光化学烟雾的控制试验

利用MM5与RADM的耦合模式,设计了3个削减源排放的试验,用以探讨控制光化学污染的有效途径。试验结果表明,在NMHC/NOx比值很大的前提条件下,NOx地面源排放的削减对降低大气中O3含量的作用最显著,而削减NMHC对降低大气中PAN含量的作用明显,同时削减NMHC和NOx是降低大气光化学污染强度的最佳途径。     

临安秋季近地层臭氧的形成及其前体物特征

应用浙江临安1999年秋季观测数据,分析了臭氧及其前体物特征与气象条件的关系。结果表明,该地区臭氧前体物丰富,在合适的天气条件、充足的日照下可以生成高浓度的臭氧;CO、NOx*等一次污染物浓度与大尺度大气扩散稀释能力有关;观测期间临安CO浓度很高;NMHCs以芳香烃含量最高,烷烃、烯烃、炔烃次之,生物排放的烃最少。以观测为基础的光化学模式计算表明,临安光化学臭氧生成率比损失率大一个数量级,中午净臭氧生成率最大可达14.8×10-9h-1。     

武汉市居民区大气VOCs的污染特征和来源解析

于2016年7月-2017年6月在武汉市典型居民区对大气中101种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了监测,以便研究武汉市典型居民区周边VOCs的组成特征和变化规律,并探讨了其主要来源.结果表明,武汉市空气中VOCs的体积分数为（46.24±24.57）×10^-9,表现为烷烃>含氧有机物>烯烃>卤代烃>芳香烃.受交通排放影响烷烃的比例上午高于下午,1月机动车尾气为武汉市主要的VOCs排放源,夏季含氧类化合物浓度高于冬季,可能更多地受本地喷涂等溶剂使用行业和光化学反应生成的影响,5-9月表现出明显的生物源排放特征.利用正交矩阵因子分析（PMF）得到武汉市居民区大气VOCs主要有6个来源,分别为燃烧源、机动车尾气、工业排放、溶剂使用、汽油挥发和植物排放.其中,燃烧源、机动车尾气贡献比例最高,是该区域VOCs控制的重要排放源.     

Applicability of an eddy covariance system based on a close-path quantum cascade laser spectrometer for measuring nitrous oxide fluxes from subtropical vegetable fields

亚热带蔬菜地是氧化亚氮(N_2O)的重要排放源,本研究首次采用基于闭路量子级联激光吸收光谱仪的涡动相关(QCLAS-EC)法观测亚热带蔬菜地秋冬季非施肥阶段的N_2O排放通量,以评估QCLAS-EC法测量亚热带蔬菜地N_2O通量的适用性。结果表明,QCLAS-EC观测系统在野外条件下能长期稳定运行,可观测到N_2O排放的季节变化趋势,其检测限为18.5μg N m~(-2) h~(-1)(95%置信水平),试验期间获得的97.5%的N_2O通量大于此检测限,表明QCLAS-EC观测系统可有效并准确测量亚热带蔬菜地的N_2O排放通量,仪器本身的灵敏度不是通量检测的限制因素。     

2017年8—9月湖州市臭氧污染特征及其生成机制研究

近年来近地面臭氧问题日益凸显,成为影响空气质量持续改善的瓶颈.本研究基于2017年8—9月在湖州市城区开展的为期1个月的臭氧及其前体物挥发性有机物（VOCs）和氮氧化物（NO_x）在线观测数据,分析了臭氧及其前体物污染特征,利用正矩阵因子分析（PMF）解析了VOCs来源,并采用基于观测的模型（OBM）对臭氧生成机制进行研究.研究结果表明：1）观测期间湖州市VOCs平均体积分数为（24.78±9.10）×10^-9,其中占比最高的组成为烷烃、含氧VOCs （OVOCs）和卤代烃;2）在臭氧非超标时段,湖州市臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区,而在臭氧重污染期间湖州市处于以VOCs控制为主的过渡区;3）在臭氧超标时段,对臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献最大的是芳香烃（39.6%）,其次是烯烃（21.5%）和OVOCs （19.4%）,排名前三的关键组分为甲苯、乙烯和间/对二甲苯;4）源解析结果显示观测期间湖州市VOCs的主要来源是溶剂使用（27.0%）、交通排放（22.7%）、背景+传输（19.3%）、工业排放（16.9%）、汽油挥发（7.7%）和植物排放（6.4%）,重污染过程期间对OFP贡献最大的两类源是交通排放源和溶剂使用源,贡献百分比分别为35.1%和30.5%.因此,对交通排放和溶剂使用方面进行控制管理对湖州市大气臭氧污染防控有重要意义.     

