“菲特”台风暴雨成因分析

201323号台风“菲特”是建国以来登陆我国的最强秋季台风,给浙江省带来暴雨天气。利用NCEP再分析资料从天气形势、动力、热力等方面对此次暴雨的成因进行了分析,结果表明：1）此次强降水可以分为两个阶段：第一阶段主要由“菲特”本身的环流引起;第二阶段由“菲特”残留云系长时间维持及其与弱冷空气的相互作用引起,且弱冷空气对降水的增幅作用十分明显。2）第一阶段水汽主要由其本身的环流提供,由“菲特”南侧的偏南风低空急流和东侧的偏东风低空急流从南海和西太平洋输送水汽,第二阶段水汽主要由“丹娜丝”外围的偏东风急流从西太平洋输送水汽。3）弱冷空气的扩散使斜压性增强,并使斜压位能释放转化为动能,促使台风残留低压环流加剧,并在台风外围东偏南暖湿气流之间形成中尺度辐合带,为暴雨天气的产生提供了良好的动力条件。4）弱冷空气叠加在950 hPa以下较强的暖平流之上,加剧了上冷下暖的不稳定层结,同时也使低层辐合加强．为暴雨区中尺度对流云团的发展提供了动力抬升机制。     

台风菲特暴雨诊断分析

"菲特"台风暴雨具有阶段性特征,包括台风远距离降水、台风倒槽和内螺旋雨带降水、台风外部螺旋雨带降水、台风残留低压环流与冷空气相互作用降水4个阶段。利用地面观测、气象雷达观测、NCEP分析资料,对"菲特"台风暴雨环流形势进行了分析。引导台风东移的高压东西部具有不同热力属性,东部暖性深厚、西部冷性浅薄。浅薄冷高压阻挡登陆台风继续西移,延长台风倒槽和外围螺旋雨带的降水时间。"丹娜丝"台风的靠近,有利于东南风水汽输送的增强。副热带高压的增强,在黄海上空逼近东移高空槽形成稳定的高空急流。文章提出与传统垂直风切变大、高空急流强的冷空气阻挡型不同的侵入型冷空气和台风相互作用形势。侵入型冷空气从低层入侵,影响台风残留低压的外围环流。在低压外围环流的北部形成较强的东北风,并与海上的东风对峙辐合形成海岸锋。冷空气侵入型的空间不对称特征明显:对流有效位能东高西低,垂直风切变西北高东南低。残留低压的中层受冷空气影响较小,沿海地区的东南风持续的时间更长。中层高位涡区与地面海岸锋的互应,为变性的台风残留低压暴雨提供有利条件。     

2013年“菲特”台风暴雨的水汽和螺旋度分析

利用常规资料、自动站资料和NCEP/NCAR1°×1 °每日4次的再分析资料,对2013年“菲特”台风暴雨的水汽和螺旋度做了分析,发现“菲特”影响期间:6日20:00-7日08:00降水主要出现在浙南,是由台风外围环流和本体造成的,水汽主要是台风本体环流输送;7日08:00-20:00降水主要出现在浙东沿海和浙北,是由“菲特”台风消亡后形成的倒槽和“丹娜丝”东风气流形成,水汽主要是由“菲特”台风倒槽形成的东南气流和台风“丹娜丝”形成的偏东气流输送;7日20:00-8日08:00降水主要出现在浙北,是由台风残留云系、偏东急流以及弱冷空气共同影响造成,水汽主要是由台风“丹娜丝”形成的偏东气流输送.850 hPa垂直螺旋度则反映出大值区和强降水落区有很好的对应关系;暴雨区中低层均有明显的正螺旋大值区,大值区中心位于950～ 850 hPa之间,而且在台风本体引起降水时垂直螺旋度明显大于其它时段.     

