遥感技术在斑岩铜矿勘查中的应用

斑岩型铜矿的勘探对于国民经济的发展有着重要的意义,遥感技术以其自身优势在斑岩铜矿的找矿工作中起到了重要的推动作用,但以往的工作多注重于某种遥感技术或几种技术组合在斑岩铜矿勘查中的应用,而对各类技术的综合运用与评价尚显不足。介绍了遥感技术在斑岩型铜矿床勘查中的应用历史、现状及几种常用技术,如反射光谱技术、多光谱遥感技术、高光谱遥感技术、雷达技术,并详细介绍这些技术的核心方法、主要应用方向及成功实例。最后对这些技术进行对比分析,指出了每种技术的优缺点,结合各自的特征,介绍了几种技术方法组合,并通过成功实例证明其应用的科学性,尤其适合大面积的勘查扫面工作。     

Reverse Osmosis contributing to metal zoning in porphyry type deposits: A case study

Representing the main source of copper in the world, porphyry copper deposits have been widely studied. Different models have tried to explain the observed metal zoning, but they did not completely explain it. A Permian Cu–Mo porphyry deposit in the San Rafael Massif in Argentina shows a similar metal zoning pattern to those described elsewhere. However, some particular features depart from the conventional cooling model. Based on data from this deposit and on theoretical background, we present and discuss Reverse Osmosis as a complementary process which could have contributed to porphyry metal zoning during the phyllic stage. The existence of potential-energy gradients and the different relative rejection values for distinct ions make Reverse Osmosis a natural mineral-concentration process. At temperatures corresponding to those of porphyry phyllic halo formation and in presence of a phyllic (clay) membrane, Cu, Ag, Zn and Pb would show a strong osmotic differentiation that could have led to the observed metal zoning.     

庐江沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床绿泥石的地球化学特征及找矿指示

文章在前人对岛弧环境斑岩型矿床绿泥石主微量元素找矿指示研究的基础上,以陆内环境的长江中下游成矿带中的沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床为对象,利用LA-ICP-MS技术对沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床中绿泥石进行了主微量元素研究。结果显示,绿泥石中Ti、Ba、Co、K、Pb、Sr、Fe、V/Ni靠近矿化中心的位置含量高,Mn、Mg元素远离矿化中心的位置含量高。沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床中绿泥石元素含量分布主要受温度、被交代矿物、流体pH值和氧化还原环境、围岩性质影响。受交代矿物的影响,绿泥石中的有些元素(Si、Na、Mg、K、Al)的含量高低不能直接对矿化中心进行指示,但沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床绿泥石部分元素(Ti、Ba、Co、Pb、Sr、Fe)和元素比值(V/Ni)具有指示矿化中心的作用。     

利用ASTER提取德兴斑岩铜矿遥感蚀变分带信息

在遥感光谱分析的基础上,结合德兴斑岩铜矿矿床地质特征,利用ASTER遥感数据提取了德兴斑岩铜矿的遥感蚀变分带信息.德兴斑岩铜矿蚀变分带根据蚀变矿物特征来分析,主要的蚀变矿物为白云母、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、白云石;根据光谱特征,采用比值、斜率、相关吸收和主成分分析4种提取方法提取各蚀变矿物的信息,并采用叠加法对各蚀变矿物信息进行叠加,从而形成各个蚀变分带的遥感信息.各蚀变分带的遥感信息总体特征比较明显.最后,根据矿床成矿模式对蚀变分带信息进行了分析.     

试论玉龙斑岩铜矿带内矿床的蚀变和矿化分带

西藏东部玉龙斑岩铜矿带(以下简称矿带),由玉龙、马那松多、多霞松多、莽总和扎那朵等已查明的矿床及一系列有远景的待查矿点组成的,该矿带,系我国目前所知较大的斑岩铜矿带。笔者曾在玉龙矿带进行过十余年地质工作,现将个人对矿床蚀变和矿化分带之浅见介绍如下。     

物探在新疆土屋地区铜矿找矿中的应用 ——兼谈斑岩铜矿“三位一体”的找矿模式

土屋铜矿带是我国新发现的重要斑岩成矿带.在土屋东矿点评价中开展物探剖面测量发现土屋激电异常,异常查证导致土屋铜矿的发现;沿成矿带开展大面积1∶2万激电、磁法测量,发现了一系列激电异常,通过地质调查、钻探查证相继发现了延东铜矿和灵龙铜矿.在研究斑岩铜矿地质条件和东天山地区干旱景观条件的基础上,建立了斑岩铜矿"三位一体”(斑岩、孔雀石化、激电异常)的找矿模式.     

