2016年湖南两次寒潮事件等熵位涡分析

利用NCEP/NCAR全球2.5°×2.5°逐日和FNL1°×1°逐6h再分析资料,对2016年冬末春初湖南出现的两次寒潮过程进行等熵位涡诊断分析。结果表明:(1)中高纬度的高位涡区可以用来追踪影响湖南寒潮过程中强冷空气的来源和水平移动,西伯利亚冷高压陡增和与湖南地面气温的急剧下降预示着湖南寒潮天气爆发;(2)两次寒潮爆发过程中均伴随有中高纬度高位涡区向南传播的特征,且高位涡主体移动路径与地面冷空气南下路径一致,此外也表现出高位涡强烈向下伸展的特征;(3)等熵面上的高位涡中心与气旋性环流相对应,位涡中心区的变化可看出高空横槽的发展变化,而高位涡中心向南向下的传播导致强的下沉运动促进地面冷高压迅速发展,导致寒潮爆发。     

一次极端寒潮天气过程等熵位涡分析

利用2016年1月1日至31日的FNL资料,对一次极端寒潮天气过程进行了等熵位涡分析。结果表明:高位涡主体由极涡分裂而来,前面低位涡区的阻挡与后侧低位涡大气的北上加强了位涡的经向交换,高位涡空气不断由极地向南输送,使得高位涡主体不断加强维持。高位涡在由北向南移动的同时,也由对流层顶向下输送。此次寒潮过程主要有3股冷空气由上而下发展,位置均在高空急流轴的北侧,最南端的一股下沉气流最旺盛,这是其与高空急流相互作用的结果。强盛的冷空气下沉使得寒潮影响范围触及我国华南地区。随着高位涡的向南向下传输,一方面引起对流层中高层低涡系统迅速发展,当它移到中国东部地区时,东亚大槽迅速加深,使槽后强冷空气迅速向南爆发;另一方面,在高位涡输送的过程中,其后侧有强烈的下沉运动,使得地面冷高压快速发展,导致强寒潮天气的爆发。     

2004/2005年冬季强寒潮事件的等熵位涡分析

利用2004年12月1日—2005年2月28日的NCAR/NCEP逐日再分析资料,对2004年12月22日—2005年1月1日的强寒潮事件进行等熵位涡分析。结果表明:这次强寒潮事件的强冷空气来自欧亚北部和北极地区的高纬平流层下部与对流层上部。在寒潮爆发前期,高位涡强冷空气传播到贝加尔湖南侧,并被来自低纬度的低位涡空气所切断,在欧亚地区形成北部低位涡(阻塞高压)南部高位涡(低涡)的偶极型环流。随着低位涡的减弱消亡,高位涡强冷空气沿高原北侧向东南方向移动,当高位涡中心移到中国东部地区,高位涡空气柱在垂直方向上强烈向下伸展,使得气柱的气旋性涡度加强,东亚大槽迅速加深,引起寒潮的爆发。进一步分析表明,高位涡中心向南、向下传播过程中,等熵面上高位涡中心附近气流在其西侧和北侧地区沿等熵面下沉,引起上述地区低层西伯利亚高压迅速发展,导致强寒潮爆发。     

2008年12月两次强寒潮过程的等熵位涡分析

利用2008年12月的NCAR/NCEP逐日6h再分析资料,对本月发生的两次强寒潮事件(分别简称为过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)进行了等熵面位涡分析.结果表明:(1)两次寒潮过程的爆发时间均可用低层位涡扰动的时间曲线的转折点来确认;(2)两次过程中在寒潮爆发时,都存在明显的高位涡值向下传播特征,过程Ⅱ明显于过程Ⅰ;(3)等熵面分析可跟踪寒潮强冷空气活动,等熵面位涡演变反映了高、低层冷空气的分布及活动状况;等熵面位涡高值区代表冷空气范围,等位涡线密集区代表冷暖空气对峙.寒潮爆发时,等熵面上高层高位涡向下向南传播,导致高位涡强冷空气在垂直方向上拉伸,正涡度增强.     

2019年4月广州白云机场持续暴雨前对流层顶和平流层异常信号分析

利用欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料和广州白云机场自动观测系统降水资料,分析2019年4月白云机场持续暴雨前对流层顶和平流层的信号特征。分析发现,2019年4月中下旬,广州白云机场出现了3次持续时间长、降水量大的持续性暴雨过程,降水较往年同期显著偏多。研究结果表明,3次持续暴雨发生前,对流层顶高度出现了下降,平流层高位涡冷空气入侵,机场上空位涡升高;在环流场中,中低纬地区对流层顶和平流层东风偏强,向北和向下传播,广州白云机场终端区在暴雨发生前西风持续下传;广州白云机场上空暴雨发生前对流层顶至平流层位势高度正异常。暴雨发生前,平流层冷空气高位涡移入、对流层顶下降、西风的下传均有利于持续性暴雨的生成。     