中纬度高空槽—台风相互作用对台风“利奇马”远距离暴雨的影响

利用NCEP提供的0.25°×0.25°FNL资料和国家气象信息中心提供的高分辨率三源融合降水资料,以台风“利奇马”为研究个例,从动力和热力因素两个方面研究了中纬度高空槽与台风之间的相互作用对台风远距离暴雨的影响。研究认为中纬度高空槽—台风的相互作用是此次台风远距离暴雨的主要原因之一。在高空槽—台风的相互作用中,随着弱正PV异常从中纬度高空槽向台风区域的水平平流,台风西北部地区逐步处于高空槽前西南急流的次级环流的上升区域,而对流层深厚的暖平流恰好位于台风西北部3～5个纬距的地区,此热成风暖平流的作用增强了台风西北地区的上升运动。另外,中纬度高空槽后的干冷空气的逼近,促进了在台风西北部地区的中纬度斜压锋生,斜压锋面进一步增强了台风远距离暴雨处的动力抬升作用。同时还发现当台风与中纬度槽的距离大约是10个纬距时其相互作用最为显著。     

登陆热带气旋长久维持与迅速消亡的大尺度环流特征

采用动态合成分析方法 ,对登陆后长久维持热带气旋 (LTC)和迅速消亡热带气旋 (STC)的大尺度环流特征进行合成分析和动力诊断。研究表明 :(1)LTC登陆后 ,在一个长波槽前有向偏北移动靠近中纬度斜压锋区的趋势 ,而STC登陆后 ,无长波槽靠近 ,并远离中纬度斜压锋区 ;(2 )LTC登陆后 ,仍与一支低空急流水汽输送通道连结 ,而STC登陆后很快与这支水汽通道分离 ;(3)LTC登陆后逐渐变性 ,获取斜压能量 ,其环境风垂直切变增强 ,Δζ2 0 0 -850负值增大 ,而STC登陆后没有这样的特征 ;(4 )LTC登陆后 ,其高层与中纬度急流靠近 ,增强了其向东北方向的高空流出气流 ,而STC不存在这样一支流出气流 ;(5 )LTC登陆后 ,摩擦使其能量耗损 ,但从中高层环境中获得了能量 ,而STC登陆后 ,有同样的能耗却无明显的环境能量补给。因此 ,当一个热带气旋登陆后 ,从其移动趋势、与水汽通道的连结、与斜压锋区的关系和高空流出气流等特征 ,可以初步判断其是长久维持还是迅速衰减。     

“苏拉”台风引发福建西部大暴雨成因分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、地面降水资料以及福建新一代天气雷达资料对2012年"苏拉"台风登陆后引发福建西部大暴雨天气成因进行分析,结果表明:"苏拉"登陆后高空涡旋受大陆高压东侧偏北气流引导向偏南方向移动,同时,台风登陆后进入大的环境风垂直切变区并向切变左侧倾斜,使得台风南倾结构进一步加大。台风结构南倾为福建西部大暴雨区提供了良好的动力条件,"苏拉"自身带来的水汽及台风南侧西南气流为暴雨区提供了充足的水汽来源,高空冷空气入侵与低层的高温高湿区形成上冷下暖结构呈现出条件不稳定层结,有利于深厚湿对流产生,结合充分的水汽供应,出现大暴雨天气。大范围暖平流配合风速辐合,中高层冷空气入侵与低层西南暖湿空气结合以及低层的西南急流建立是三个强降水阶段对应的中尺度天气特征。     

粤东台风“浣熊”大暴雨的辐散风动能分析

利用热带气旋和雨量观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和辐散风动能方程,对台风"浣熊"在粤东造成大暴雨到特大暴雨的大尺度环流及动能转换特征进行了分析。结果表明,此次强降水过程主要是台风残涡与周围环境相互作用的结果。来自西太平洋的低层强偏东南急流和与热带气旋相连的西南急流,维持强水汽输送且输送至粤东地区;辐散风动能的变化对本次过程有较好的指示意义;低空两支急流的分布及辐合变化造成的动能通量辐合效应,是暴雨区辐散风动能的主要能量来源。此外,两支急流中心分别存在暖空气上升和冷空气下沉运动,斜压有效位能释放转化为辐散风动能。在上述两种过程中,冷空气均起到了重要作用。在低层近似辐合条件下,大气层结条件的不同是造成粤东和登陆点附近降水强度差异的重要原因。     

