不同地连墙插入深度下承压含水层减压降水对既有隧道的影响

当基坑需进行未截断条件下的承压含水层降水时,承压水抽降产生的影响范围远大于基坑开挖的影响范围,其对基坑外既有隧道的影响值得重视。进行了承压层减压降水对既有盾构隧道影响的有限元仿真模拟,并分析了采用地下连续墙插入承压含水层时,不同插入深度对隧道变形的影响,结果表明：随着地下连续墙插入承压含水层深度的增加,直至完全截断承压含水层,既有隧道沉降逐渐减小,但受地下连续墙变形的影响,隧道在水平方向仍存在较大位移。因此,当既有隧道与减压井净距较小时,即使承压含水层被完全截断,也应重视减压降水对隧道水平方向变形造成的影响。此外,长期减压降水将会引起隧道产生可观的沉降。因此,应尽量避免承压含水层未被完全截断条件下进行长期减压降水。     

基于层间位移协调的承压水降压引起土层变形分析

承压水降压引起的地面沉降由含水层、弱透水层和潜水层的变形组成。当承压层降压时间短、弱透水层固结变形较小时,可以假设弱透水层为严格的隔水层。采用层状弹性体系理论,基于位移协调条件分别建立了单井抽水以及第三类基坑工程降水（隔水帷幕插入降水含水层）引起的土层变形分析模型,与数值模拟和现场抽水试验结果的对比,验证了文中方法的正确性。研究结果表明,上覆土层弹性参数变化对地表变形的影响可以忽略;抽水井附近的土层变形呈现“上小下大”特点,一定距离以外含水层与地面沉降大致相等,根据承压含水层降深要求,可估算出基坑外的水位降深。     

天津市承压层应力状态及减压引发沉降规律研究

基坑工程中坑内承压水降水引发的坑外土体沉降与含水层土体性质及应力状态密切相关,但在天津地区承压含水层的土体应力状态及其沉降变形规律均缺乏系统地研究。首先通过天津市第一、二含水层组的历史水位变化,分析各含水层组土体的应力状态。再结合2组现场抽水试验,分析了各承压层降水-恢复过程土体沉降变形规律。根据对历史数据的分析表明,受补给关系和自然条件影响,天津市第一含水层组中上部水位变化较小,处于正常固结和轻度超固结状态。而20世纪60～80年代天津市深层地下水由于大规模开采形成了以市区为中心的降深漏斗,造成了严重的地表沉降。80年代后限制开采,天津市区的地下水位得以部分恢复,导致第一含水层组底部和第二含水层组处于严重的超固结状态。抽水试验结果表明,基本处于正常固结状态的第一承压层在抽水-恢复过程中变形以塑性变形为主,处于超固结状态的第二承压层变形以弹性变形为主,在反复降水-恢复中仍然会产生一定量的塑性变形,即当水位恢复时承压层压缩变形并不能完全恢复;受"土拱"作用影响,承压含水层降水引发的土体沉降最大值并不位于地表,而是位于抽水含水层上覆弱透水层附近。     

某地下空间承压含水层抽水试验及成果分析

由于地下水突涌风险,地下空间在施工作业中有必要通过抽水试验确定承压含水层的水文地质参数。依据勘察报告的初步评价,基坑开挖15.5m时,场地内第⑦1层承压含水层有可能产生突涌,为确保工程安全施工,需开挖前进行承压含水层抽水试验,取得场地承压含水层水文地质参数及降水引起的沉降特征,为地下空间设计和施工提供可靠依据。本次布设抽水井、观测井、分层沉降标组、孔隙水压力观测孔及地面沉降观测点,依据抽水试验技术要求获取渗透系数、抽水影响半径等相关水文地质参数。最后,针对工程场地内承压水情况及特点进行分析,提出基坑开挖时的承压水降压建议方案。     

