关于抗震设计场地反应分析客观性的一些探讨

在工程抗震设计领域,以SHAKE为工具的场地反应分析已得到广泛应用。场地反应分析简单、易行,然而要得到准确、可靠的分析成果仍需要长期的经验积累和相当的技巧。其中需特别注意的是：场地反应分析所需要的各土层参数均具有相当大的不确定性。这些不确定因素主要来自于：初始剪切模量G0（或最大剪切模量Gmax）、剪切模量衰减曲线、阻尼曲线以及可能存在的软弱土层。对于大型基建工程,场地反应分析的成果对于整个工程的安全、经济性都有重大影响;因此,针对其不确定性应该进行严谨地论证,并在工程设计中充分考虑。建议对各主要参数进行敏感度分析,并将结果综合起来以形成一套理性、可靠的场地反应分析方法。     

土层非线性地震反应一维时域分析

等效线性化方法在工程中经常被用于土层非线性地震反应一维数值分析,但考虑大震作用将较大峰值加速度时程作为输入时,该方法会引起过大的“共振”效应,造成对地表地震反应的误估。为了更合理的估计非线性地震反应,提出了一种考虑拟合阻尼比、刚度比试验曲线的时域分析方法,并用于响嘡台阵场地土层地震一维非线性反应分析,通过数值模拟结果与实际记录的比较,验证了该方法的可行性。最后,通过数值模拟证明该方法对大震情况下对地表地震反应的估计比等效线性化方法更为合理。     

上海软土场地三维非线性地震反应分析

考虑土的非线性,采用弹塑性边界面模型,对上海软土场地进行三维地震反应分析。利用多维地震动作用下的水平地层弹塑性动力反应分析程序,以具有水平和垂直三向完整加速度记录的Taft波作为地震输入,对比分析单向和多向地震输入场地水平和竖向地震反应特征,并分析不同强度地震动输入下竖向和水平加速度峰值比特征及地下水位变化对场地土层地震反应特征的影响。计算分析表明,竖向与水平向地震反应特征有较大差异;与水平单向地震输入相比,三向地震输入场地土层放大效应明显增大;地下水位上升对水平向和竖向峰值加速度的放大效应影响差异显著,地下水位上升,地表水平峰值加速度放大效应增大,竖向峰值加速度放大效应减小,研究结果对上海地区的工程抗震设计具有参考作用。     

地震动场地放大效应的时频特性分析

为了详细研究均质及复杂非均质场地中地震动的放大效应,通过大型振动台试验获得原始试验数据,再采用傅立叶变换、时频分析与分段时频分析相结合的手段,对试验数据进行分析和处理。通过对试验结果的对比分析,发现当地震动沿竖直方向传播时,不仅地震动时程曲线的峰值会随场地高度的增加而逐步放大,其频率成分含量、主频段的频谱形状,以及整体地震动能量在时频平面上的分布,均会随着场地高度及各分层介质的不同而发生较大变化。与此同时,场地表面的倾斜程度、软弱夹层的厚度等因素也均对地震动的放大效应具有显著影响。通过以上研究,得到了一系列与地震动竖向传播放大效应相关的研究规律(包括PGA峰值特性、频谱特性、时频面上能量谱的分布特性等)。     

材料模型参数对自由场地震响应的影响

水平自由场地震响应分析是岩土地震工程近几十年的研究热点之一。利用完全耦合有限元程序SUMDES 2006和临界状态砂土本构模型,分析了15 m深的饱和砂土自由场在地震作用下的响应,包括加速度的传播、孔隙水压力的发展、侧向变形以及地面沉降。通过增大和减小10 %参数值,分析了材料本构模型中12个参数值的变化对土层地震响应的影响。分析结果表明,在这些参数中,临界状态应力比M和e - 平面中临界状态线在 轴上的截距 的影响比较显著,因而利用室内试验数据率定模型参数时,需保证其有足够的精度。分析结果也说明,用于自由场地震响应分析时,临界状态砂土本构模型仍然有进一步简化以减少参数个数的空间。     

地震瑞利面波测深应注意的问题

本介绍了面波测深原理，探讨了面波测深数据处理过程中存在的问题，分析了面波测深的影响因素，为进一步改善测量结果提供了依据。     

Parametric study on seismic ground response by finite element modelling

In this paper the results of 2D FE analyses of the seismic ground response of a clayey deposit, performed adopting linear visco-elastic and visco-elasto-plastic constitutive models, are presented. The viscous and linear elastic parameters are selected according to a novel calibration strategy, leading to FE results comparable to those obtained by 1D equivalent-linear visco-elastic frequency-domain analyses. The influence of plasticity on the numerical results is also investigated, with particular reference to the relation between the hysteretic and viscous damping effects. Finally, different boundary conditions, spatial discretisation and time integration parameters are considered and their role on the FE results discussed.     