Sulfur isotopic zonation in the Cadia district,southeastern Australia: exploration significance and implications for the genesis of alkalic porphyry gold–copper deposits

The alkalic porphyry gold–copper deposits of the Cadia district occur in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt of New South Wales, Australia. The district comprises four porphyry deposits (Ridgeway, Cadia Quarry, Cadia Hill, and Cadia East) and two iron–copper–gold skarn deposits (Big Cadia and Little Cadia). Almost 1,000 tonnes of contained gold and more than four million tonnes of copper have been discovered in these systems, making Cadia the world’s largest known alkalic porphyry district, in terms of contained gold. Porphyry gold–copper ore at Cadia is associated with quartz monzonite intrusive complexes, and is hosted by central stockwork and sheeted quartz–sulfide–(carbonate) vein systems. The Cadia porphyry deposits are characterized by cores of potassic and/or calc–potassic alteration assemblages, and peripheral halos of propylitic alteration, with late-stage phyllic alteration mostly restricted to fault zones. Hematite dusting is an important component of the propylitic alteration assemblage, and has produced a distinctive reddening of feldspar minerals in the volcanic wall rocks around the mineralized centers. Sulfide mineralization is strongly zoned at Ridgeway and Cadia East, with bornite-rich cores surrounded by chalcopyrite-rich halos and peripheral zones of pyrite mineralization. The Cadia Hill and Cadia Quarry deposits have chalcopyrite-rich cores and pyrite-rich halos, and Cadia Hill contains a high-level bornite-rich zone. Distinctive sulfur isotopic zonation patterns have been identified at Ridgeway, Cadia Hill, and Cadia East. The deposit cores are characterized by low δ³⁴S_sulfide values (−10 to −4‰), consistent with sulfide precipitation from an oxidized (sulfate-predominant) magmatic fluid at 450 to 400°C. Pyrite grains that occur in the propylitic alteration halos typically have δ³⁴S_sulfide values near 0‰. There is a gradual increase in δ³⁴S_sulfide values outwards from the deposit cores through the propylitic halos. Water–rock interaction during propylitic alteration caused magmatic sulfate reduction and concomitant oxidation of ferrous iron-bearing minerals, resulting in enrichment of ³⁴S in pyrite and also producing the distinctive reddened, hematite-rich alteration halos to the Cadia deposits. These results show that sulfur isotope analyses have potential applications in the exploration of alkalic porphyry-style deposits, with zones of depleted δ³⁴S_sulfide values most prospective for high-grade mineralization.     

Progress in porphyry copper exploration from the Gangdise belt, Tibet, China

Recent mineral exploration in the Gangdise porphyry copper deposit belt, an important component of the Himalaya-Tethyan metallogenic belt, has led to the discovery of a number of deposits, as exemplified by the world-class Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu deposit. This paper reviews major advances in the studies of ore genesis and metallogenic regularity and progresses in mineral exploration of porphyry Cu deposits in the belt. Existing problems and suggestion for future exploration also are given.     

