固定化小球藻去除Cr6+的研究

对固定化小球藻去除Cr进行了研究,结果表明,当褐藻酸钠浓度为3%、CaCl2浓度为0.4mol/L、小球藻用量为12%(VV)时,包埋法制得的固定化小球藻具有较好的机械性能和较高的Cr去除率有营养源条件下与无营养源条件下相比,固定化小球藻对Cr的去除率可提高4～8倍;在pH 6～7范围内,当Cr浓度低于15 mg/L时,可达到较好的去除效果;当营养源组成为葡萄糖9 g/L、KNO30.4g/L、MgSO4@7H2O0.9 g/L、微量元素(100倍浓缩液)9 mL/L时,对Cr的去除效果最好.     

投加海水化学沉淀法去除污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐

研究污水处理厂产生的污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐(PO43-)和铵盐(NH4 )的去除方法。依据化学沉淀法的原理,含有Ca2 和Mg2 的海水加入污泥脱水液后,可以使污水中的PO43-与金属离子发生化学沉淀反应,实现污水除磷的目的。采用正交试验优化得到这种方法处理污泥脱水液的工艺条件:水温20℃,海水与污水混合比例为2∶10,体系pH值为10.5,反应时间20min。经过静态处理,污泥脱水液中氨态氮(NH4 -N)的平均去除率为34%,无机磷(PO43--P)的平均去除率为95%,比不投加海水的处理提高26%,这表明投加海水有利于强化污泥脱水液的除磷效果。动态处理也有较好的效果,PO43--P和NH4 -N的去除率分别可达91%和18%。这种技术不仅除磷效果好,处理成本也较低,生成的沉淀物还可以作为肥料施用,因而是污泥脱水液除磷的有效途径,特别适用于沿海地区污水处理厂。     

无机氮浓度及其配比对细基江蓠繁枝变型生长及生化组成的影响

在实验室条件下分别研究了NO3--N和NH4 -N浓度及其配比对细基江蓠繁枝变型(Gracilariatenuistipitatavar.liuiZhangetXia)生长及生化组成的影响。结果表明,过低的NO3--N浓度(0,10μmol/L)或过高的NO3--N浓度(60,80μmol/L)、过低的NH4 -N浓度(0,2.5μmol/L)或过高的NH4 -N浓度(10,20,40μmol/L)、过低的NH4 -N/NO3--N比值(1/35,1/7)或过高的NH4 -N/NO3--N比值(3/7,4/7)条件下,江蓠均表现为生长速率明显减慢(P<0.05)、藻体内藻红素(PE)、叶绿素a、蛋白质含量显著降低(P<0.05);而分别在NO3--N20μmol/L、NH4 -N5μmol/L、NH4 -N/NO3--N2/7(TIN20mol/L)的条件下,江蓠可获得最快生长速率和最高的PE、叶绿素a、蛋白质含量以及最低的碳水化合物/蛋白质比值。     

一株低温降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中驯化分离筛选到1株低温有机物和氨氮降解菌株DB11。根据其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为马氏副球菌(Paracoccus marcusii)。经驯化,该菌株以刺参饵料为唯一营养源,低温(15℃)、低接种量(<5×10-3)条件下能同时高效降解饵料中的有机物和氨态氮,5 d时间内对富集培养基中COD和NH4+-N的降解率分别达50%和98%。进一步研究其降解特性表明,菌株生长适温15~30℃,生长适宜pH值为7~10,降解刺参饵料中COD和NH4+-N的最适温度条件为15~20℃、最适pH条件为8.0~8.5;在最适降解条件下、接种量为5×10-3时,对10~20 g/L高质量浓度的刺参饵料液中COD降解效果显著,3 d时间去除率达56.9%~65.7%,对1~20 g/L质量浓度的刺参饵料液中NH4+-N 3 d时间的去除率达91.7%~99.9%。     

组织培养获得的海黍子幼孢子体的营养盐吸收和生长特性的研究

以组织培养间接获得的海黍子幼孢子体为实验对象,研究温度和氮、磷浓度对其营养盐吸收和生长的影响。结果显示,15~30℃范围内幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P。25~30℃下NH+4-N的吸收显著高于10~15℃时,而NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率在实验温度下差异不显著。NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率分别出现在15、25和25℃。当氮浓度3 000μg·L-1时,幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N和NH+4-N,且二者均呈现开放型吸收模式。当磷浓度30μg·L-1时,幼孢子体可吸收PO3-4-P,且呈现饱和型模式。温度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。10~30℃范围内,富含氮磷组和去除氮磷组的特定生长率(SGR)均随着温度的升高先增大后减小,且最大SGR(分别为19.58%·d-1和14.58%·d-1)均在25℃时取得;叶绿素a、c的含量随着温度的升高先减小后增大。氮、磷浓度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。富含氮磷组的SGR、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素c含量分别在15~25℃、15~30℃和20~30℃范围内显著高于去除氮磷组。     

