台湾土石流灾害与防治工法

由于近年来人类的活动空间渐往山区发展,使得原本植生条件良好的山坡地,在不当的开发情形下,变成土石流发生的敏感地区,导致灾害不断的传出。拟就土石流之定义,及导致土石流发生机制的各项因子进行探讨,其中包括自然成因：地质、地形和水文等条件,以及人类活动对土石流形成所造成的影响,并依据土石流之各项特性整理,提出有关土石流之防治及预警系统之工法。     

台湾屏东县狮子乡坡地灾害潜势分析

以屏东县狮子乡为例,利用GIS探讨近年来致灾降雨事件之特性及空间分布趋势,并配合崩塌潜势与土石流(即泥石流,编者注)潜势溪流范围.首先将筛选出之地文因子,以曼一惠特尼进行崩塌相关性验证,具相关性之因子再以不安定(即不稳定)指数法计算出权重,并求得影响崩塌之主要因子;对于土石流潜势溪流之危险度并不予以评估,仅说明其集水区之地文特性;然后绘制崩塌潜感图,最后配合致灾降雨事件之日最大降雨量频率分析、特性与主要降雨空间分布进行灾害潜势分析,提供疏散避难发布决策之先后顺序.期望藉由分析坡地灾害潜势,能够达防灾、减灾之功效.     

论气象灾害综合风险防范模式——2008年中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害的反思

2008年初我国南方遭受特大低温雨雪冰冻灾害,并造成了重大损失。基于媒体发布的气象预报信息和灾情数据,从综合风险防范的角度深入分析了此次灾害应急中暴露出的问题,主要包括气象灾害应急社会联动机制不完善、电力和交通部门应急响应滞后、气象灾害综合风险影响评估缺位、政府与民众之间的风险沟通不足等;同时提出了气象灾害综合风险链的概念,认为气象灾害作为致灾因子可能引发一系列灾害,在自然和人文因素的相互作用下形成综合风险链,具有很大的危害性。最后,从灾害过程的角度构建了气象灾害综合风险防范模式,认为当前特别要加强气象灾害综合风险评估,建立应急处置社会联动机制,风险沟通贯穿整个综合风险防范过程。     

山区乡村居民的自然灾害感知研究——以陕西省太白县咀头镇上白云村为例

灾害感知研究对于深入理解人地关系,推动"有序人类活动"具有重要意义.乡村居民的灾害感知是居民灾害感知的重要组成部分,也是新农村建设要考虑的重要因素.上白云村位于秦岭南坡,是个自然灾害频发的地区,以入户访谈的形式对该村进行了调查.结果显示:1.村民灾害感知程度较强,对灾害的认识与客观情况比较一致;2.目前自然灾害对上白云村种植业有较大影响,但对村民的正常生活影响却不大.从长远角度看自然灾害对上白云村村民生活的影响有加剧的趋势;3.在减灾过程中政府与村民配合不紧密,村民有独自面对灾害的倾向;4.居民灾后寻求帮助的对象多倾向于家人和邻居,基层政府次之,村民灾后寻求帮助的可能性随着社会距离(社会关系的疏远度)的增加呈现衰减趋势;5.村民多采用传统防灾措施应对灾害,对地震及科学技术含量较高的灾害防御知识了解不足.     

国外防灾教育漫谈

在我国,自然灾害、事故灾害、公共卫生和社会安全等突发事件每年造成非正常死亡的人数超过20万人,伤残超过200万人,经济损失超过6000亿元。调查显示,灾害后果如此严重,与民众的防灾意识淡薄有很大的关系。我国近一半的民众对突发事件的应急措施了解十分有限,近30％的人甚至根本不了解。     