中国大陆斑岩铜矿资源潜力定量评价

应用美国"三部式"资源评价方法原理,对中国大陆斑岩铜矿成矿地质背景、时空分布规律、矿床模型等方面研究,圈出46个远景区;以中国1999年金属储量数据库和区划矿产地数据为基础,建立了铜矿数据库共984个,分不同类型进行品位吨位的研究,以此为基础构造出数字找矿模型和开发出矿产资源定量评价模型程序,并计算了每个远景区的概率资源量,为评估中国斑岩铜矿资源潜力提供了参照。     

激电测量在苏吉泉东金矿勘查中的应用

对苏吉泉东金矿进行激电测量,获得激电异常数据(电阻率ρ_s和视极化率η_s)。把不同测线上性质相同的电阻率ρ_s和视极化率η_s的反交点按对应关系联接起来,分别作为相应的破碎带和极化体位置,同时结合地质资料多次反馈,逐步逼近真实地质体。圈定了PSD1,PSD2两个破碎带和Jht1,Jht2,Jht3三个极化体,通过ρ_s和η_s的一维反演及二维反演,拟合出破碎带和极化体的形态特征及相对深度,为矿产勘探提供了较为明确的地球物理依据。     

气态烃在铧厂沟金矿找矿中的应用

铧厂沟金矿床是一个受韧性剪切带控制的热液蚀变型金矿床。通过对矿石中石英包裹体成分分析、烃类组分在各中段不同岩石中的含量特征比较,发现在该金矿的成矿过程中,曾存在一定量有机物的参与,有机烃气是其重要的伴生气体组分,烃气异常与金矿化在空间上存在密切对应关系。因而利用有机烃气测量法在该区开展深部盲矿找矿具有重要意义。     

Titanium‐in‐biotite thermometry in porphyry copper systems: Challenges to application of the thermometer

Empirical geothermometer dealing with Ti solubility in the Fe‐Mg biotites was originally proposed for biotites in graphitic, peraluminous metapelites containing ilmenite or rutile that equilibrated roughly at 4–6 kbar. Given that biotites are abundant in the porphyry copper systems, this geothermometer has frequently been used for the determination of magmatic–hydrothermal temperatures in the porphyry copper systems. Common associations of porphyry copper deposits (PCDs), that is, low Al content of biotite, biotite chloritization (causes the biotite to become more magnesian and to lose Ti), and biotite formation by amphibole replacement, as well as disequilibrium, local equilibrium, or re‐equilibration of biotites, especially through potassic alteration, may provide significant uncertainty in the temperatures estimated a by Ti‐in‐biotite geothermometer. In addition, besides the calibration range of thermometer for pressure (400–600 MPa), the temperatures of major sulfide precipitation in PCDs (>~400°C) does not fit with the temperature range of thermometer calibration (480–800°C). Worth noting, as confirmed by fluid inclusion data in the Sarkuh PCD, regardless of presence of mineralogical requirements, obtained temperatures of sulfide mineralization using Ti in biotite thermometer could be overestimated. This may be due to the difference between general conditions of sulfide mineralization and calibration range of Ti in the biotite thermometer for pressure and temperature, as well as the metaluminous nature of biotites in PCDs.     

新疆西准包古图地区斑岩铜矿找矿的重大突破及意义

新疆西准托里成矿带过去是以金矿、铬铁矿为主的找矿区，2001-2004年包古图地区铜矿找矿获重大突破。包古图铜矿与花岗闪长斑岩密切相关．金属矿物成分简单，矿石构造为细粒浸染状和细脉浸染状。矿石品位低、矿化均匀，矿床蚀变组合和分带特征明显，属典型斑岩型铜钼矿。包古图斑岩型铜矿的发现，在西准是首次，并且证明了哈萨克斯坦巴尔喀什斑岩铜矿带东延至中国境内。对西准地区今后的找矿工作将起到重要的推动作用。     

多元统计分析在普朗斑岩型铜矿床中的应用

普朗斑岩型铜矿是云南格咱岛弧成矿带中印支期斑岩型铜矿床的典型代表。本文应用聚类分析、因子分析方法对普朗斑岩型铜矿成矿岩体中微量元素进行了分析和科学分类。根据普朗复式斑(玢)岩体的地质条件和微量元素地球化学特征,从理论角度定性分析和定量分析均确定了普朗复式岩体存在明显的Cu-Au-Ag矿化异常,主成矿元素Cu与Au、Ag、Mo、W等具有较好的相关性,且局部存在中―低温的Pb、Zn矿化异常组合。矿床的形成与印支期中酸性斑(玢)岩体的侵入有密切的联系,成矿作用具多期多阶段性。     