管井降水技术在江底取水隧道修复中的应用

苏南某电厂江底取水隧道在掘进时发生沼气喷溢引起承压水携带泥沙涌入,隧道修复过程中需要防止承压水再次突涌,而能否通过管井降低长江水体下巨厚的承压含水层水位引起了巨大的争议。本文结合水文地质条件分析及现场抽水试验,查明目的含水层与江水及下部巨厚承压含水层之间的水力联系,得到了各层的水文地质参数,提供了可靠的降水方案,并对沉降变形进行了预测分析,解决了水上降水管井施工等一系列难题,对类似工程具有重要的借鉴意义。     

复杂地质条件下某深大基坑降水方案优化设计

某深大基坑位于长江下游岸边,场地地层为典型的二元结构,基坑开挖涉及的两层承压含水层间的弱透水层局部缺失,之间水力联系密切,基坑场地地质条件极为复杂,基坑施工降水直接关系到基坑工程的安全。这里将基坑分3个区,分别进行降水设计。具体降水方案:Ⅰ区两层承压含水层和Ⅱ区第一承压含水层被围护结构隔断内外水力联系,采用疏干井降水;Ⅱ区第二承压含水层未被围护结构隔断,Ⅲ区两层承压含水层水力联系密切,针对这两个区域设计了两套降水方案,方案一在Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区均布置有降水井,在Ⅱ区对第二承压含水层降水,在Ⅲ区对第一承压含水层降水;方案二仅在Ⅲ区布置降水井对第一承压含水层降水。为了更好地对降水方案进行对比分析,验证方案的可行性,对此进行了数值模拟分析,计算结果显示,两种方案均能满足降水要求,不过方案二布井数量少,基坑外水位降深较小,对周边环境影响更小,优于方案一。     

长江漫滩区明挖隧道基坑降承压水优化分析

现阶段,基坑降水设计多通过理论计算结合数值模拟进行,然而,在保证安全的前提下,总抽水量仍具有优化空间。基于此,以江阴靖江长江隧道江北明挖基坑第二承压含水层降水施工为例,采用线性规划与数值模拟相结合的方法,在利用抽水试验反演渗透系数的基础上,通过数值模拟获取了构建线性规划模型的主要参数,求解了总抽水量最小时需开启的井点及对应抽水量,并与实际施工进行了对比。结果表明,在构建线性规划模型时,考虑的井数越多,管井位置越合理,得到的总抽水量和降深通常越小;对于开挖深度渐变的明挖隧道基坑,在挖深大区段抽水效率最高,此时挖深较浅区段的降水需求可能自然得到满足;降水优化可大幅降低开启井数、总抽水量和环境影响。     

悬挂式止水帷幕深基坑减压降水的简化计算方法

采用悬挂式止水帷幕结合坑内减压降水的墙-井系统可有效减小坑内降水量或坑外水头降深。将基坑按面积相等等效为井壁进水的大直径承压水非完整井,幵令流入井内的水量等于止水帷幕内坑底承压水含水层内的竖直向渗流量,以此建立坑内减压抽水量与坑外承压水头降深的关系式。该理论公式计算结果在止水帷幕插入比大于0.6且基坑半径与承压含水层厚度之比小于2.0时与有限元计算结果比较接近。因未考虑渗流方向变化时的水头损失,数值计算结果和工程案例实测数据均表明理论公式计算结果偏大。利用参数分析研究承压含水层渗透系数各向异性、基坑平面面积、止水帷幕插入长度等因素对减压降水的影响规律。坑内减压抽水量或坑外水头降深与墙-井系统三维渗流场有关,渗流场越接近竖向渗流,坑外水头降深越小,水位接近初始状态。相比数值分析,理论公式简便直观,可用于减压降水的初步分析。     

抽水引起的含水层水平应变──地裂缝活动新机理

基于Darcy -Gersevanov广义渗流关系式 ,本文首先导出了单井定流量抽水引起的泰斯承压含水层水平运动和应变解析表达式 ,并据此提出了抽水诱发地裂缝活动的含水层水平应变新机理 ,其主要观点为 :受井栅的约束阻挡作用 ,抽水活动将在含水层内部形成近井径向挤压区和远井径向拉张区两个应变区域 ,随着抽水时间的增长 ,近井径向挤压区将逐渐向外扩展 ;当地裂缝及其下伏断层或裂隙位于抽水活动引起的径向拉张应变区域时 ,地裂缝将出现加速活动 ;反之 ,当地裂缝处于抽水活动引起的径向挤压应变区域时 ,地裂缝活动反而受到抑制。上述地裂缝活动机理通过大同机车工厂现场抽水实验得到了初步证实。     