灾害链灾情累积放大研究方法进展

近年来全球范围内频发的重大自然灾害事件,表明一种灾害引发一系列次生灾害的灾害链现象使得灾情通过累积放大效应而大大超过单一灾种灾情,深入研究灾害链灾情累积放大过程是有效防范巨灾风险的前提.首先,本文梳理了国内外研究中不同视角下对灾害链现象的理解,认为灾害链一般性概念中应当包含孕灾环境、致灾因子链、承灾体以及它们在时间和空间上复杂相互作用关系,只有从地理学的综合性角度出发,才能正确而完整的理解灾害链过程灾情累积放大机制.其次,按研究思路的差异,综述了当前研究灾害链灾情累积放大过程的5 类方法,包括经验地学统计方法、概率模型、复杂网络模型、灾害模拟以及多学科理论方法.从描述灾害链要素在时间和空间上复合作用的角度出发,分别讨论了它们在刻画灾害链灾情放大过程中的优势与不足.选取了影响较大、灾害引发关系典型的地震灾害链与台风灾害链,从灾种维度综述上述几种方法在实际应用中的概况及进展.最后,提出综合多种方法发展与完善灾害链灾情累积放大效应过程的动态模拟是灾害链的研究趋势,其中关键在于模拟灾害链系统各要素的时间与空间上的耦合,研究思路从“静态—描述—解释”向“动态—过程—模拟”的转变是理解灾害链、灾害系统复杂性的重要途径.     

《中国三千年疫灾史料汇编》评介

疫灾是人类灾害链网中的顶级灾害,它与人类的发展紧密缠绕,可能永远难以根除.人类的进化史和社会发展史也是人类与灾害不断抗争并不断战胜灾害的历史.除当下共同面对的"新冠"肺炎疫情外,"非典"、黑死病、霍乱、天花以及病毒性流感等疫情,都曾在不同地区甚至全球范围对人类造成重大伤害.中华文明源远流长,经历过千灾万难的洗礼,在这过程中也留下了浩如烟海的斗争经验与历史资料,这对探寻疫灾规律至关重要,也可为当前和未来防疫减灾工作提供借鉴指导.     

试论公众防灾意识教育及其在城市安全中的作用

大多数城市灾害的发生都具有典型的突发性和不确定性,当特大灾害发生时,现有的工程措施已不能有效地避免灾害造成的危害,人们面对灾害的行为及反应成为减灾中一个决定性因素。从一定程度上讲,对公众的环境教育的不够是导致中国每年灾害损失较大的主要原因之一。通过探讨环境教育在灾害发生过程中对救灾、减灾的影响及其社会效应,对公共环境教育的途径提出了建议。     

基于GIS的城市社区暴雨内涝灾害风险评估

以2008年9月20日上海市浦东、南汇等地区发生的暴雨内涝灾害为例,选取受灾最为严重的川沙镇临园社区作为研究区,从致灾因子评估、脆弱性评估和暴露分析3方面建立了城市社区暴雨内涝的综合灾害风险评估模型.结合遥感影像、实地调查以及各种基础资料数据与GIS技术,对社区暴雨内涝灾害进行情景分析和灾害风险评估,以年均暴雨内涝损失表示研究区的暴雨内涝风险,该研究为城市社区灾害风险规划与管理提供决策依据.     

基于三种信息源的中国冰雹

广泛收集来自气象部门、政府减灾部门、新闻媒体等冰雹灾害信息,建立了中国冰雹灾害的数据库;编制出中国冰雹灾害空间格局图,将中国冰雹灾害的区域分异概括为1区、2带、7中心.中国冰雹灾害成灾的范围与冰雹致灾的范围有着一定差别,具有东移、南移的趋势.1949年以来冰雹灾害的主要承灾体类型有6大类、20亚类,其中以粮食作物受灾次数最多,从动态变化角度看,玉米、棉花、花卉、通讯等承灾体亚类值得注意.     

