石津灌区冬小麦水分生产率的尺度效应

以河北省石津灌区为研究对象,以2007-2009年两季冬小麦生育期为研究时段,基于Hydrus-1D和Modflow模型模拟分析了井渠结合灌溉模式下冬小麦的净入流量水分生产率和净灌溉水分生产率的尺度效应(作物、田间、分干、干渠和灌区尺度)。结果表明:①从作物尺度到灌区尺度,损失水量越来越多,使得净入流量水分生产率和净灌溉水分生产率分别减少了9.49%和16.59%;②由于研究区地下水埋深较大,冬小麦生育期内渗漏补给地下水库的重复利用水量很小,而净灌溉水分生产率因为考虑了这一小部分重复利用水量,比传统的灌溉水分生产率有了小幅提升;③在多年时间尺度上,由于渗漏水量能够全部进入地下水库被重复利用,净入流量水分生产率随尺度增大而增大,而不同空间尺度的净灌溉水分生产率也比冬小麦生育期时间尺度上提高37%~65%。     

黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射收支和地表能量平衡特征研究

利用2010年6-7月鄂陵湖野外试验的近地层观测数据,分析了在不同天气条件下黄河源鄂陵湖地区辐射分量、地表能量分量、土壤温度和反照率的变化特征. 结果表明：不同天气条件下,辐射和地表能量各分量日变化差异较大,晴天、阴天和雨天的地表反照率依次递减,平均反照率约为0.21;观测期内,平均辐射贡献从大到小依次为向上长波、向下长波、向下短波、向上短波,日积分值分别为31.4 MJ·m^-2、25.6 MJ·m^-2、22.4 MJ·m^-2、4.2 MJ·m^-2,净辐射(12.5 MJ·m^-2)占向下短波辐射的55.7%;平均地表能量和土壤温度的变化幅度较晴天小,感热、潜热、0 cm土壤热通量的平均日积分值分别占净辐射的21.2%、43.1%、8.2%;平均土壤温度变化幅度随深度增加逐渐减小,浅层土壤温度峰值较晴天低2 ℃,深层土壤温度相差不大. 云和降水的扰动削弱了向下短波辐射,导致平均感热通量和0 cm土壤热通量的峰值比晴天小,而平均潜热通量的峰值大于晴天. 由于湖泊水体巨大的热容量和水分供应,鄂陵湖地区的气温日较差较小,地表温度变化幅度变小,附近地表温度升高缓慢. 鄂陵湖区的地表能量平衡中,潜热通量占主导,感热和地表土壤热通量次之. 研究结果有助于理解气候变化背景下黄河源区湖泊的能量水分循环过程,为促进该地区光热资源的合理利用和畜牧业的可持续发展提供数据支持.     

Feasibility and acceptability study of rainwater use to the acute water shortage areas in Dhaka City,Bangladesh

This study explored the feasibility and acceptability of harvested rainwater in rural communities of Bangladesh as well as densely populated City like Dhaka, using simple and low-cost technology. As a part of this study, a field survey was conducted in the water-scarce Dhaka City. Four slums were selected for conducting questionnaire survey. A questionnaire was furnished to know some information such as the socio-economic condition for those slum dwellers and family information, housing condition, sanitation condition, health condition, economic condition, existing water supply condition, knowledge about rainwater, willingness to accept rainwater, etc. Two hundred people from different representative groups were selected randomly. Yield after spillage and yield before spillage models were developed to know the actual rainwater availability and storage conditions, which were used to justify the effective tank size. Cost-benefit analysis and feasibility analysis were performed using the survey results and the research findings. A sensitivity analysis was performed to check the important parameters toward the implementation of the system as well. The results showed that cost was the most sensitive parameter (48.1%), the second highest sensitive parameter was roof area (25.9%) and the lowest sensitive parameter was demand (2.2%). The study showed that the low-cost rainwater harvesting technique was feasible and acceptable to the slum dwellers as the only potential alternative source of safe drinking water.     

植物生长季海北高寒湿地辐射收支特征

依据祁连山海北高寒湿地植物生长期观测资料,分析了区域辐射收支情况及其变化特征.结果表明:祁连山海北高寒湿地有较强的太阳总辐射(DR),但地表反射辐射(UR)、地面有效辐射(ELR)较低;地表长波辐射(ULR)、大气逆辐射(DLR)、净辐射(R_n)均较高,且具有明显的日、季节变化.植物生长期5~9月的日变化振幅DR>Rn>UR>ULR>DLR>ELR,其总量表现出ULR>DLR>DR>R_n>UR>ELR,分别达4650.6、4225.5、3058.8、2156.2、477.6和425.1 MJ·m^-2.从月际分布来看,ULR、DLR、DR最高出现在7月,R_n出现在6月,UR出现在5月,ELR出现在8月,分别为980.3、913.1、721.5、554.9、112.1和127.4 MJ·m^-2.     