深井降水在宝钢某基坑工程中的应用

上海宝钢集团建设的加热炉区漩流池,其基坑平面形状为直径约25 m的圆形,开挖深度32 m,场地内承压含水层,水头高度43.50 m,采用深井井点降水,最终将建设场地承压含水层地下水位埋深降低到29.28 m以下,避免了基坑突涌破坏,实现了基坑的安全开挖,采用跟踪法降水,最大限度地减少了降水对周边环境的影响。     

地铁车站抽水试验引起的地面沉降效应分析

通过研究轨道交通九号线宜山路地铁车站开挖(基坑开挖深度达28.0m)前进行的抽水试验引起的沉降效应表明,地面沉降变化明显受分层沉降影响。第七承压层弹性释水-贮水过程反复进行,影响着地层沉降-回弹变化,且总体呈下降趋势。距离待开挖宜山路地铁车站基坑最短距离只有11m的明珠三号轻轨线允许沉降量只有7mm,考虑到开挖后大规模群井抽水叠加效应,提出可以通过合理布置抽水井位、加大连续墙深度为62m、利用高压充填膨胀土加固含水层等方案来有效减小因抽水引起的地面沉降等环境效应。     

长江漫滩区深大异形基坑施工对紧邻特大型桥梁影响及变形控制研究

随着地下空间资源的开发利用,越来越多深基坑呈现出开挖深、规模大、形状不规则等特点,其支护结构设计复杂,施工难度大,具有明显的空间效应。本文以南京地铁某基坑工程为例,分析基坑施工对邻近桥梁的影响。其场区位于长江下游漫滩相二元结构地层分布地段,上部软土层厚度大,下部承压含水层地下水位高、水量丰富,地质条件复杂,该基坑为典型的深大异形基坑,距离某大桥的双曲拱引桥仅为7. 2 m,由于之前桥梁已遭受其他地下工程施工产生的较大变形,所以后续工程对其影响变形控制要求极高。为此,该车站基坑支护结构设计基于地下空间实际功能采用设置分隔墙分区开挖及MJS超深工法墙综合变形控制方案。本文通过有限元数值模拟计算,开展复杂环境下基坑开挖引起的围护结构及桥梁桩基的变形预测分析,计算结果显示,该深大狭长异形基坑开挖对邻近桥梁沉降变形影响显著,通过设置分隔墙分区开挖及MJS工法墙进行变形控制,能够较好地控制基坑的空间效应,减少“长边效应”、“异形效应”等对桥梁沉降变形的影响。通过现场基坑开挖过程实际监测结果,验证这一综合变形控制方案的可行性。该研究成果对于类似复杂地质条件下深大狭长异形基坑的支护及施工设计具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Geological and hydrogeological environment in Tianjin with potential geohazards and groundwater control during excavation

This paper discusses the geological and hydrogeological features of Quaternary deposits in Tianjin as well as the geohazards related to groundwater hydrology in this region. The soft soil deposits, comprising silt, sand, silty clay and clay, are composed of four aquifer groups. In the first aquifer group, one phreatic aquifer and two confined aquifers have relationships with underground construction in the urban area. These three aquifers are separated by two aquitards and collectively form a multi-aquifer system. During geotechnical construction, potential geohazards present are related to the groundwater, which include water-in-rushing, quicksand and piping hazards. To prevent the aforementioned geohazards, dewatering is conducted; however, groundwater pumping may result in large settlements of the surrounding ground. To reduce pumping-induced settlement, the dewatering–waterproofing system has been adopted. According to the characteristics of the subsoil, excavation depth and the surrounding environment, the dewatering system can be divided into five patterns. In the first four patterns, when pumping is conducted in the excavation pit, the groundwater head in the adjacent aquifers outside the pit decreases due to the leakage effect of the aquitards located between the aquifers. In the fifth pattern, waterproof curtain has cut off the aquifers completely and dewatering in the pit cannot result in settlement around excavation pit. To avoid geohazards related to groundwater hydrology, countermeasures recommended include construction of an effective waterproof curtain, selection of a reasonable excavation dewatering pattern and withdrawal of required groundwater.     

