不同温度条件下气体压力升降过程中瓦斯运移规律的试验研究

利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流装置,对不同温度条件下型煤试件在气体压力升降过程的渗流特性进行了试验研究,以模拟随采深增加引起的地温升高条件下煤的渗透特性。同时,为探讨低渗储层的滑脱效应进行了相同条件下氦气的平行试验。研究结果表明：（1）升压阶段,轴向应变增大,径向应变减小,近似呈线性变化;降压阶段,随气体压力降低,应变呈现出与升压阶段相同的变化趋势。随温度升高,应变随气体压力变化的斜率增大。（2）升压阶段,随气体压力升高,渗透率呈二次抛物线型变化,约在气体压力为3.0 MPa左右到达最小;降压阶段,随气体压力减小,渗透率先略有减小后增大,升压阶段渗透率大于降压阶段渗透率。（3）升压阶段滑脱效应引起的渗透率变化量大于降压阶段的变化量,且滑脱效应所引起的渗透率变化量随气体压力增加呈幂指数函数降低。     

分级加-卸载条件下原煤的渗透及能耗特征研究

利用自主研制的含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验装置,进行了含瓦斯原煤分级加-卸载试验,分析探讨了煤岩的变形、渗透特性及能耗特征,结合能耗特征建立了损伤变量方程。研究结果表明：随分级加-卸载进行,煤样的累积残余变形逐渐增加,相对残余变形先降低,后出现残余变形稳定区,临近煤样破坏又上升。随分级加-卸载进行,渗透率总体变化趋势呈螺旋状先降低,后上升,破坏瞬间急剧增大;定义渗透率绝对恢复率?j和渗透率相对恢复率?x定量分析了加-卸载渗透率的变化情况,发现?j先减小,临近破坏又增大,?x逐渐增大,其中弹性段?x保持在85%～95%,临近破坏超过100%。随分级加-卸载进行,煤体累积耗散能呈指数函数增加,单级循环耗散能增加。随着轴向应力的增加,主应力差增加,损伤变量值增大,且煤样破坏时的损伤变量临界值Dc ≈0.9。     

不同温度下孔隙压力对煤岩渗流特性的影响机制

在深部煤层瓦斯抽采过程中,地温较高且孔隙压力逐渐降低,而目前综合考虑温度和孔隙压力对煤岩渗透特性耦合作用的研究较少.利用自主研发的出口端压力可调的三轴渗流装置,以贵州矿区原煤试件为研究对象,进行不同温度下改变孔隙压力的渗流试验,并建立了考虑温度的渗透率匹配模型.研究表明,煤岩渗透率随孔隙压力增大按指数函数减小;煤岩渗透率随压差的增大而减小,随温度的升高而降低,在不同的温度状态下,渗透率的下降速率和变化幅度有所不同.在模拟瓦斯开发的物理试验中,压差应尽量小,减少其误差,为建立不同边界条件的渗透率模型提供帮助;随温度的升高,温度突变系数呈增大的趋势;随孔隙压力的增大,温度突变系数呈减小的趋势.温度突变系数在整个阶段不为常数,且割理压缩系数可变,这两个特征更能真实地匹配模型,反映瓦斯的开发过程.      

构造煤渗透率对温度变化响应规律的试验研究

针对含瓦斯构造煤渗透率与温度变化关系,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热-流-固耦合三轴渗流试验装置,开展不同应力条件下含瓦斯构造煤原煤样的渗透率与温度变化的试验研究。试验结果表明：（1）在试验温度变化过程中,构造煤样渗透率随温度升高而降低,渗透率与温度变化呈现负指数函数分布规律;（2）在试验温度变化过程中,构造煤渗透率损失率与有效应力符合Boltzmann分布,渗透率损失率存在有效应力门槛值大约为4.515 MPa。渗透率变化主要分为渗透率加速变化与平稳变化两个阶段,构造煤样渗透率从加速阶段过渡到平稳变化温度大约为45 ℃;（3）在温度21～80 ℃范围内,渗透率敏感性系数数量级为10-2,温度变化对构造煤样渗透率影响不显著。同时,有效应力的增加使得温度敏感性系数降低。     

破碎煤体渗透特性的试验研究

破碎煤体的渗透特性是影响煤矿瓦斯抽放和地下采空区突水灾害预防的重要因素之一。利用一种专用的破碎岩体压实渗透试验装置,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上完成了破碎煤体压实过程中的渗透特性测定,得到了破碎煤体轴向应力、渗透压差、水头梯度与渗流速度的关系,并分析了各种粒径破碎煤体在不同渗透速度下轴向应力对渗透系数的影响。研究表明,(1) 不同粒径破碎煤体的渗透特性与其压实状态密切相关,轴压从5～15 MPa变化时,渗透压差的最大值增加了3.28～166.47倍,渗透系数都相应降低了1个量级以上;(2) 在恒定的渗流速度下渗透压差随轴压变化的规律近似呈指数函数关系;(3) 渗透系数随轴压变化的规律近似呈对数函数关系;(4) 恒定的轴压下水头梯度随渗流速度变化的规律近似呈指数函数关系。     