泥石流易发区灾害可接受程度对比研究 ——以云南东川和甘肃舟曲为例

以云南东川和甘肃舟曲两个泥石流易发区为例,通过问卷调查和统计分析,对比两地区公众对泥石流灾害后果关注程度和对泥石流灾害可接受程度及其影响因素的异同。研究结果表明：① 东川公众最关注财产损失,舟曲公众最关注疾病发生,两地区公众对环境破坏和房屋损失的关注程度都较高。② 东川公众对泥石流灾害发生次数（简称次数）和每年愿意支付的防灾保险费用（简称保险费用）可接受程度高的人数百分比高于舟曲公众;舟曲公众对泥石流灾害提前预告时间（简称预告时间）、居住地到泥石流灾害点距离（简称距离）可接受程度高的人数百分比高于东川公众。③ 两地区公众对 “次数”的可接受程度最低,对“保险费用”的可接受程度最高,对“预告时间”和“距离”的可接受程度中等。④ 两地区公众对泥石流灾害可接受程度有共同影响的因素包括：年龄对“距离”的影响,性别对“次数”和“距离”的影响,文化程度对“预告时间”和“保险费用”的影响,收入对“次数”“距离”和“保险费用”的影响。其它影响泥石流可接受程度的因素,两地区公众各有差异。     

中国2004年泥石流灾害特点及其对减灾的启示

分析了我国2004年成灾特点,大陆首次出现大规模的大风泥石流,在植被较好的地区仍然有泥石流发生,年内同一地区多次成灾增大了灾害损失,建筑选址不当是造成人员死亡的一个重要原因,低频性泥石流常造成严重灾害.受上述成灾特点的启示,提出在进行潜在泥石流判识时要慎重对待植被较好的区域,注重对低频泥石流的防范,在建筑物选址时应注意潜在泥石流危害,加强重大工程建设区泥石流灾害的预警,建立群测群防体系,进行监测预警,制定临灾预案,发展灾害保险业务以分担灾害风险等减灾对策.     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

委内瑞拉1999年特大泥石流灾害

受娜尼拉现象的影响,１９９９－１２－１５～１６委内拉北部阿维拉册区加勒比海沿岸的８个州连降特大暴雨,造成山体大面积滑塌,数十条沟谷同时暴发大规模的泥石流。泥石流造成３万人死亡、经济损失高达１００亿美元,成为本基纪最严重的泥石流灾害,这次泥石汉灾害具有群发性、规模大、低频率和直接入海等特点,对这类泥石流进行泥石流成因、活动规律、预测预报、泥石流与异常气候现象关系和直接入海型泥石流运动规律,沉积特征、     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

山洪泥石流灾害预报预警技术述评

山洪泥石流灾害一直都是山区人民的心头之患，严重威胁着山区人民的生命财产安全。山洪泥石流灾害预报预防，是21世纪我国山丘区防灾减灾的一个重要战略方向。文章通过对国内外大量文献资料的综合分析，评价了目前国内外最具典型的山洪泥石流灾害空间预报技术、时间预报技术以及预警系统开发等预报预警技术，并指出了未来山洪泥石流灾害预报预警技术的发展趋势。     

四川境内成昆铁路泥石流致灾原因

四川境内成昆铁路沿线泥石流活动频繁,严重危害和威胁着铁路安全。泥石流致灾原因如下:对泥石流认识不足,造成漏判、错判,从而处置不当;桥梁结构设计欠妥,在泥石流流通区设中墩;桥涵孔径过小,泥石流排泄不畅;建筑物位置不佳,排导设施不良;傍河铁路,对泥石流的间接危害重视不够;人类不合理的经济活动,加剧了灾害的发生。     

云南东川市泥石流及其防治管理

本文全面概述了东川泥石流的灾害历史和危害现状，系统阐述了自５０年代以来的泥石流防治工程技术和管理办法，并且总结了防治工作的成功经验。     

中国东部山地泥石流发育的第四纪环境背景及减灾对策

根据中国东部山地古泥石流沉积记录 ,推断在地形条件具备的前提下 ,泥石流形成经过了冰 (缘 )期气候作用下的物质积累和间冰 (缘 )期气候作用下的水动力作用过程 ,二者在时间上具有差异性。按照晚第四纪以来物质与水动力条件的空间波动范围 ,可将中国东部泥石流的形成划分为 3个区 ,北部主要受控于季风降水 ,中部主要受控于物质积累 ,而南部则只与地形切割等因素联系密切。据此提出相应的减灾对策。