无人机的海岸地形航测技术探讨

根据海岸带的定义,说明其地形图测绘的内容及要求。分析了无人机航测系统中数码相机的检校内容,参照航空摄影测量规范和无人机航测外业实践,探讨了无人机进行海岸带地形测量的方法和步骤,对海岸带区域开展无人机航测作业具有一定的参考意义。     

海岸地形航空摄影测量技术及其实施

海岸地形测量是海道测量的重要组成部分,随着科学的发展和学科技术的融合,利用航空摄影测量技术完成海岸带地形测量成为必然。本文介绍了海岸带的基本定义、海岸地形航空摄影测量的必要性、基本方法步骤等,并针对开展海岸地形航空摄影测量工作提出了具体的建议和实施措施。     

海岸地形航空摄影测量技术方案的确定

就海岸地形应用航空摄影方法实现的技术方案进行了探讨，介绍了航空摄影测量中遥感器的选择以及海岸带航空摄影的特点与要求，并给出在当前技术条件下海岸地形航空摄影测量的最佳实施方案。     

无人机激光测量技术在滩涂地形测量中的应用初探

常规测量手段在潮间带滩涂区域测量作业中存在许多困难,采用了自主研发的无人机平台,搭载激光测距传感器、RTK GPS等设备进行空中三维地形数据采集,通过校验场人工测量结果比对,测量结果满足海域地形测量技术要求.本研究选择大潮期低潮时段,采用该平台获得了兴化湾附近多个海湾25 km~2的滩涂地形数据和现场照片,按照规范要求进行处理成图,质量检验结果表明,测量成果满足规范要求,具有较好的实用性,在我国广阔的海岸带区域具有很好的应用空间.     

海岸地形测量技术发展思考

海岸地形测量是海洋测绘的重要组成部分,也是作业难度最大、技术能力最薄弱的环节。深入分析了海岸地形测量技术的现状、特点和不足,研究了卫星、航空、地面等多种新的测量技术应用特点,提出了海岸地形测量应用的初步方案,为推进海岸地形测量技术体系建设,提高海洋测绘技术水平,保障日益拓展的多样化需求进言献策。     

船载水上水下一体化测量技术及应用——以舟山册子岛为例

近年来, 船载水上水下一体化测量技术在海洋测绘领域发展迅速.该技术主要通过对多波束水深测量系统、激光扫描系统、定位定姿系统等设备的集成, 实现水上水下一体化无缝测量.以舟山册子岛区域为例, 利用船载水上水下一体化测量技术, 成功实现了水上水下一体化无缝测量, 并完成了水深及地形成果整合, 阐明该技术在应用中的优缺点, 并探讨了船载水上水下一体化测量技术在海岸带地质调查的应用前景及发展方向。     

三维激光移动测量系统在海岛礁测量中的应用

主要介绍三维激光移动测量系统的发展现状及应用方向,初步阐述了其工作原理,并把该技术成功应用到长山水道海岛礁岸线地形测量,将测量系统设备安装在船上,在快速移动航行过程中采集岸边激光点云和全景影像,内业通过数字化测图提取海岛礁地形数据,并对设备采集的数据进行了精度分析,表明该技术在岸线地形以及实景采集等测量工作中的可行性。在100米范围内,测量精度可达10cm,测量精度验证结果是:东方向均方差为0.11m,北方向均方差为0.122m,高程方向均方差为0.138m,全景影像分辨率8 192×4 096。     

船载三维激光扫描海岸岛礁地形测量技术体系构建

海岸岛礁地形测量作业主要采用实时动态差分定位系统(real time kinematic,RTK)和全站仪相结合的测量作业模式,但在陡峭的悬崖地区、大面积的滩涂、沼泽,以及困难地区岛礁等,很难通过RTK作业方式实施登岛/登点测量,难以满足海岸岛礁应急作业的需求。开展了船载三维激光扫描地形测量关键技术研究,通过系列专业软件开发、技术试验、规程编制和生产作业等技术途径,构建了船载三维激光扫描地形测量技术体系,将大大减轻海岸岛礁地形测绘的劳动强度,加快数据更新和产品保障周期。     

海岸带地形一体化测图生产技术研究

数字摄影测量技术应用于海岸带地形测量成为一种趋势,在分析现有海、陆图生产技术体系和海岸地形图表示内容特点的基础上,提出了利用一体化测图技术进行海岸带地形数据生产的新思路.针对任务调度、立体采集、外业调绘、入库和制图编辑以及质量控制等海岸带地形数据生产的关键工序,进行了一体化测图技术实现的探讨.     