近断层地震动对大型地下洞室群地震响应的影响研究

针对现行水工抗震规范中对近断层地震缺乏考虑这一实际问题,首先讨论了近断层、远场地震动的差别,对比了近断层、远场地震动对地下洞室地震响应的影响,继而提出一种新的人工合成近断层地震动时程的方法,并采用合成的近断层地震动时程对某水电站地下洞室群进行了近断层地震稳定性专门研究。结果表明：与常规地震分析中考虑的远场地震动相比,近断层脉冲型地震动的主要特征为Vmax/Amax和Dmax/Amax（Vmax、Dmax、Amax分别为速度峰值、位移峰值、加速度峰值）指标更大,且近断层脉冲型地震动的主要能量集中在1 Hz以下的频段;在相同峰值加速度幅值、相同反应谱的前提下,近断层地震动对高边墙、大跨度地下工程的破坏程度远比远场地震动大;较之前人的研究方法,文中提出的近断层脉冲型地震动合成方法考虑了[1/Tp, 1] Hz这一频段内的地震波信息,更具合理性;在设定的计算条件下,地下厂房洞室群有在近断层地震动作用下发生失稳的危险性,需要进一步针对近断层地震动进行专项风险性评价,以讨论是否需要增设针对性的抗震支护措施。     

Intrinsic versus extrinsic seismic anisotropy: Surface wave phase velocity inversion

The precise determination and interpretation of anisotropy are relatively difficult because the apparent anisotropy is usually a mixture of intrinsic and extrinsic anisotropy, which might partly hide the true properties of the medium investigated. The artificial anisotropy can be due to the fact that seismic waves do not ‘see’ the real details of a medium, but a ‘filtered’ (or ‘upscaled’) version of the Earth model. This can be due to a bad quality of the data coverage, to limited frequency band effects, or to errors in the approximate theory. With the limitation to layered Earth models, through comparisons of the results of the homogenization method with those of the periodic isotropic two-layered model as an analytical solution, we illustrate that the Backus theory for the long wavelength equivalent effect can be extended to calculate the extrinsic anisotropy, due to upscaling effects at discontinuities for the general isotropic layered model, when its spatial scale is much less than or equal to the seismic wavelength. We find that the extrinsic radial S-wave anisotropy produced by the vertical heterogeneities in the upper mantle of the Earth can be as large as 3% (about 30% extrinsic anisotropy of the 10% radial anisotropy). To better recover information from seismic data, we propose a surface wave phase velocity inversion method based on the first-order perturbation theory. We show that resolution at discontinuities can be improved by adding overtone modes of surface wave data. For more general layered models, the homogenization method could be considered, which can flexibly adapt the scale of the model to seismic wavelengths. However, the periodic isotropic two-layered model can also help to analytically quantify the amount of extrinsic radial, and possibly azimuthal anisotropy produced by the tilted fine layering.     

离心机自由场地震响应的完全耦合模拟

水平场地地震响应分析是岩土地震工程实践中最重要的问题之一。当场地土为饱和砂时,由于需要考虑材料的非线性和土-水之间的相互作用,问题非常复杂。利用有限元程序SUMDES和适用于颗粒材料的统一本构模型,对离心机自由场振动试验进行了完全耦合模拟。分析结果表明,完全耦合分析能够较好地再现试验中观察到的现象,包括孔隙水压力的产生和消散以及土体的变形,但前提是对模型参数进行准确的标定,以及对相关系数尤其是动力渗透系数进行准确的确定。     

西安地裂缝界面处地震波传播规律

地裂缝是黄土地区的一种典型地质灾害,地震波在地裂缝场地中的传播规律是工程界比较关心的一类问题。为了研究地震波在地裂缝处的传播规律,引用西安地区地裂缝界面的等效刚度系数和裂缝面的接触面连续条件,基于运动方程的基本解答,在考虑转换波产生的前提下得出了求解西安地裂缝处地震波透反射系数的频域方程组。对入射角、入射波频率和地裂缝介质等效力学参数的变化对地震波传播规律的影响进行了分析。结果表明,地裂缝对地震波的传播起到了一定的高频滤波作用,当入射波频率较低时波动的传播主要以透射波为主;等效法向刚度只影响P波的传播,等效切向刚度对P波和SV波都有影响;相对于法向刚度,切向刚度的变化对的透反射系数的影响更为明显。     

Implementation of integrated multi-channel analysis of surface waves and waveform inversion techniques for seismic hazard estimation

In this study, an integrated multi-channel analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) technique is applied to explore the geotechnical parameters of subsurface layers at the Zafarana wind farm. Moreover, a seismic hazard procedure based on the extended deterministic technique is used to estimate the seismic hazard load for the investigated area. The study area includes many active fault systems along the Gulf of Suez that cause many moderate and large earthquakes. Overall, the seismic activity of the area has recently become better understood following the use of new waveform inversion method and software to develop accurate focal mechanism solutions for recent recorded earthquakes around the studied area. These earthquakes resulted in major stress-drops in the Eastern desert and the Gulf of Suez area. These findings have helped to reshape the understanding of the seismotectonic environment of the Gulf of Suez area, which is a perplexing tectonic domain. Based on the collected new information and data, this study uses an extended deterministic approach to re-examine the seismic hazard for the Gulf of Suez region, particularly the wind turbine towers at Zafarana Wind Farm and its vicinity. Alternate seismic source and magnitude-frequency relationships were combined with various indigenous attenuation relationships, adapted within a logic tree formulation, to quantify and project the regional exposure on a set of hazard maps. We select two desired exceedance probabilities (10 and 20 %) that any of the applied scenarios may exceed the largest median ground acceleration. The ground motion was calculated at 50th, 84th percentile levels for both selected probabilities of exceeding the median.     