双台风相互作用及其影响

采用三维变分混合同化方法对双台风菲特（1323）和丹娜丝（1324）、天鹅（0907）和莫拉克（0908）进行数值模拟,并在此基础上,采用移除双台风中任一台风和增强或减弱任一台风的方法,对双台风的相互作用进行了敏感性试验。结果表明:台风丹娜丝的作用导致台风菲特路径偏南,移速偏慢;台风菲特的作用导致台风丹娜丝路径偏北,移速变化不大。双台风相互作用使台风菲特和丹娜丝强度发生变化。在台风菲特强盛阶段强度更强,减弱消亡阶段强度更弱。2013年10月6-9日我国华东地区出现的强降水主要受台风菲特影响,台风丹娜丝使降水强度增强、强降水中心位置偏南。双台风相互作用使台风天鹅移向偏南,移速偏快,但台风天鹅对台风莫拉克的移向、移速影响不大;台风天鹅路径盘旋曲折,每次移向的变化都与台风莫拉克有关;台风天鹅打转程度与台风莫拉克的强度呈正相关,双台风间存在涡度、水汽通量等的相互影响及输送机制。     

8月中国登陆台风降水与对流层高层西风急流关系的初步研究

采用中国气象局及美国台风联合警报中心整编的1954—2013年best-track热带气旋资料、中国大陆743站逐日降水数据和美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,研究登陆中国的台风降水特征及其与对流层高层西风急流的关系。结果表明:8月登陆台风降水对中国东南沿海地区的影响明显,福建、浙江的登陆台风降水占同期降水的30%左右,局部地区达到40%。基于降水与200 hPa纬向风的显著相关区定义的东亚西风急流指数(EAWJI),描述了西风急流位置的经向移动。EAWJI与台风降水具有显著的负相关,即EAWJI出现负异常时,急流位置偏北,中国登陆台风降水增加,反之急流位置偏南、降水减少。急流位置偏北,西太平洋台风活动区域的对流层纬向风出现东风异常,有利于台风登陆中国,且登陆位置较常年偏北,登陆台风数较常年偏多,台风登陆后维持时间较常年偏长;在中国大陆及东部沿海附近,纬向风垂直切变为异常的东风切变、对流层低层相对涡度增强及水汽输送增大均有利于台风登陆后的维持,从而使登陆台风降水增加。     

强台风“菲特”(1323)极端降水研究进展

台风暴雨灾害是台风三类灾害(暴雨、大风、风暴潮)之首,而台风极端降水是暴雨灾害的直接原因,对台风极端降水的研究有利于增强对台风极端降水机理的认识和提高极端降水的预报水平。强台风“菲特”(1323)具有登陆强度历史罕见、降雨强度大、影响范围广、引发灾害重等特点,本文对“菲特”极端降水特征及其形成机理研究进行了回顾和总结。“菲特”的强降水过程主要分为两个阶段,造成了杭州湾一带和浙闽交界处两个强降水中心。“菲特”极端降水之所以产生,源于环境因子、地形和内部条件多尺度相互作用:环境因子涉及双台风作用、弱冷空气侵入、台风倒槽、垂直风切变和高空急流等,其中“丹娜丝”台风外围偏东气流源源不断的水汽输送是“菲特”极端降水形成的关键物理因子;山脉等地形增幅作用是浙江余姚等地出现历史性强降水的重要原因;水汽辐合和凝结与霰的融化和对流区雨滴的迁移是暴雨增幅重要的内部因素。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.