岩溶裂隙介质的壳状渗透结构与矿山排水

壳状渗透结构是裂隙岩体的渗透特征,主要表现是岩体的渗透率按负指数函数随深度衰减。在矿山开采深度范围内,渗透率可以减小几个数量级。本文根据壳状渗透结构下的矿坑涌水规律和地下水压力分布特征,探讨矿区城市地下水环境保护问题     

含杂质盐岩加载全过程的渗透试验研究

为了探讨杂质含量对盐岩力学行为和渗透特性的影响,对不同杂质含量的盐岩进行三轴压缩全过程的气体渗透试验。研究表明,气体渗透作用下杂质含量的增加使得盐岩峰值应力逐步增大而峰值应变逐步减小,应力-应变曲线呈现出向应变零点处的纵坐标"收缩"的状态;杂质含量和围压的变化都会对盐岩的渗透率大小产生影响,当杂质含量小于等于50%时围压的影响较杂质的影响大,当杂质含量大于50%时杂质含量的影响较围压大;围压增大使得盐岩的渗透率减小,渗透率最小值前移,且受杂质影响的范围向前扩大;围压的增大使得杂质影响下的峰值应力处的渗透率和应力零点处的渗透率之间的差异变大,杂质含量的增大使得峰值处的渗透率增大。     

三轴应力下不同粒径破碎砂岩渗透特性试验

地下工程中破碎岩体往往处于三向应力状态,此类岩体具有孔隙率大、渗透性高等特点,在地应力与高水头作用下易发生渗流失稳破坏,诱发突水灾害。为研究三轴应力下破碎砂岩的渗透特性,运用自主研发的破碎岩石三轴渗流试验系统,采用稳态渗透法进行5种粒径破碎砂岩的渗流试验,得到了三轴应力下破碎砂岩渗透特性变化规律,推导了有效应力与渗流速度之间的关系。试验结果表明：三轴应力下破碎砂岩的有效应力与渗流速度呈线性关系,且轴向位移越大时,随有效应力的增加渗流速度减小的幅度越小;三轴应力下5种粒径破碎砂岩的孔压梯度与渗流速度服从Forchheimer关系,两者之间的相关系数达0.95以上;轴向位移恒定时,随着围压的增大,破碎砂岩渗透率k减小,非Darcy流β因子增大,各级轴向位移下,破碎砂岩的渗透率与围压之间呈指数函数关系;随着孔隙率的减小,5种粒径的破碎砂岩渗透率呈减小趋势,非Darcy流β因子整体增大,且渗透率量级为10-14～10-11 m2,非Darcy流β因子的量级为106～1012 m-1。     

断层泥蠕变特性与含水量的关系研究

断层泥的瞬时力学性质和蠕变特性与含水量关系密切,其力学参数随含水量增加而减少,呈负指数函数关系。界限含水量划分具有很大的意义,某地f246断层泥界限含水量为8%～10%.     

断层泥蠕变特性与含水量的关系研究

断层泥的瞬时力学性质和蠕变特性与含水量关系密切,其力学参数随含水量增加而减少,呈负指数函数关系。界限含水量划分具有很大的意义,某地ｆ２４６断层泥界限含水量为８％～１０％。     

华北地台东部石炭系—二叠系优质煤储层形成分布控制因素

优质煤储层在此指厚度大、分布广、储集物性好的煤层。沉积相对优质煤储层的形成和分布有重要控制作用。通过浅海和泻湖淤积填平发育起来的潮坪环境和三角洲环境是最有利的优质煤储层形成环境,煤储层厚度大、分布广。沉积环境对煤储层中的灰分含量和镜质组含量有重要影响,而灰分含量和镜质组含量又直接影响煤储层的储集物性。灰分充填了煤储层中的孔隙,其含量越高,储集物性越差;镜质组有利于割理的形成,其含量越高,储集物性越好。由于在灰分含量、煤岩显微组分等方面的差异,潮坪环境沉积的煤储层的储集物性优于三角洲的煤储层,下三角洲平原沉积的煤储层优于上三角洲平原沉积的煤储层。海平面变化对优质煤储层的形成和分布也有重要控制作用。高位体系煤储层富集,单层厚度大,横向分布相当稳定,尤其是高位体系域晚期,是形成优质煤储层最有利的层位。而水进体系域煤储层稀少,单层厚度小,横向分布不稳定,不利于优质煤储层形成。     

Mechanical properties and permeability evolution in gas-bearing coal–rock combination body under triaxial conditions

