界层(下层)Scorer参数对背风波波长的影响。结果表明,当边界层Scorer参数减小时,波长增大,反之波长减小;当中高层的Scorer参数较小时,背风波波长对边界层的Scorer参数敏感。利用该结果结合观测事实分析后发现,由于地表加热的日变化影响了边界层的Scorer参数,故造成了背风波波长在夜间缩短,在午后增加;此外还发现,因夏季的Scorer参数要比冬季小,这可导致波长变化率在夏季比冬季更大。     

On the modification of the dynamics in the environment of severe thunderstorms

Summary A detailed study of widespread thunderstorm activity occurring in winter over the central and coastal parts of Egypt (Cairo 30° N, Marsa Matruh 31° N) is presented. The storm activity is associated with strong positive vorticity in the 300/200 mb layer. The maximum kinetic energy was located at the storm centre. The divergent wind component was found to be very important in energy transformation and a major cause of energy generation by cross contour flow.With 3 Figures     

大西洋阻塞高压上层冷中心的成因

基于ERA-40再分析资料以及多尺度子空间变换和多尺度能量分析方法,探讨了大西洋阻塞高压平流层底部冷中心的形成机制,发现该冷中心形成的根本原因为16 d以下(高频尺度)和64 d以上过程(基本气流)向阻高尺度有效位能的正则传输,所获得有效位能在阻高尺度内被输运到西北和东南侧,并转换成动能,起到使阻高强度增加或者维持的作用。这种过程在西北侧表现得尤为明显,这可能是阻高形态不断向西北侧扩展的原因。在传统的认知中,大气有效位能从大尺度向小尺度传输,但本研究发现,阻高发生时,有效位能在平流层底部的传输方向表现为从高频尺度和基本气流尺度同时向阻高尺度传输。此外,前人的研究表明,阻高发展加强之后对流层中阻高动能向有效位能转化使得阻高消亡,而本文的分析表明两种能量的转换方向在平流层底部完全相反——由有效位能向动能转换,起到了使阻高加强或维持的作用。最近的研究表明对流层顶附近的动力学对于阻高的发展和维持非常重要,上述发现增进了对这些动力学深层的了解。     

近50年阿留申低压地区凝结加热的变化

利用1948~2003年NCEP再分析凝结加热率资料,研究了北太平洋地区整层凝结加热的季节演变,着重研究了阿留申低压地区(30~50°N,160~210°E)凝结加热的长期变化,探讨了它对北太平洋年代际变率可能的反馈。研究表明:冬季阿留申低压地区上空存在较强的凝结加热,它与阿留申低压的强度存在显著的正相关关系;该处凝结加热的垂直分布不均匀可引起大气环流热力适应,从而可能有利于阿留申低压的加强;该处凝结加热在20世纪70年代末发生了一次明显的阶段性转折,70年代末以后增强,它可能对阿留申低压的强度形成反馈,从而有利于阿留申低压在70年代末以后加强。作者进一步讨论了该处凝结加热发生这种阶段性转折的原因和传播机制。     

两类ENSO事件非对称性特征分析

利用1961—2010年多种海、气观测资料,分析了东部型(EP)和中部型(CP)ENSO事件海温异常的非对称性及可能原因,并讨论了两类ENSO事件的非对称性对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明,海温异常非对称性包括空间分布非对称、强度非对称以及持续性非对称。从动力学角度来看,虽然不同事件发展衰减阶段主导的动力作用不尽相同,但就两类事件强度非对称性而言,海洋垂直对流项起关键性的作用。此外,研究发现,无论是通过海温强迫直接影响的赤道地区或是通过遥相关影响的赤道外地区,大气非对称响应都表现出与海温异常非对称较强的一致性,其中东部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件暖位相分布相似,而中部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件冷位相分布相似,且东部型ENSO非对称性差异大于中部型ENSO。     

热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述

热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

珠江三角洲地区大气混合层特征分析

该文使用珠江三角洲地区部分测站低空温度探测资料,分析讨论该地区边界层内冬、夏季混合层的高度、厚度变化特征,得出该地区混合层高度偏低并具有多层分布的特点。     

青藏高原冬春季地温异常对长江中下游夏季旱涝影响的研究

探讨了青藏高原地温异常对长江中下游地区降水的影响。通过资料分析揭示：长江中下游地区夏季旱涝前期冬春青藏高原各层次的地温距平具有反位相分布和高方差分布的特征，前期冬、春季青藏高原地温的三维结构对长江中下游地区夏季降水异常具有“强信号”指示特征。从地面0cm到地下3．2m的地温距平分布为：涝年高原偏南部为正，中部和北部为负，旱年时则与此相反，高原中部和东南部是反位相最明显的地区。地温距平在近地表变化较快，地温距平的大值区在40cm层到1．6m层之间，1．6m到3．2m层地温距平变化较慢。资料分析表明前期青藏高原不同层次地温异常是后期长江中下游地区降水异常的一个重要原因。资料分析和数值试验都揭示了北半球环流型对青藏高原不同层次地温异常可能产生遥相关波形并形成季尺度低频波，此相关波列的激发和传播可能影响长江中下游地区后期的降水。     

The Influence of the City of Athens on the Evolution of the Sea-Breeze Front

In the present study, we examine the dynamics of a sea-breeze front and the urban heat island interacting with the heavily urbanized city of Athens. For this reason, simulations were performed with a modified version of the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), whereby urban features are considered, and the model results were compared with surface routine meteorological data. An unrealistic run was also performed, where the city of Athens was replaced by dry cropland and pasture surface, as in the surrounding area. A delay in the sea-breeze front was found during daytime, together with frictional retardation concerning its penetration, as well as inland displacement of the heat island as the air moved over the city of Athens. During nighttime, the wind speed increased over the lower atmosphere in the city centre due to the enhanced urban heat island.     

Forecasting the quality of Nansi Lake water after the construction of the new channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal

The changes in the quality of Nansi Lake water due to the building of the new channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are studied. The relationship between algae growth and environmental factors is analyzed. This relationship has practical significance and guiding value for Nansi Lake, it helps to prevent the outbreaks of water bloom effectively and ensure the stable development of economy, society and environment in the regions covered with the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. It is established that the use of the new channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal causes the following variations in the lake water: water temperature increases, while the values of pH, TP, and TN decrease. Besides, the content of Fe²⁺ in water depends on regional and seasonal peculiarities; the trend towards the stabilization of SiO₃ ² is observed. The new channel construction led to variations in chlorophyll-a content mainly due to changed water temperature and pH. Besides, riverbed digging and intense ship traffic also affect water characteristics.