2019年甘肃夏河Ms5.7地震前重力场变化

本文对2017年以来中国地震局在南北地震带采集到的5期相对重力测网数据进行了平差计算,简要分析了甘东南研究区内测点平差精度,进而分析了2019年10月28日甘肃夏河Ms5.7地震前的区域重力场变化.结果表明:①研究区内90％测点平差后重力值精度小于10×10-8 m·s-2,与绝对重力观测结果符合性也较好,表明观测质量...     

控制点对区域流动重力测网平差精度的影响

为分析控制点对区域流动重力测网平差精度的影响,利用江苏测区的流动重力观测数据,从参与平差计算的控制点数量以及空间分布两个角度,分析控制点对平差后的重力测网精度的影响规律,并进一步分析了本区域测网的监测能力。结果显示：采用单个基准点进行平差计算,基准点应当选择尽量靠近测网几何中心或多个闭合环节点的位置;当采用在空间分布上较为均匀控制点平差计算时,控制点周边测点与测网中部测点的点值精度并没有明显的差别。结合江苏区域重力测网的空间分辨率和观测数据平差处理精度,认为江苏重力测网对5级以上地震具有较好的监测效果,同时对4～5级地震也具有一定的监测能力。结果可为重力数据处理中合理的采用基准点进行平差、提升资料处理精度提供参考依据。     

多期复测水准网和重力网的动态联合平差

在利用重力测量结果研究地壳垂直运动时，重力－高程因子的确定是一个重要研究的问题。本文提出利用多期复测水准网与重力网动态联合平差的方法，同时求解地壳垂直运动速率和重力－高程因子。利用此方法对北京地区１９８３－１９９１年的水准和重力复测结果进行了计算，结果表明：两类不同观测值的权比配置是恰当的，平差模型是正确的，重力－高程因子的分布符合一般规律。     

用重力测量技术观测城市地表下沉的实验研究

本文用重力测量技术对城市地表下沉进行了实验研究,从2016年3月到2017年5月在武汉市内地表下沉较大的部分城区进行了7期流动重力观测实验,并用D-InSAR观测的垂向位移进行了验证.数值结果表明重力观测每期整网平差后点值平均精度都小于10×10^-8m·s^-2,说明采用重力观测能在城市内获得高精度的区域重力变化.第7期相对于第1期的结果与D-InSAR在大致相同时间段内地表垂直位移结果比较表明,重力增加的大部分区域与D-InSAR观测到的地表下沉区域相一致,说明这些区域的重力增加主要是由地表下沉引起的.从第2到7期相对于第1期的重力变化说明在近12个月的时间内测区最大重力变化约40×10^-8m·s^-2,且局部区域的重力值是逐渐增加的,说明地表下沉是持续进行的.本实验结果说明重力观测技术能为城市地表下沉提供重力观测约束和机制解释.     

宁夏几次中强地震与重力变化特征

对宁夏地震重力测网１９８７年以来的野外观测数据进行了统一平差处理和精度评定，给出了判断重力非潮汐异常的标准，并对各期重力平差资料进行了判别，结果表明：宁夏境内中强地震前１年内可观测到重力异常变化，异常特征是正异常，且地震发生在重力变化等值线密集带的一侧或重力变化腹地。     

中国新的重力基本网

我国旧重力基本网建于1957年,约含有13.5mGal的基准误差和0.2‰的尺度误差,现已被新的国家重力基本网1985系统（新网）取代。新网由57个点组成,其中有6个绝对重力点。整体平差后点重力值平均中误差为±7.8μGal。经外部检核,实际精度达20μGal,经过实际使用,证明估计精度正确。本文讨论了国际重力基准、LCR-G重力仪特性、高精度重力网平差及我国旧网的实际精度及其转换等问题。     

重力点1/P_F的一种计算方法

问题的提出 流动重力测量工作结束后,段差最或是值的求得,一般按苏联学者教授创议的多边形平差法计算,从而得到点位的重力值。为了获到重力点每次复测的变化量与地震前兆信息,还须对观测点的测量精度进行衡量,分离出误差与变化量。确定出点位精度后,才是我们使用观测数据的最终目的。     

多网重力数据联合平差和系统误差改正

华北地区现行的地震重力监测网由于独立联测, 自成体系, 绝对控制点较少, 获得的重力场动态变化图像在绝对控制较弱的地区会产生畸变, 也不能有效的消除仪器标定系统所引起的测量误差。 本文以华北大网作为控制网, 结合绝对重力点进行联合平差计算, 使各省区地震重力监测网平差精度提高了(0~4)×10^-8 m/s², 平差起算基准相统一, 绝对控制较弱的地区畸变减小。 采用相关系数检验法, 对华北地区各省区地震重力监测网2010年二期重力平差计算结果进行检验, 部分重力点位系统误差高达60×10^-8 m/s², 经过系统误差改正后, 重力场动态变化趋于一致。 经过各项改正后, 华北地区2010年重力场动态差分图像对地震前兆具有更好的反映。     