With the development of deep mining in recent years, coal and gas compound dynamic disasters become increasingly serious. In this study, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were conducted on gas-bearing coals, coal–sandstone combined bodies and coal–mudstone combined bodies and the permeabilities in the triaxial tests were measured simultaneously. The mechanical behavior and seepage characteristics of coals and coal–rock combination bodies under triaxial conditions were compared in details. The results show that the peak strength among three samples is: coal–sandstone combined body > coal–mudstone combined body > coal. If other conditions were held constant, the strength and the elastic modulus of all specimens show that tendency increases with the increment of the confining pressure or with the decrease in the gas pressure. The strength characteristics of all three specimens met the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, and the residual strength has an increasing trend with the increase in confining pressure. The permeability evolutions of gas-bearing coals and coal–rock combination bodies which are determined by the crack propagation in the coals and rocks are not exactly the same. This preliminary study is intended to deepen our understandings of the mechanisms of coal–gas compound dynamic disasters and provide theoretical bases for their predictions.     

Lead isotope ratios in Spanish coals of different characteristics and origin

Lead isotope ratios in coals of different rank from several Spanish basins were estimated and related with their characteristics. The isotope ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio values of the coals studied range between 1.13 and 1.21, with the exception of some coal samples from the Cretaceous which are more radiogenic. Coals were classified into groups according to their lead isotope ratios. These in turn were related to the isotope ratios of the minerals galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and carbonates. Some of the low-rank coals, in which lead might be expected to be associated with the organic matter, were not found to be related with the isotope ratios of minerals. The isotope ratios of the individual densimetric fractions separated from a bituminous coal are different to those of the raw coal. The differences between these isotope ratios may not only be due to the diverse origin of lead in different coals, but also with the possible presence of several lead species incorporated from various sources in a particular coal. The results of this work represent an important contribution to the lead isotope ratio database essential for the accurate interpretation of data regarding pollution sources.     

原状与重塑黄土冻融过程渗透特性对比试验研究

通过冻融条件下西安Q₃原状和重塑黄土的电镜扫描观测和三轴固结渗透试验,对比分析了冻融作用对原状和重塑黄土渗透特性的影响规律。结果显示:冻融条件下原状与重塑黄土微观结构均发生明显变化,土体胶结连接强度变差且颗粒排列更加松散,孔隙比增加,渗透性增强。冻融作用对原状和重塑黄土表面结构破坏均较严重,但原状黄土表面结构破坏程度较重塑黄土更为强烈;冻融过程产生的裂缝使得土中水分渗流和迁移的通道形成,导致原状与重塑黄土体渗透性增强。冻融条件下原状与重塑黄土渗透系数随含水率增加均先增大后减小,表现出抛物线变化特征;渗透系数随冻融次数增加均先增大然后趋于稳定,表现出指数增大特征;渗透系数随围压增大均先减小然后趋于稳定,表现出指数下降特征;相同条件下原状黄土渗透系数高于重塑黄土;原状与重塑黄土渗透系数差异随围压增大逐渐减小。     

原油族组分在煤中留存能力的研究

研究了煤及其干酪根对不同组分油气的留烃能力.将原油分成5个组分,引入溶胀理论,对低、中、高成熟度的煤及其干酪根在不同溶解度参数的溶剂中进行了溶胀实验,获得不同成熟度的煤及其干酪根的溶胀特征,进而得到不同成熟度的煤及其干酪根对5个组分的留烃能力.R°在0.4%～1.25%范围内的煤及其干酪根,其溶胀比随着煤的成熟度增加而降低;而R°大于1.25%的干酪根,其溶胀度则随着Ⅲ型干酪根的成熟度的增加而升高.在"油窗"范围内,随着成熟度的变化,煤和Ⅲ型干酪根的溶胀比降低,表明其留烃能力在下降.对于具有中等溶解度参数的组分,其留烃能力下降约20%.     

Modelling of anisotropic coal swelling and its impact on permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery

Coal swelling/shrinkage during gas adsorption/desorption is a well-known phenomenon. For some coals the swelling/shrinkage shows strong anisotropy, with more swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding than that parallel to the bedding. Experimental measurements performed in this work on an Australian coal found strong anisotropic swelling behaviour in gases including nitrogen, methane and carbon dioxide, with swelling in the direction perpendicular to the bedding almost double that parallel to the bedding. It is proposed here that this anisotropy is caused by anisotropy in the coal's mechanical properties and matrix structure. The Pan and Connell coal swelling model, which applies an energy balance approach where the surface energy change caused by adsorption is equal to the elastic energy change of the coal solid, is further developed to describe the anisotropic swelling behaviour incorporating coal property and structure anisotropy. The developed anisotropic swelling model is able to accurately describe the experimental data mentioned above, with one set of parameters to describe the coal's properties and matrix structure and three gas adsorption isotherms. This developed model is also applied to describe anisotropic swelling measurements from the literature where the model was found to provide excellent agreement with the measurement. The anisotropic coal swelling model is also applied to an anisotropic permeability model to describe permeability behaviour for primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery. It was found that the permeability calculation applying anisotropic coal swelling differs significantly to the permeability calculated using isotropic volumetric coal swelling strain. This demonstrates that for coals with strong anisotropic swelling, anisotropic swelling and permeability models should be applied to more accurately describe coal permeability behaviour for both primary and enhanced coalbed methane recovery processes.     