对流层氮氧化物光化学转化特征研究

应用大气光化学模式研究了日间影响NOx光化学转化率的主要物理化学因子.探讨了在不同NMHC/NOx比值时,NOx光化学特征及其转化产物的变化规律.结果表明,影响NOx转化率的主要因子是阳光辐射强度和NMHC/NOx比值.但在NMHC/NOx比值很低时,光强的增加并不能显著提高NOx转化率.温度和初始臭氧浓度对NOx转化率的影响次之.相对湿度对NOx转化率的影响较小.在不同NMHC/NOx比值下,NOx转化特征和产物有很大区别.NMHC/NOx比值高时,产物中PAN＞HNO3.NMHC/NOx比值中(低)时,产物主要是HNO3,PAN等有机氮不到10%(1%).最后初步比较了模拟和观测的NOy组成.     

解析北京郊区一次典型臭氧污染的物理化学过程

臭氧污染是我国当前面临的重要大气环境问题,其不仅取决于大气化学反应过程,而且会受大气物理过程和各气象要素的影响,因此需要从化学和物理两个方向来研究近地面臭氧污染问题。本研究结合外场观测和欧拉光化学模式,解析了2022年秋季北京怀柔城区的一次光化学污染周期内的物理和化学过程。给出了温度、湿度和风速等气象因子,以及臭氧及其前体物挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NO_x,x=1、2)在此期间的日变化特征。通过源解析得到VOCs主要来源为交通排放(46%)、植物源(25%)、溶剂挥发(23%)和燃烧源(9%)。通过欧拉光化学模式确定了区域传输和本地VOCs对臭氧的贡献,结果显示强北风天气条件下,怀柔区臭氧以外来水平输送为主(贡献超过70%);当以弱的南风或东南风为主时,天气处于稳定状态,臭氧主要来自VOCs和NO_x的二次转化。根据VOCs的臭氧潜势,在所有VOCs中对臭氧贡献最大的物质为烯烃,其贡献为67%,其次为芳香烃(16%)。通过敏感度分析,发现臭氧生成对物理因子中的光强、温度和边界层高度最敏感;在臭氧前体物中,活性较强的烯烃类物质的敏感度最...     

亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究

对我国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)、一氧化碳、氮氧化物等进行了两个月的连续采样,并利用气相色谱仪对NMHC进行了分析,得到大量NMHC的实测资料,并对它们的日变化规律和相互之间的关系做了详细研究.分析表明,温度对各种树木异戊二烯的排放来说是一个重要因子,而且各种植物排放的异戊二烯对温度的依赖关系基本上比较一致.对于我国亚热带森林主要树种异戊二烯的排放速率进行了初步测定.     

NOx与NMHC的变化对O3 生成量的影响

利用LLA-C光化学反应机制,在NOx体积分数φ变化范围很广（1.75～350.0,单位为10-9,以下同）的条件下,选择18种NMHC与NOx的体积分数比（2.0～200.0）模拟分析在什么条件下NMHC的改变对臭氧生成量不大敏感而主要依赖于NOx的大小,同时给出相应条件下OH模拟值的变化。结果表明,OH峰值均出现在φ(NMHC/NOx)≈8.0。所找条件是φ(NOx)≤50.0时要求φ(NMHC/NOx)≥60.0;φ(NOx)>50.0时需要8.0≤φ(NMHC/NOx)≤28.0。相应O3生成量的最大误差小于20%。该条件正适合我国典型污染城市当前φ(NOx)水平和φ(NMHC/NOx)范围,可用于我国区域尺度空气质量模拟。与实测资料的对比还有待进一步开展。     

太湖地区冬小麦田与蔬菜地N2O排放对比观测研究

2003年11月8日至2004年6月5日对太湖地区相邻的蔬菜地和稻麦轮作生态系统的冬小麦田,在当季不施肥情况下的N2O排放进行了田间同步对比观测,分析了N2O排放时间变化以及土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤速效氮含量和农业管理措施对N2O排放的影响。研究结果表明,小麦播种前的耕翻(表层大约7cm土壤旋耕)处理不会明显改变稻麦轮作农田整个旱地阶段的N2O排放总量,但却使小麦生长季初期的N2O排放明显减弱69%(p<0.01,p为相关概率),使小麦生长季后期的N2O排放明显偏高2.6倍(p<0.05),而对其余时间段的N2O排放作用不明显。与长期实行稻麦轮作的旱地阶段农田相比,由稻田改种蔬菜20多年的蔬菜地,其整个观测期的N2O排放总量比免耕处理小麦田同期的排放高85%(p<0.05),比耕翻处理小麦田同期的排放高99%(p<0.01)。蔬菜地N2O排放偏高的原因是土壤速效氮,特别是铵态氮含量明显偏高(p<0.01)。     