关于绝对观测起始误差影响的重力网平差问题

近两年来,随着高精度绝对重力值测量工作的开展,在我国苏、鲁、皖,京、津、唐及云南等地相继布设了绝对值重力测量与相对值重力测量相结合的高精度重力监测网。重力网平差的基本计算元素由以前单一的段差值变为绝对重力点观测值与段差值两部分。由此而产生的一系列新的技术问题引起了重力测量工作者的兴趣与关注。     

陕西重力测网起算基准稳定性分析

采用经典平差方法处理重力网数据时,判断起算基准是否稳定是一个关键性问题。本文在精细化处理陕西重力测网观测资料基础上,采用线性回归法,对1992—2011年陕西重力测网起算基准进行了稳定性分析。并以泾阳M_S 4.8地震为例,分析了重力起算基准稳定性对重力网计算的影响及线性回归方法的有效性,结果表明:(1)起算基准重力值随时间变化明显;(2)起算基准扰动影响改正后,地震前后重力场及跨断裂重力段差变化特征更加符合实际情况;(3)处理重力数据及分析重力场变化特征时,必须考虑起算基准稳定性的影响。     

震源区的应变调整与水氡变化

1976年唐山地震后,随着一系列余震的发生,震源区进行应变调整。根据贝尼奧夫公式,可由唐山地震序列求出震源区相对应变变化过程。此过程与震源区内一水准观测点所测的垂直形变相对变化基本一致。震源区内水氡的变化与相对应变相关。据此相关性进一步讨论提出,震源区內水氡在主震后的上升可能与震源区应变调整、含水岩层宏观裂隙累积增长有关。      

提取断层位移突变信息的一种方法与实践

本文提出了一种适合于跨断层形变测量数据处理的相对分析平差原理,并应用突变论方法分析了相对位移突变及其稳定性问题,实例验证了方法的正确性。     

2016年射阳M_S 4.4地震前后重力场变化

利用江苏重力测网2014—2017年重力场观测资料,采用绝对重力控制与相对重力联测相结合的平差方法,获取2016年射阳M_S 4.4地震前后重力场变化图。根据射阳M_S 4.4地震前后射阳地区各测线重力段差变化特点,绘制重力场等值线并进行对比分析,结合相关机理,探讨重力场变化与该地震的内在联系。同震观测数据显示:射阳M_S 4.4地震发生在重力异常值高梯度带附近,发震时震中地区位于NS挤压正异常、EW张拉负异常状态,震后区域重力梯度变化量开始减小,是一种典型的重力异常调整现象。     

Collinear and cross-over adjustment of Geosat ERM and Seasat altimeter data in the Mediterranean Sea

The computation of mean sea surface heights from a set of collinear Geosat ERM altimeter data tracks was carried out in a collinear adjustment, where 1 cy/rev cosine and sine coefficients for each track are estimated, so the differences between the collinear tracks are minimized. Then bias/tilt cross-over adjustments of stacked Geosat and Seasat altimetry were carried out. The problems with the free surface in the cross-over adjusted altimetric surface were treated using the absolute sea surface heights relative to the geoid model OSU89B. In a combined adjustment of the two altimeter data sets using cross-over and height informations simultaneously a RMS of the cross-overs of 0.080 m and a RMS of the sea surface heights relative to OSU89B of 0.611 m were obtained.     

MANTLE VISCOSITY, GLACIAL ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT AND THE EUSTATIC LEVEL OF THE SEA

Tide gauge recordings of the secular variation of relative sea level are known to be strongly influenced by the ongoing global process of glacial isostatic adjustment. The east coast of the North American continent is heavily instrumented with tide gauge installations, many of which have been carefully maintained for over 50 years. Since this region traverses the collapsing forebulge of the Laurentide ice sheet and since the process of collapse is extremely well constrained on the basis of radio-carbon dated relative sea level histories from a dense set of locations, the region is globally unique in enabling an accurate decontamination of the tide gauge data using the 14C records themselves. It is shown herein that the decontaminated data define a residual signal which varies only slightly along the coast and which consists of an average rate of sea level rise near 2 mm yr-1.The relative sea level histories from sites along this coast also provide an excellent basis for testing theoretical models of the global glacial isostatic adjustment process that must be employed to decontaminate the tide gauge records at sites for which 14C records are unavailable. It is demonstrated that a mantle viscosity profile determined by the formal inversion of 14C controlled relative sea level histories from sites within the margins of the northern hemisphere ice sheets that existed at last glacial maximum enables a gravitationally and topographically self-consistent global model of glacial isostatic adjustment to accurately reconcile east coast rsl data. No viscosity structure has previously been derived that was successful in this regard. The global model based on this structure is therefore expected to provide an excellent basis for the removal of glacial isostatic adjustment effects from tide gauge recordings. The viscosity structure itself is also extremely close to models of the radial variation that have previously been shown to fit the requirements of non-hydrostatic geoid anomalies. This has important geodynamic implications concerning mantle rheology as it would appear to establish that transient and therefore non-linear creep mechanisms are not involved, since short timescale and long timescale viscosities are the same.     