水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料基础力学特性实验研究

煤层水力压裂模拟实验是研究煤矿井下水力压裂煤岩体致裂增透、弱化机理的有效手段。然而,大尺寸煤岩体原位保真取样技术不成熟,已有大尺寸煤样块多取自卸压区,其在运输和制备过程中会发生二次破坏,导致实验结果失真。因此,使用煤岩体相似材料代替大尺寸原煤执行室内水力压裂模拟实验成为一种可行的选择。煤岩体相似材料试样的力学特性是影响水力压裂效果最重要因素。为精确表征煤岩体相似材料的基础力学特征,选择煤粉、水泥、石膏、砂子为相似材料,设计制作7种配比试样,进行超声波与力学特性耦合响应规律研究。结果表明:煤岩体相似材料试样超声波波速(P波和S波)和强度(单轴抗压和抗拉强度)随着密度的增大而增大,随着孔隙率的增大而减小;相似材料对于超声波波速、强度和密度增大幅度的影响为水泥>砂子>石膏,孔隙率正相反;相似材料水泥和石膏分别在调节试样强度和变形特性方面起主要作用;根据超声波P波波速与强度之间的二次多项式数学模型,通过测定超声波P波波速可提前预测试样的强度;试样力学参数可调整范围大,通过改变相似材料配比可以调整试样的力学性质,精确模拟煤岩体,且试样制作方法简单。此研究可为煤层水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料力学特征相似设计提供依据,促进矿井瓦斯防治技术的发展,具有广泛的应用价值。      

多相介质煤岩体力学实验研究

基于自然煤样,水饱和煤样和气,水饱和煤样的三轴对比力学实验得出;自然煤样的弹性模量,抗压强度和体积压缩系数大于饱和水煤样的,饱和水煤样的又大于气,水饱和煤样的,而泊松比则正好相反;平行层理方向的应变大于垂直层理方向的应变;煤吸附气,水介质后,体积发生膨胀,煤体强度和机械能降低,指出了在地面开发煤层气过程中,随着气,水介质的排出,煤基质发生收缩,煤体强度提高,泊松比减少。上覆重力在煤储层水平方向的分量降低,煤储层渗透率得到改善。     

Evaluation of the damages of permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals

A high rank coal was tested in terms of loading and unloading to characterize changes in the permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals. The coal sample, an anthracite, is subdivided into four types according to its structure, namely, the primary structure coal, cataclastic coal (the weakest deformation coal), granulated coal (the moderate deformation coal), and mylonitic coal (the intensest deformation coal); the latter three types are considered to be tectonic deformation coals. Permeability of tectonically deformed coals shows a negative exponential relation to stress. The intenser the structural deformation in coal is, the lower the permeability. Two evaluation parameters, namely, loss rate m (0.8318–0.9476) and damage rate n (0.447–0.6556), which are related to changes in permeability, increase with increasing structural deformation in coal. The cleat compressibility factor declines with increasing difference in effective stress and increases with increasing structural deformation in coal. This study proposes a calculation method for evaluating the porosity damage. Similar to the loss ratio and damage rate, this parameter (η) increases with increasing structural deformation in coal and reveals the relationship between the porosity damage and the structural deformation in coal.     

黔西煤中氟与"燃煤型"地方性氟中毒的地球化学研究

本文总结了贵州西部地方性氟中毒的地球化学研究过程,这个过程包括对病区饮用水、煤中氟的丰度、拌煤粘土的认识,经历了从高氟煤到低氟煤,从使用煤拌粘土是个例到普遍现象的认识历程。指出贵州西部晚二叠世煤中氟的含量低,低氟煤不是地方性氟中毒的氟源,真正的氟源是拌煤粘土;在贵州单纯由煤引起的地方性氟中毒是不存在的,至少迄今尚未得到证实。针对贵州地方性氟中毒的新认识,中国矿业大学（北京）开发出了廉价适宜的固（降）氟技术,该技术本着就地取材、易于操作的原则,选择了粘土岩作为煤燃烧的添加剂和制作蜂窝煤用的粘合剂、以灰岩为固氟剂,确定了煤、粘土和灰岩的最佳配比和粒度,固氟率可达65％以上。固（降）技术的大力推广应用,是预防地方性氟中毒的重要途径和措施。