Variation Characteristics of Ambient NMHCs at Shangdianzi and Lin''an Regional GAW Sites

In order to study the variation characteristics of concentration of the atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in background area of China, the atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs were measured at Lin'an (LA) regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) Station (30°250'N , 119° 440'E; 132.0 m ASL)and Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional GAW Station (40°190'N , 117°07'E; 286.5 m ASL) with the sorbent sorption/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic method. Totally 145 samples were collected during the period of October 2003 and July 2004. Among the 52 NMHC species of C2-C10 detected there were 26 alkanes,17 alkenes, and 9 aromatics. The average concentrations of total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at LA and SDZ were(238.5±126.0) 10-9C and (278.7±185.5) 10-9C, respectively. The results showed the ambient concentrations of TNMHCs at LA regional GAW Station increased notably over the last decade. The compositions of NMHCs at SDZ and LA were relatively similar. The proportions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics for SDZ and LA were in ranges of (27.3±4.0)%, (10.3±3.5)%, and (62.5±4.8)%,respectively, with features of vehicle exhaust emissions. The concentrations of NMHCs at the two sites showed obvious diurnal and seasonal variations. The TNMHC concentrations in October-November were high at the two sites, and relatively low in April and July. The diurnal variation patterns at the sites were different. The high TNMHC concentrations at SDZ normally appeared in evening and night, but appeared in morning at LA. The TNMHCs concentrations at the two sites were significantly influenced by the meteorological condition. The high TNMHC concentration associated with the local wind from the urban areas or trafic in upper reaches.     

MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE VARIATIONS AT DIFFERENT BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRECURSORS*

Ozone photochemical production and loss in very different environments at Waliguan baseline station and Lin'an background station were simulated by using the measurement data and photochemical box model.The results show that net ozone photochemical production rate is negative,about 0.5 ppb/d,at Waliguan baseline sation,because of very low precursor concentrations.But at Lin'an background station,the net photochemical ozone production is positive,about 2-3 ppb/h.which is very closed with the measurement at Lin'an.That means ozone production was controlled by photochemical reactions at Lin'an background station,because of the higher precursor concentrations.The net destruction rate,at Waliguan Mt.,is not large,so that future increase in anthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen will lead to larger production rates of steady-state O₃ concentration.     

Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review

As the key precursors of O_3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization(PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work,we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.     

Profiles and Source Apportionment of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds in Winter and Summer in Xi’an,China, based on the Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model

Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).     

Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) During POPCORN 1994: Applying a New On-Line GC–MS-Technique

Atmospheric concentrations of ca. 250 C6–C15 hydrocarb on and C4–C12 oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOC) including alkanes, benzene and alkyl benzenes, monoterpenes and aldehydes were measured in August 1994 during the POPCORN campaign (POPCORN = Photo-Oxidant formation by Plant emitted Compounds and OH Radicals in North-Eastern Germany). About 80 substances together contributed 90% of the atmospheric carbon in this range of molecular weight. During this field campaign VOC-emissions from several crop and tree species and the ambient concentrations of CO, C2–C7 non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), C1 and C2 aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, ozone and hydroxyl-radicals (OH) were also measured. These data were used to interpret the VOC measurements presented here. The on-line GC–MS used for the VOC measurements combines adsorptive sampling with thermal desorption and GC–MS analysis in an automated system. Internal standards were used to quantify the measurements. Ozone was destroyed prior to the sample preconcentration through the gas phase reaction with NO. Aromatic compounds like benzene, toluene and xylenes were the most abundant compound class among the measured substances, -pinene and 3-carene, most probably originating from pineforests ca. 1 km away from the measuring site, were the most abundant monoterpenes. The highest mixing ratios of most compounds were measured in nights with strong inversion situations. The toluene mixing ratios then reached 630 pptv; -pinene mixing ratios went up to 430 pptv. The median of all toluene and -pinene measurements during the campaign was 125 pptv or 22 pptv, respectively. These values are on the lower end of ambient measurements reported for continental sites. In most samples also n-pentanal, n-hexananl, n-nonanal and n-undecanal were present. Median mixing ratios were 9, 16, 14 and 8 pptv, respectively. Emission studies indicate that these highly reactive compounds are most probably emitted from maize. It is shown by a simple first order approach that the potential for ozone formation during the POPCORN campaign was roughly equal for anthropogenic and biogenic VOC. From measured concentrations of ozone, OH-radicals, methane, CO, C2–C15 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and C5–C11 aldehydes a photochemical production of ozone in the order of 3.5 ppb/h can be estimated. Apart from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are at least partly products of VOC oxidation, the substance group with the largest contribution to the VOC turnover are the monoterpenes. They contribute ca. 30%. However, the mechanism of terpene oxidation is very complex and presently only partly understood. Thus the actual contribution of monoterpenes to ozone formation is very uncertain. Other measured compound classes such as light alkenes, alkanes, aromatics, and C5–C11 aldehydes contribute each between 10% and 15% to ozone formation. The measuring site was not influenced directly from strong biogenic or anthropogenic sources, and the results obtained during the POPCORN campaign can be regarded as a typical picture of a remote rural central European environment.     