地震动作用下滑坡稳定性分析

应用地震危险性分析理论和地震动人工合成技术,给出Newmark法中所需的地震动时程.通过滑坡实例计算,得出了坡体中地震动峰值加速度与深度存在负指数关系;坡体对地震动放大倍数与坡体厚度近似呈线性关系.通过对Newmark法中不同地震动时程作用位置的计算对比,发现使用地面地震动时程得到的结果虽有些偏于安全,但基本是合理的.     

地震波振幅对黄土-泥岩边坡动力响应规律的影响

研究地震作用下黄土-泥岩边坡动力响应特征,对边坡的稳定性评价和抗震设计具有重要指导意义。基于边坡的离心机振动台试验和数值模拟分析,研究地震波振幅对边坡地震动响应的影响规律,结果表明：由坡体深部至浅表层,黄土-泥岩边坡的水平向和垂向加速度放大效应呈非线性增加,且水平向大于垂直向,在坡体顶部到达最大,表现为趋表效应和高程效应;在边坡内部岩性接触部位,黄土层内动力响应较大,泥岩中动力响应较小,表现为岩性效应;随着输入地震波振幅的增加,坡体动力响应表现为先增大后减小的趋势,当输入振幅达0.3g时,坡体动力响应最大。黄土-泥岩边坡的变形破坏过程为：随输入地震波振幅增加,坡顶逐渐形成拉张裂缝,不断扩展,坡体中上部溜土,产生向临空面方向的位移,坡体中部发生鼓胀隆起,局部坡体振动松散,岩土体滑落至坡脚堆积。     

Dynamic soil properties and seismic ground response analysis for North Indian seismic belt subjected to the great Himalayan earthquakes

The paper highlights the importance of using site-specific shear modulus reduction (G/G_max versus shear strain, γ) curves and damping ratio (D versus shear strain, γ) curves for ground response analysis. In order to develop comprehensive G/G_max–γ and D–γ curves (i.e. over a wide range of strain level), two types of apparatus, viz. resonant column and cyclic simple shear, have been used. The case study considered the geological deposits from the river beds of Yamuna River originating from the Himalayan seismic zone of North India. The tests results have been analysed to develop G/G_max–γ and D–γ curves and compared with standard curves. It has been observed that upper and lower boundaries for the standard curves are remarkably different for the geological deposit under consideration. In order to assess the impact of using standard curves rather than site-specific curves, ground response analysis has been carried out at five sites along the Yamuna River using two types of curves (standard and site-specific developed in this study). The study showed that the amplification of shear waves at these sites based on the experimentally derived curves is much higher as compared to the standard curves. The proposed curves better represent dynamic behaviour of the soil deposits of the region and will provide a realistic response as far as practically possible, for the structures constructed in the states of Haryana and Delhi and nearby areas. It is anticipated that the data presented in this paper will have wide application and usage.

     

波阻抗反演技术在煤田地震岩性勘探中的应用

在煤田地震勘探中,岩性勘探已成为人们研究的一个热门课题。与其他地震反演技术相比,波阻抗反演技术不仅可提高原始地震资料的垂向分辨率,而且可以将地震波转换为地层信息。介绍了波阻抗反演技术的原理及实现方法,并以平顶山某采区岩性勘探为例,说明波阻抗地震反演方法可以进行岩性勘探,并可用来预测煤层厚度,同时还可以识别煤层中的夹矸。     

Effects of seismic wave propagation on a long and narrow building: Body wave and surface wave propagation

In the case of the dynamic analysis of the structures using the recorded earthquake ground motions, it is usually assumed that the ground motion consists of body waves propagating vertically. However, the response of a long and narrow structure may be influenced by the oblique propagation of body waves and the dispersion of surface waves. In this paper, the effects of the seismic wave propagation on the response of this kind of structure are investigated. The characteristics of the wave propagation were verified using the recorded motions and soil information at the building site. The ground motion at every input point of the building was evaluated using the difference of arrival time of seismic waves calculated by assuming the velocity and the direction of the wave propagation. Using these ground motions, response analyses of the lumped mass model for the structure were performed. By considering the characteristics of the seismic wave propagation, the average response decreased but the local response increased around the end of the roof. Further studies of the structure were also performed in order to restrain the response around the end of the roof.