航测与机载LiDAR技术在海岸带遥感中的应用

航摄仪与机载激光雷达等新型航空遥感测量装备发展迅猛,航测与机载激光雷达测量技术在海岸带遥感监测中的应用日益深入。总结分析了国内外上述装备的海岸带遥感应用现状,比较了国内外应用研究方向差异,结合海岸带特点,指出该领域发展趋势,为促进航空摄影测量与机载激光雷达技术在海岸带测绘中的应用提供支持。     

无人机遥感在海岛海岸带监测中的应用研究

目前的卫星遥感和航空遥感已不能满足海岛海岸带监测中不断提高的现势性和分辨率的要求,而具有高灵活性、高时效性、高分辨率、低成本的低空无人机遥感则能很好地满足其要求.基于此,利用无人机遥感系统的优点,本文归纳总结出了无人机遥感影像获取和处理的一般流程,并通过海岛（田横岛）及其海岸带监测的应用实例,展示了无人机遥感在海岛海岸带监测应用的可行性,进而能够实现海岛海岸带地区大比例尺的地形测绘.     

Use of high water marks and eyewitness accounts to delineate flooded coastal areas: The case of Storm Johanna (10 March 2008) in Brittany,France

Mapping flooded coastal areas can be carried out using different methods and can promote a better understanding and management of coastal flood risks. The delineation of the coastal areas in western Brittany inundated during a storm that came through on 10 March 2008 was determined based on eyewitness accounts and physical marks noted in situ. Using this methodology, 25 sites were mapped, representing an overall flooded area of more than 30 ha. The delineation of the flooded areas was compared with the official French (PPR-SM) flood zones, revealing some discrepancies. Finally, two case studies illustrate how coastal flood mapping can be useful for validating hydrodynamic models.     

海岸带专题地图编绘相关问题

海岸带是影响人类活动的重要地带，海岸带专题地图能够详细表示出海岸带的特性。随着海洋经济的发展，海岸图的需求日益增加。从地图的数学要素出发，提出目前海岸图绘制存在的问题，并从地图学、海洋学、遥感地学的角度，对地图投影的选择、坐标系转换、比例尺对海岸图编绘的影响及控制点的确定等问题进行了综合分析。     

Unfinished business: Taiwan's experience with rights-based coastal fisheries management

This paper examines a case involving a mix of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries, co-management and the competition for using coastal zones. In the 2000s, Taiwan's government initiated a remodeling of the fishery right system, which is a rights-based approach to fisheries management, as an attempt to address conflicts between fishers and developers regarding the use of coastal space and to put community-based co-management into practice. The paper particularly compares the system before and after 2000 and identifies areas of concern in the implementation of the remodeled system. The results show that the government's support for this system signifies progress in the right direction. However, concerns emerge, mostly involving fishers' low participation, fishermen's association's lack of technical skills and financial resources, and the division of management responsibility. The government is advised to play a more active role in dealing with these concerns. Finally, the paper reveals that the factor of competition for using coastal zones poses a challenge to co-management, and suggests a holistic view with integrated coastal management or marine spatial planning practices, for developing co-management under the fishery right system.     

海岸带陆海相互作用研究综述

海岸带是海陆过渡的一个独立地质环境体系,也是陆海相互作用的发生地。详细介绍了国际地圈-生物圈计划(IGBP)项目下的海岸带陆海交互作用(LOICZ)国际研究计划的研究对象、科学目标以及研究内容等。总结了近年来中国"全球海洋通量联合研究计划"(JGOFS/LOICZ)的研究进展和发展趋势,特别是在长江口、黄河口和珠江口等典型河口海岸地区取得的研究成果。同时指出了我国大部分海岸带地区地质调查和研究工作存在的基础调查资料的不系统、不全面性以及和国民经济发展需求的差距;对海陆相互作用过程和海岸带地区地质工程演化认识不清,难以为海岸带规划发展提供科学支撑;缺乏海岸带地区地质环境监测资料,难以进行地质灾害预测、预警等,并有针对性地提出了下一步的工作建议。     

Discrimination of coastal wetland environments in the Amazon region based on multi-polarized L-band airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery

This study assessed the use of multi-polarized L-band images for the identification of coastal wetland environments in the Amazon coast region of northern Brazil. Data were acquired with a SAR R99B sensor from the Amazon Surveillance System (SIVAM) on board a Brazilian Air Force jet. Flights took place in the framework of the 2005 MAPSAR simulation campaign, a German-Brazilian feasibility study focusing on a L-band SAR satellite. Information retrieval was based on the recognition of the interaction between a radar signal and shallow-water morphology in intertidal areas, coastal dunes, mangroves, marshes and the coastal plateau. Regarding the performance of polarizations, VV was superior for recognizing intertidal area morphology under low spring tide conditions; HH for mapping coastal environments covered with forest and scrub vegetation such as mangrove and vegetated dunes, and HV was suitable for distinguishing transition zones between mangroves and coastal plateau. The statistical results for the classification maps expressed by kappa index and general accuracy were 83.3% and 0.734 for the multi-polarized color composition (R-HH, G-HV, B-VV), 80.7% and 0.694% for HH, 79.7% and 0.673% for VV, and 77.9% and 0.645% for HV amplitude image. The results indicate that use of multi-polarized L-band SAR is a valuable source of information aiming at the identification and discrimination of distinct geomorphic targets in tropical wetlands.     