浅谈水文地质勘查工作在海绵城市建设中的重要作用

海绵城市是指通过加强城市规划建设管理,充分发挥建筑、道路和绿地、水系等生态系统对雨水的吸纳、蓄渗和缓解作用,有效控制雨水径流,实现自然积存、自然渗透、自然净化的城市发展方式。其本质是要实现有效的径流控制,不仅要从形成雨水径流的源头着手,而且要考虑城市“海绵体”的岩土性质,其渗透能力(降雨渗透系数)、储存雨水能力(地下含水层储存空间大小)及储存雨洪的危险性(诱发环境地质问题)等。这些问题与水文地质勘查工作密切相关,不可或缺,是海绵城市建设规划、设计前的最基础性工作。     

1971—2000年中国陆地植被净初级生产力的模拟

利用植被与大气相互作用模式(AVIM),基于气象台站的观测资料模拟了1971—2000年中国陆地生态系统NPP的变化特征.结果表明:1971—2000年我国陆地植被年均NPP变化范围在0~987.67 gC·m^-2·a^-1,全国平均值为349.74 gC·m^-2·a^-1,30 a呈现出递增的变化趋势.对各类植被NPP的模拟显示,最近30 a我国热带雨林、落叶阔叶林以及有地被层的阔叶林的年均NPP减小,而混交林、常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、有裸土的灌丛、草地以及作物的年均NPP均为增加趋势.由于采用了先进的农业技术,与自然条件下我国作物的年均NPP变化相比,我国实际的粮食单产在上述时期呈显著的增长,表明了人类活动对于我国陆地植被净初级生产力有着深刻的影响.     

Effects of tidal shallowing and deepening on phytoplankton production dynamics: A modeling study

Processes influencing estuarine phytoplankton growth occur over a range of time scales, but many conceptual and numerical models of estuarine phytoplankton production dynamics neglect mechanisms occurring on the shorter (e.g., intratidal) time scales. We used a numerical model to explore the influence of short time-scale variability in phytoplankton sources and sinks on long-term growth in an idealized water column that shallows and deepens with the semidiurnal tide. Model results show that tidal fluctuations in water surface elevation can determine whether long-term phytoplankton growth is positive or negative. Hourly-scale interactions influencing weekly-scale to monthly-scale phytoplankton dynamics include intensification of the depth-averaged benthic grazing effect by water column shallowing and enhancement of water column photosynthesis when solar noon coincides with low tide. Photosynthesis and benthic consumption may modulate over biweekly time scales due to spring-neap fluctuations in tidal range and the 15-d cycle of solar noon-low tide phasing. If tidal range is a large fraction of mean water depth, then tidal shallowing and deepening may significantly influence net phytoplankton growth. In such a case, models or estimates of long-term phytoplankton production dynamics that neglect water surface fluctuations may overestimate or underestimate net growth and could even predict the wrong sign associated with net growth rate.     

跨流域引水受水水库最优调度决策的理论分析

针对跨流域调水工程的实时调度决策问题,考虑受水水库的供水效益与引水成本,建立受水水库实时调度的理论分析框架,制定最优引、供水决策,分析预报不确定性对调度决策的影响,提出预报信息可利用准则。辽宁省大伙房应急入连工程的应用表明:若受水水库可用水量较少,引水后水库当前时段供水效益与时段末蓄水效益均增加,最优决策满足引水边际成本、供水边际效益与蓄水边际效益三者相等;随受水水库可用水量增多,水库按需供水,引水仅提升蓄水效益,最优决策使引水边际成本等于蓄水边际效益。若水库期望蓄水量较小,水库缺水概率较大,预报信息可利用性取决于可接受缺水风险;反之,水库弃水概率较大,预报信息可利用性取决于可接受弃水风险。     

地下水埋深对淮北平原冬小麦耗水量影响试验研究

研究地下水埋深对淮北平原冬小麦耗水量的影响,对浅埋区农业水管理具有重要意义。基于2017—2020年五道沟水文水资源实验站大型称重式蒸渗仪群,模拟不同地下水埋深下冬小麦蒸散发变化过程,以蒸散量表征小麦耗水的变化,识别影响小麦耗水的关键环境因子,探索不同情景小麦耗水特征。全生育期内各地下水埋深0.5,1.0,2.0,3.0 m下小麦蒸散量依次为510.50,499.33,567.88,727.88 mm,各埋深下表层10 cm处土壤含水率与蒸散量相关系数依次为?0.42,?0.69,?0.53,?0.43;依据太阳辐射量划分3类典型日,典型日内蒸散强度为:强辐射日约0.30 mm/h、弱辐射日约0.07 mm/h、微弱辐射日约0.03 mm/h;蒸散峰历时依次为:5:00—20:00、7:00—17:00和9:00—17:00;太阳辐射强时,地下水埋深对蒸散强度峰值出现的时间影响较小,而太阳辐射过弱时,地下水埋深大会阻滞能量传输,蒸散强度峰值滞后;表层土壤水是蒸散发的主要来源,尤其在1.0,2.0 m埋深下表层土壤水对蒸散发贡献率更高;太阳辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量正向驱动小麦耗水,表层土壤水分、平均气温和空气湿度反向驱动。     

拦蓄大气降水缓解水资源矛盾

文章为拦蓄大气降水用于农田灌溉一实例，并对该工程进行了较详细的经济效益分析。