哈萨克斯坦努尔卡斯甘大型富金斑岩铜矿地质特征及金赋存状态

努尔卡斯甘富金斑岩铜矿位于中哈萨克斯坦,是中亚成矿域西段重要的早古生代斑岩型铜金矿床,其形成与早志留世花岗闪长斑岩和石英闪长玢岩有关。矿体由浸染状、(网)脉状和角砾状矿石组成,主要产于花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长玢岩和石英闪长岩体内以及岩体周围的火山岩地层中。矿床内发育热液磁铁矿、金红石和热液硬石膏。矿区热液蚀变强烈,早期发育青磐岩化和钾钙硅酸盐化(钾长石-阳起石化),随后广泛发育中级泥化,到晚期发育绢云母化。铜矿化与钾钙硅酸盐化和中级泥化蚀变密切相关,矿石矿物主要为黄铜矿,少量斑铜矿和蓝辉铜矿。金矿化主要与中级泥化蚀变关系密切,少量与钾钙硅酸盐化蚀变有关。金矿物主要为细粒自然金和银金矿(多小于10μm)。自然金赋存在蚀变岩中,与硅酸盐矿物关系密切,分布在它们表面、颗粒之间(粒间金)、晶体内(包裹金)和内部裂隙之中(裂隙金,少量)。银金矿主要呈包裹金的形式赋存在于与中级泥化蚀变相关的热液角砾岩的黄铜矿胶结物中。努尔卡斯甘斑岩铜金矿床属于高氧化-高硫岩浆-热液成矿体系,金的大规模沉淀很可能与SO_2歧化反应以及磁铁矿和硬石膏大量结晶而造成的高氧化-高硫成矿热液的SO_4~(2-)/H_2S比值和pH显著降低有关。     

藏北多龙矿集区荣那斑岩铜矿找矿突破的实践

荣那铜矿是中铝矿产资源有限公司近年在斑岩型铜矿找矿方面取得的一项重大突破。矿床产于班公湖—怒江缝合带北侧岛弧带中。公司在找矿初期重视基础地质研究,加强对地调和矿调成果的二次解剖,借鉴国内外斑岩铜矿区域分布规律,结合1∶5万磁法异常,明确多龙矿集区重点找矿方向;根据前期勘查成果,结合1∶5万水系沉积物测量成果,确定荣那、拿若为重点验证区。通过总结国外斑岩铜矿蚀变模式、矿化模式和勘查模式,选择有效的激电勘查方法圈定重点验证地段。结合隐伏斑岩体系矿化中心为中低阻、负磁异常、中等极化率,外围发育黄铁矿化壳形成近似环状中高阻、正磁异常、中高极化率异常,最终确定外围正磁、中高极化环形异常系荣那矿床与青磐岩化带有关的黄铁矿化壳引起,负磁、中等极化率异常为矿化中心部位,通过选择合理网度进行钻探验证实现找矿突破。荣那矿床勘查过程中的理论思考,区域-矿田物化探异常的综合分析、有效方法的投入和验证工程的部署充分体现了科学研究与生产的有机结合。     

勘查指数及其在黑龙江多宝山地区斑岩铜矿勘查中的应用

详细地介绍了一个综合运用遥感、地质、物探、化探等地学信息进行区域性矿产资源勘查与预测的数学模型.模型中在对各类地学信息进行有益的变换、提取的基础上,借助概率论中广义二项分布函数对其进行综合处理与分析.该模型的输出结果不仅为区域性矿产预测提供定量分析数据,而且还是一种寻找与已知矿床具有类似地质条件和地球物理及地球化学环境的有效方法.     

综合物探在西藏尼木地区斑岩铜矿找矿中的应用

西藏尼木地区斑岩铜矿是近年发现的大型斑岩型铜矿.在矿产勘查过程中采用综合物探方法进行圈定勘查目标、缩小找矿靶区、确定异常源、推测矿化空间等项工作,取得了较好的勘查效果,说明在西藏尼木县斑岩铜矿区综合运用地面高精度磁测、激电中梯、激电测深等物探勘查方法,能减少物探的多解性,较好地解决具体的地质问题.