Characterization of carbon monoxide,methane and nonmethane hydrocarbons in emerging cities of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and in Singapore

We investigate the composition of 63 C₂-C₁₀ nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), methane (CH₄) and carbon monoxide (CO), in Jeddah, Mecca, and Madina (Saudi Arabia), in Lahore, (Pakistan), and in Singapore. We established a database with which to compare and contrast NMHCs in regions where ambient levels and emissions are poorly characterized, but where conditions are favorable to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and where measurements are essential for improving emission inventories and modeling. This dataset will also serve as a base for further analysis of air pollution in Western Saudi Arabia including, but not limited to, the estimation of urban emissions and long range pollution transport from these regions. The measured species showed enhanced levels in all Saudi Arabian cities compared to the local background but were generally much lower than in Lahore. In Madina, vehicle exhaust was the dominant NMHC source, as indicated by enhanced levels of combustion products and by the good correlation between NMHCs and CO, while in Jeddah and Mecca a combination of sources needs to be considered. Very high NMHC levels were measured in Lahore, and elevated levels of CH₄ in Lahore were attributed to natural gas. When we compared our results with 2010 emissions from the MACCity global inventory, we found discrepancies in the relative contribution of NMHCs between the measurements and the inventory. In all cities, alkenes (especially ethene and propene) dominated the hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity (k _OH) because of their great abundance and their relatively fast reaction rates with OH.     

Ozone production potential following convective redistribution of biomass burning emissions

The effects of deep convection on the potential for forming ozone (ozone production potential) in the free troposphere have been simulated for regions where the trace gas composition is influenced by biomass burning. Cloud dynamical and photochemical simulations based on observations in 1980 and 1985 Brazilian campaigns form the basis of a sensitivity study of the ozone production potential under differing conditions. The photochemical fate of pollutants actually entrained in a cumulus event of August 1985 during NASA/GTE/ABLE 2A (Case 1) is compared to photochemical ozone production that could have occurred if the same storm had been located closer to regions of savanna burning (Case 2) and forest burning (Case 3). In each case studied, the ozone production potential is calculated for a 24-hour period following convective redistribution of ozone precursors and compared to ozone production in the absence of convection. In all cases there is considerably more ozone formed in the middle and upper troposphere when convection has redistributed NO_x, hydrocarbons and CO compared to the case of no convection.In the August 1985 ABLE 2A event, entrainment of a layer polluted with biomass burning into a convective squall line changes the free tropospheric cloud outflow column (5–13 km) ozone production potential from net destruction to net production. If it is assumed that the same cloud dynamics occur directly over regions of savanna burning, ozone production rates in the middle and upper troposphere are much greater. Diurnally averaged ozone production following convection may reach 7 ppbv/day averaged over the layer from 5–13 km-compared to typical free tropospheric concentrations of 25–30 ppbv O₃ during nonpolluted conditions in ABLE 2A. Convection over a forested region where isoprene as well as hydrocarbons from combustion can be transported into the free troposphere leads to yet higher amounts of ozone production.     

Photochemical characteristics of high and low ozone episodes observed in the Taehwa Forest observatory (TFO) in June 2011 near Seoul South Korea

We present a comprehensive discussion on what cause high ozone episodes at a suburban photochemical observation site of the Seoul Metropolitan Area (population ～23 million). The observational site, Taehwa Research Forest (TRF), is situated ～30 km from the center of Seoul. In June 2011, we observed two very distinctive ozone periods-high ozone (peak up to 120 ppbv) and low ozone (peak up to 60 ppbv) in the mid and early month, respectively. The trace gas measurement dataset, especially CO and NO _X clearly indicate that less anthropogenic influences during the high ozone period. Volatile organic compound (VOC) measurement results show that at the observational site, biogenic VOCs (mostly isoprene) contribute most of chemical reactivity towards OH, although toluene from anthropogenic activities was observed in higher concentrations. Back-trajectory analysis indicates that air-masses from the forest part of Korea Peninsula were dominant influences during the high ozone episode event. On the other hand, Aged air masses from China were the dominant influence during the low ozone episode event. Model calculations conducted using the University of Washington Chemical Mechanism (UWCM) box model, also consistently show that BVOC, especially isoprene photochemistry, can be the significantly contribution to local ozone formation in the given photochemical environments of TRF. These research results strongly suggest that ozone control strategy in the Eastern Asian megacities, mostly situated in surrounding forest areas should be based on the comprehensive scientific understanding in BVOC photochemistry and interplays between anthropogenic and biogenic interactions.     