小分子有机碳、氮源对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)生长和去除高浓度无机三态氮的影响

采用高浓度无机三态氮(铵氮4NH?-N、亚硝氮2NO?-N和硝氮3NO?-N)共存的模拟海水体系,在最适生长条件下,研究了小分子有机物(糖类、有机酸、醇、有机氮)和p H对海洋着色菌(Marichromatium gracile)YL28去除水体无机三态氮的影响。结果表明:以葡萄糖、乙酸钠和乙醇为唯一碳源时,水体中的高浓度2NO?-N和3NO?-N均能被完全去除,4NH?-N的去除率分别为93.40%、84.55%和66.63%;碳源为乙酸钠时菌体生长最好,体系中添加蛋白胨或尿素,仅4NH?-N的去除效果明显降低。p H值在6.0—9.0时,该菌株对4NH?-N、2NO?-N和3NO?-N均具有去除能力。由此可知:YL28菌株对模拟海水养殖水体中高浓度无机三态氮具有良好的去除能力,高浓度有机氮化物(蛋白胨和尿素)对4NH?-N的去除能力有明显影响,但对2NO?-N和3NO?-N仍保持高效的去除能力。本研究为不产氧光合细菌制剂在水产养殖中的合理应用提供参考。     

小清河口春季亚硝酸盐偏高问题探讨

2008年春季对莱州湾小清河口的走航调查发现,调查区域大部分水体的DOC,CODMn,NH4+-N,PO43--P高于4类海水的限定值,处于严重污染状态。水体CHla的浓度范围在1.02~37.92μg/L之间,但DO饱和度却在23%~96%之间,盐度小于15水体的DO饱和度低于50%,水体缺氧严重。河口存在NO2--N含量偏高现象。由河口向外,NO2--N浓度逐渐增加,至盐度24.4的水体达到0.27 mg/L的高值,NO2--N增加主要是NH4+-N的硝化反应产生的。NH4+-N生成NO2--N主要受DO和NH4+-N比例与浓度的影响,DO饱和度在30%~70%,NH4+-N大于3.33 mg/L的水体中NO2--N生成速率最快。     

2016年山东省15个海水增养殖区氮磷分布及其结构特征

氮、磷是海洋生物生长所需要的重要营养元素,其变化对海水增养殖区生态系统结构和功能有着重要影响。文章根据2016年3月、5月、8月及10月的监测资料,分析了山东省15个海水增养殖区氮、磷分布特征,结果表明：DIN浓度范围0.007 30～2.20 mg/L,平均值0.192 mg/L,68.0%的站次浓度介于0.05～0.2 mg/L之间,渤海湾、莱州湾养殖区浓度普遍高于黄海养殖区;PO4-P浓度范围0～0.089 5 mg/L,平均0.005 98 mg/L,81.9%的站次浓度介于0.001～0.015 mg/L之间,约2/3水域为磷限制性贫营养状态。表层、底层海水DIN与PO4-P浓度无明显差异;NO3-N、NO2-N、NH4-N占比分别为68.91%、6.82%、27.27%,NO3-N是DIN的主要存在形式;夏季NH4-N形态比例最高,平均占比36.5%;N/P原子质量比范围1.6～2 532.3,主要范围在10～40,渤海养殖区N/P比明显高于黄海养殖区;DIN分布主要受陆源径流输入影响;PO4-P水平分布无明显规律。     

龙须菜在滩涂贝藻混养系统中的生态作用模拟研究

2005年5-7月,在室内采用实验生态学方法对壳长为48.35 mm±4.27 mm文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)成贝和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis Weber-van Bosse)的4种配比(生物量配比分别为0∶1、1∶1、2∶1、4∶1)进行了混养实验,每周测定养殖水体中营养盐变化情况以及文蛤、龙须菜的存活和生长情况等。实验表明,加入了大型藻类的文蛤养殖系统,相对于空白对照组,其氨氮、亚硝氮和磷酸盐浓度显著降低,NH4-N从5.52μmol/L降至1.30μmol/L、NO2-N从0.31μmol/L降至0.06μmol/L,而PO4-P从0.48μmol/L降至0.006μmol/L。实验结束后,文蛤及龙须菜生长情况良好,文蛤特定生长率最高达到了0.84%,龙须菜最高则达到了1.79%。本实验条件下,在文蛤成贝养殖系统中加入大型藻类,对养殖水体中的NH4-N、NO2-N、PO4-P有明显的吸收效果,吸收率分别为86%、98%和99%,起到了良好的生态作用。     

植物生长激素对海洋光合细菌生长及净化氮、磷能力影响的研究

从青岛栈桥附近海域的底泥中分离出了光合细菌菌株,研究了三十烷醇、赤霉素和α-萘乙酸对其生长与净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力的影响,以期获得快速培养光合细菌的方法。结果表明这三种植物生长激素对海洋光合细菌的生长均有促进作用。其中赤霉素的促进作用最明显,其最佳质量浓度为0.5mg/L,经12d培养后,细菌浓度比对照样可提高153.9%。三十烷醇和α-萘乙酸的最佳质量浓度均是1.0mg/L,分别可提高90.7%和20.6%。同时光合细菌净化PO4-P和NH4-N能力也有所提高,并且植物生长激素的促生作用愈明显,PO4-P和NH4-N的去除率愈高。试验表明在增殖培养中,可以添加某些植物生长激素来促进光合细菌的生长。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.