Experimental study on the vertical deformation of aquifer soils under conditions of withdrawing and recharging of groundwater in Tongchuan region,China

Land subsidence due to aquifer-system compaction accompanying groundwater extraction is a global hazard. Rising urban construction and groundwater demand necessitate increased awareness and better understanding of the geological problem. Motivated by the lack of laboratory-scale studies on this issue, an experimental investigation on the newly developed Tongchuan region, China, is presented. The study addresses the deformation behaviors of three soil samples, with the lithology of silty clay, silt, and fine sand, under the conditions of groundwater withdrawal and recharge using the GDS Consolidation Testing System. Results indicate that all three samples were characterized by elastic–plastic deformation under the conditions of withdrawing and recharging. The vertical deformation of the silty clay in the aquitard above the first confined aquifer was larger than those of the other two samples, and its deformation is a gradual and long process; thus, considerable attention should be paid to deformation in this aquitard due to the apparent creep effect and tiny rebound deformation. However, the settlement of the fine sand in the second confined aquifer cannot be ignored due to the great thickness of the aquifer. For the same soil, as the pore-water pressure declined, the unit rate of vertical deformation decreased gradually, whereas the creep effect of deformation in the later declining stage of pore-water pressure was more apparent than that in the former declining stage. These observations are highly important to the local government, which is developing measures to prevent and control subsidence.     

Hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous concrete wall in the pit of subway station and its optimization

Subway traffic is now being developed in China on a large scale and the planning subway stations are often located in dense district with tall building. The dewatering of confined aquifer may cause ground settlement, the cracking, deformation and tilting of the building, and even collapse. Combing with the dewatering project of environment protection of the pit of Yishan Road station of Shanghai subway No. 9, through the inversion of seepage parameters based on the field pumping test, the hydraulic barrier function of the underground continuous wall is simulated. The result indicates that with the reduction of the exposed length of the filter tube and the increase of that enclosed, the drawdown of the confined aquifer decreases. Especially with the increase of the enclosed length of the filter tube, the drawdown outside the pit can be controlled effectively. According to the result of the numerical simulation, the design of the continuous concrete wall of the pit for Shanghai Subway No. 9 is altered and the depth of the continuous concrete wall of the standing part and that in the end well are increased to 61 and 62 m, respectively. The monitored result of the equal drawdown pumping test indicates that the drawdown outside the pit with a distance of 1–6 m to the wall is less than 2 m; It means that there is nearly no influence on the environment around the pit during dewatering.     

软土地区地铁道床沉降特征及其诱发因素分析

以上海4条地铁线路道床长期沉降监测资料为基础,分析了地铁隧道的纵向沉降特征;结合该地区地质环境调查资料,深入分析地铁隧道沉降与下卧层地层结构、浅部地下水位变化以及区域地面沉降三个地质环境因素之间的相互作用关系。结果表明,地铁隧道下卧地层结构差异是地铁隧道沉降差异性的重要地质环境因素,深基坑降排水引起降水目的含水层地下水位下降,使得降水目的层以及相邻软黏性土层发生较大的压缩变形,导致以降水目的层上覆软黏性土层为承载体的地铁隧道也随之发生沉降,区域地面沉降也是地铁隧道沉降的重要影响因素。     

隧道下穿码头群桩基础的离心模型试验研究

在地下隧道施工中遇到既有桩的情况并不少见,尽管近年来隧道-土-桩相互作用引起了广泛关注,但以往的研究主要集中在小规模隧道开挖引起的桩的反应上.通过三维离心模型试验,研究了双管大型隧道开挖引起的群桩变形机理.由于隧道开挖引起的应力释放,群桩的实测沉降随隧道的推进几乎呈线性增加.监测点距新建隧道较短,导致群桩沉降较大.单隧...