Ground-Based and Airborne Measurements of Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in BERLIOZ: Analysis and Selected Results

During the Berlin Ozone Experiment BERLIOZ in July–August 1998 quasi-continuous measurements ofC₂–C₁₂ nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were carried out at 10 sites in and around the city of Berlin using on-line gas-chromatographic systems (GCs) with a temporal resolution of 20–120 minutes. Additional airborne NMHCmeasurements were made using canister sampling on three aircraft and an on-line GC system on a fourth aircraft. The ground based data are analyzed to characterize the different sites and to identify the influence of emissions from Berlin on its surroundings. Benzene mixing ratios at the 4 rural sites were rather low (<0.5 ppbv). Berlin (and the surrounding highway ring) was identified as the main source of anthropogenic NMHCs at Eichstädt and Blossin, whilst other sources were important at the furthermost site Menz. The median toluene/benzene concentration ratio in Berlin was 2.3 ppbv/ppbv, agreeing well with measurements in other German cities. As expected, the ratios at the background sites decreased with increasing distance to Berlin and were usually around one or below. On 20 and 21 July, the three northwesterly sites were situated downwind of Berlin and thus were influenced by its emissions. Considering the distance between the sites and the windspeed, the city plume was observed at reasonable time scales, showing decreasing toluene/benzene ratios of 2.3, 1.6 and 1.3 with increasing distance from Berlin. Isoprene was the only biogenic NMHC measured at BERLIOZ. It was themost abundant compound at the background sites on the hotter days, dominating the local NMHC reactivity with averaged contributions to the total OH loss rate of 51% and 70% at Pabstthum and Blossin, respectively. Emissionratios (relative to CO and to the sum of analysed NMHCs) were derived from airborne measurements. The comparison with an emission inventory suggests traffic-related emissions to be the predominating source of the considered hydrocarbon species. Problems were identified with the emission inventory for propane, ethene and pentanes.     

Comparison of two gas-phase chemical kinetic mechanisms of ozone formation over Europe

Two recent gas-phase chemical kinetic mechanisms for tropospheric ozone formation, one based on the lumped-structure approach (CB05) and the other based on the lumped-molecule approach (RACM2), are compared for simulations of ozone over Europe. The host air quality model is POLAIR3D of the Polyphemus modeling platform. A one-month period (15 July to 15 August 2001) is simulated. Model performance is satisfactory with both mechanisms. Overall, the two mechanisms give similar results with a domain-averaged difference of 3 ppb and a mean fractional absolute difference of 5% (values averaged over the month for the daily 8-h average maximum ozone concentrations). This difference results from different treatments in the two mechanisms for both inorganic and organic chemistry. Differences in the treatment of the inorganic chemistry are due mainly to differences in the kinetics of two reactions: NO + O₃ \(\longrightarrow\) NO₂ + O₂ and NO + HO₂ \(\longrightarrow\) NO₂ + OH. These differences lead to a domain-averaged difference in ozone concentration of 5%, with RACM2 kinetics being more conducive to ozone formation. Differences in the treatment of organic chemistry lead to a domain-averaged difference in ozone concentration of 3%, with CB05 chemistry being more conducive to ozone formation. This average difference results in part from compensating effects among various VOC classes and some significant differences are identified at specific locations (the coastline of northern Africa and eastern Europe: 9%) and for specific organic classes (aldehydes, biogenic alkenes and aromatics). Differences in the treatment of the organic chemistry result from various aspects. For some VOC classes, such as aldehydes and biogenic alkenes, the more detailed explicit treatments using more model species in RACM2 lead to either greater or lower reactivity depending on the assumptions made for the oxidation products. For other VOC species, such as aromatics, the assumptions made about the major chemical oxidation pathways (aromatic alcohol formation in CB05 vs. ring opening in RACM2) affect the ozone formation significantly. Reconciliation of different chemical kinetic mechanisms will require experimental data to reduce current uncertainties in the kinetic (e.g., NO oxidation) and mechanistic (e.g., aromatics oxidation) representations of major chemical pathways.