Testing the application of the Systems Approach Framework (SAF) for the management of eutrophication in the Ria Formosa

The SAF (Systems Approach Framework) encompasses the ecological, social and economic components of coastal zones and aims to establish a permanent dialogue between scientists, stakeholders and policy makers working within European coastal zones for developing effective ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management). The objective of the present study is to test the application of the SAF for defining eutrophication management options in the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Stakeholders were identified and the issue of eutrophication was agreed upon. Having defined the virtual system, the conceptual model of the Ria Formosa was developed. The formulation of the conceptual model into a mathematical model representing the ecological, social and economic components of the system is then discussed. The linking variable of the three components within the simulation model, as well as the scenarios to be run are then explored. The role of scientists as facilitators within the deliberation process is discussed, and a format by which the final output package could be disseminated is suggested. This case study demonstrates how the SAF could successfully be applied to the management of eutrophication in the Ria Formosa. It also suggests ways in which this approach may be adapted to address unique coastal systems with specific system characteristics.     

Assemblages of Southeast-South Brazilian Coastal Systems Based on the Distribution of Fishes

Multivariate principal components analysis and cluster analysis were performed on data representing presence or absence of 498 species of juvenile and adult fish species in twenty-four coastal marine systems (bays, coastal lagoons, estuaries and coastal zones) distributed from southeast to southern Brazil. Five groups of coastal systems were identified based on fish assemblage similarity: estuaries and bays of the southeast area; an estuary of the southern area; coastal lagoons; rocky coastal zones; and the continental platform. Species assemblages for each zone were identified and used as surrogate habitat indicators to compare and contrast the groups. Stepwise multiple regression of environmental and physical variables as predictors of the number of species indicated that only ‘ area ’ was included in the model as the most important variable explaining the variation of the number of species in these data sets. The total number of fish species increased as surface area increased.     

基于GIS的广西北海海岸带地质环境监测数据管理与服务系统的设计与实现

针对近年来广西北海市海岸带出现的地质环境问题,基于GIS技术在空间数据管理和综合分析方面的优势,开发设计了海岸带地质环境监测数据管理与服务系统。实现了北海市海岸带侵蚀淤积数据、海水入侵数据及生态地球化学数据的在线监测、综合管理和动态模拟。该系统在北海市取得了良好的应用,为北海市海岸带地质环境问题的治理提供了有效决策支持,为其他海岸带地质环境数据管理系统提供了参考。     

Capabilities of the bathymetric Hawk Eye LiDAR for coastal habitat mapping: A case study within a Basque estuary

The bathymetric LiDAR system is an airborne laser that detects sea bottom at high vertical and horizontal resolutions in shallow coastal waters. This study assesses the capabilities of the airborne bathymetric LiDAR sensor (Hawk Eye system) for coastal habitat mapping in the Oka estuary (within the Biosphere Reserve of Urdaibai, SE Bay of Biscay, northern Spain), where water conditions are moderately turbid. Three specific objectives were addressed: 1) to assess the data quality of the Hawk Eye LiDAR, both for terrestrial and subtidal zones, in terms of height measurement density, coverage, and vertical accuracy; 2) to compare bathymetric LiDAR with a ship-borne multibeam echosounder (MBES) for different bottom types and depth ranges; and 3) to test the discrimination potential of LiDAR height and reflectance information, together with multi-spectral imagery (three visible and near infrared bands), for the classification of 22 salt marsh and rocky shore habitats, covering supralittoral, intertidal and subtidal zones. The bathymetric LiDAR Hawk Eye data enabled the generation of a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Oka estuary, at 2 m of horizontal spatial resolution in the terrestrial zone (with a vertical accuracy of 0.15 m) and at 4 m within the subtidal, extending a water depth of 21 m. Data gaps occurred in 14.4% of the area surveyed with the LiDAR (13.69 km²). Comparison of the LiDAR system and the MBES showed no significant mean difference in depth. However, the Root Mean Square error of the former was high (0.84 m), especially concentrated upon rocky (0.55–1.77 m) rather than in sediment bottoms (0.38–0.62 m). The potential of LiDAR topographic variables and reflectance alone for discriminating 15 intertidal and submerged habitats was low (with overall classification accuracy between 52.4 and 65.4%). In particular, reflectance retrieved for this case study has been found to be not particularly useful for classification purposes. The combination of the LiDAR-based DEM and derived topographical features with the near infrared and visible bands has permitted the mapping of 22 supralittoral, intertidal and subtidal habitats of the Oka estuary, with high overall classification accuracies of between 84.5% and 92.1%, using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The airborne bathymetric Hawk Eye LiDAR, although somewhat limited by water turbidity and wave breaking, provides unique height information obscured from topographic LiDAR and acoustic systems, together with an improvement of the habitat mapping reliability in the complex and dynamic coastal fringe.