Adjustment of self-formed bankfull channel geometry of meandering rivers: modelling study

We consider the evolution of the hydraulic geometry of sand-bed meandering rivers. We study the difference between the timescale of longitudinal river profile adjustment and that of channel width and depth adjustment. We also study the effect of hydrological regime alteration on the evolution of bankfull channel geometry. To achieve this, a previously developed model for the spatiotemporal co-evolution of bankfull channel characteristics, including bankfull discharge, bankfull width, bankfull depth and down-channel bed slope, is used. In our modelling framework, flow variability is considered in terms of a specified flow duration curve. Taking advantage of this unique feature, we identify the flow range responsible for long-term bankfull channel change within the specified flow duration curve. That is, the relative importance of extremely high short-duration flows compared to moderately high longer duration flows is examined. The Minnesota River, MN, USA, an actively meandering sand-bed stream, is selected for a case study. The longitudinal profile of the study reach has been in adjustment toward equilibrium since the end of the last glaciation, while its bankfull cross-section is rapidly widening due to hydrological regime change in the last several decades. We use the model to demonstrate that the timescale for longitudinal channel profile adjustment is much greater than the timescale for cross-sectional profile adjustment due to a lateral channel shift. We also show that hydrological regime shift is responsible for the recent rapid widening of the Minnesota River. Our analysis suggests that increases in the 5–25% exceedance flows play a more significant role in recent bankfull channel enlargement of the Minnesota River than increase in either the 0.1% exceedance flow or the 90% exceedance flow. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于WEBGIS的地震快速反应系统

旨在介绍在对辽宁省地震监测中心的多个应用系统的高度提炼下,通过WEBgIS构建地震快速反应系统的整个过程。本文简要叙述了系统的主要开发目标,介绍了系统的软件架构和功能设计,阐述了使用网络技术和开源组件实现本系统的方法,总结了系统特点。     

首都圈地区地震重力测量数据的统一处理与分析

对首都圈地区由不同施测单位用不同仪器或不同方法获得的三组重力测量数据,通过绝对和相对测量的联合平差、相对测量结果的系统差消除,建立起绝对的、统一的重力时变体系;在此基础上分析了非构造因素地壳沉降的影响,并进行了测点位移改正,消除了长波干扰;实现了绝对和相对测量方法优势互补、消除矛盾和环境干扰、扩大信息量、加密时域采样间隔等目的,提高了识别构造活动过程的能力．结果表明,两组相对测量数据之间以及其中的10期观测资料中存在系统误差,研究区东南部的非均匀性局部地壳下沉导致10个点重力值线性上升,本文用回归分析的方法进行了改正．改正后的重力时变图对1995年10月6日古冶5.0级地震有明显而完整的反映．      

Estimating the probability of river channel adjustment

River channels respond not only to natural external controls, and natural controls internal to individual drainage basins, but also to the influence of human activity. Although many site-specific instances of change have been documented, the complexity of the process interactions means that very little is known about the general nature of different styles of adjustment, or their relative sensitivity to drainage basin controls. Data obtained from the Thames Basin, southeast England, are used in a probabilistic approach to differentiate between four styles of river channel adjustment and a variety of drainage basin characteristics. Adopting a probabilistic approach quantifies the degree of confidence attributable to any prediction of river channel adjustment while acknowledging that certainties are difficult to obtain in studies of the natural environment. This approach could thus allow environmental planning decisions to be made with a quantified degree of uncertainty. Four multivariate logistic regression models are described which use a combination of continuous and categorical variables to associate drainage basin characteristics with four styles of river channel adjustment derived from a reconnaissance evaluation survey. In comparison, it is shown that laterally migrating river channels are the most common ‘natural’ channel type in the Thames Basin, and their probability of occurrence rises to 71 per cent in sand/gravel environments. In channels regulated by low weirs, deposition is the most likely channel activity where gradients are lower than 0·0040, whilst above this threshold the majority of channels are morphologically inactive. In urban channels, many of which are also lined by concrete, the likelihood of obtaining a stable channel is mostly in excess of 80 per cent. In channels straightened during this century, deposition is most likely in gradients below 0·0050, whereas erosional enlargement is most probable above this value. In channels which were initially channelized prior to this century, deposition gives way to stability at a threshold gradient of 0·0080.