辽宁11.24强寒潮过程分析

1999年11月24日辽宁省出现近46 a最强寒潮过程,利用常规气象观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对此次寒潮过程的成因进行分析。结果表明:1999年11月24日辽宁各地24 h最低气温普遍下降10℃以上,鞍山和铁岭等部分地区24 h最低气温下降22℃,降温幅度大且覆盖范围广,是辽宁地区罕见的强寒潮。此次寒潮过程冷空气主要源自新地岛以东的极地,寒潮酝酿阶段差动涡度平流、差动温度平流有利于寒潮地面高压强烈发展并向东偏南方向移动,横槽南压是引导冷空气爆发的环流形势。对1999年的"11·24"寒潮成因初步分析发现:西北路、超极地和西路3路冷空气的共同影响有利于冷空气大量堆积;中低层冷空气、锋区、地面高压强度均强于其他寒潮过程;前期暖气团和后期超强冷空气共同作用,强升温后骤然降温导致最强寒潮出现。     

陕西省十流域面雨量预报系统

黑海到里海的强暖平流致使西伯利亚高压脊经向发展，并建立横槽，横槽北侧的东北气流引导超极地冷空气和西欧东移的冷空气在蒙古国聚积加强，形成了强冷高压、强冷平流；横槽2次转竖引导强冷空气迅猛向南爆发，形成大范围寒潮天气过程；与此次寒潮相伴的北方沙尘暴是蒙古气旋与地面冷高压之间的气压梯度剧增造成的，高空西风急流通过动量下传引起地面大风，是此次强沙尘暴产生的动力条件，在沙尘暴爆发区有南北风的强风切变，促进了沙尘暴的发展。     

梅雨发生前对流层顶及平流层异常信号的分析

利用NCEP和欧洲中心的ERA-Interim再分析资料结合中国国家气候中心的20a梅雨观测资料,分析了梅雨发生前江淮地区对流层顶和位涡的异常以及北半球环状模指数的变化。研究表明,江淮地区在梅雨开始前3—5天会出现对流层顶的下降,且高度的经向变化比纬向变化更为明显。对流层顶的降低与北方冷空气的南下入侵、东亚季风的爆发以及急流轴北跳引起的频繁的对流层顶折卷过程有关。对流层顶的下降伴随着来自平流层的高位涡冷空气的入侵。而梅雨发生前江淮地区上空对应正位涡异常,这一异常的建立和维持与贝加尔湖、西西伯利亚、鄂霍次克海附近的正位涡异常有关;而梅雨发生前江淮地区平流层温度达到极大值,梅雨爆发后开始下降,纬向风则处于西风到东风的转换期。梅雨期的总降水量与对流层上部平流层下部的北半球环状模指数存在一致的正相关关系,而在梅雨发生前15—30天,这种相关性尤为显著。这一结果说明,在对流层顶附近的北半球环状模指数对梅雨期降水量的预测有较好的指示意义。     

青海海东地区一次寒潮天气过程分析

利用Micaps平台提供的实况资料,从天气学角度对2010年12月13—15日青海省海东地区寒潮天气过程的环流背景,影响系统进行了分析,结果表明:阻塞高压强烈发展,脊前横槽建立是此次寒潮天气爆发的主要环流背景,横槽后偏北气流引导极地冷空气南下在蒙古西部堆积,形成强大的冷高压,横槽逐渐南压,引导冷空气南下,促成了此次青海海东地区寒潮天气。     

东亚夏季风时期冷空气活动的位涡分析

通过多时间尺度分析方法, 比较了夏季风时期表征冷空气活动的多种指标, 得到表征夏季风时期冷空气活动的最优指标——位涡。分析表明, 位涡 (potential vorticity, 简称PV) 的低频振荡 (20～80天和40～80天振荡) 在表征冷空气活动中效果最好。利用该指标对东亚夏季风中冷空气的来源和作用进行了研究, 重点分析了梅雨时期中高纬和中高层系统与夏季风系统相互作用的过程和机制。得出几点重要的结论: 中高纬平流层下部和对流层顶的高位涡库以及60°N附近的亚洲大陆东部低层的高位涡库是东亚夏季风系统中冷空气的主要来源。冷空气的侵入路径对不同的雨季表现出不同的特征: 华南前汛期, 有两次冷空气的侵入, 第一次来自东北方向低层, 第二次来自对流层高层的高位涡库; 梅雨期, 爆发时主要来自高层的高位涡库, 中后期鄂霍次克海附近850 hPa的高位涡库是冷空气加强和维持的主要来源; 华北雨季, 冷空气主要来自对流层高层。倾斜等熵面是垂直涡度最易发展的区域, 它也是高层冷空气侵入的路径。特定的位涡分布对应特定的降水类型, 位涡和降水的季节内振荡 (尤其是低频部分) 蕴含了中高纬系统与夏季风系统相互作用的关键信息。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.