资源流动的环境效应(英文)

21世纪,中国的人口和经济的持续增长面临着资源短缺和生态脆弱的限制。提高资源利用效率和消减资源利用引起的环境影响是学术界和决策者面临的新课题。本文从资源流动的视角研究资源利用过程及其引起的环境影响。我们把资源流动过程分解为开采、加工、转化、消费等几个关键环节,评价其资源利用效率和环境影响,并寻求改善的途径。因其资源消耗量大、生态环境影响严重,我们选取了林木、煤炭及石油研究其资源与产品流动及其环境影响。林木产品的产量、进出口量和消费量数据来自中国森林统计年鉴(1949-2001)。煤炭、石油的开采量、进出口量和消费量来自中国能源统计年鉴(1980-2006)。研究表明:过去几十年,中国的资源利用效率有所提高,资源消费结构逐步改善,但资源消费总量居高不下,对生态环境构成极大的压力。     

中国天然气资源流动优势度时空演变特征

引入天然气资源流动优势度概念,对2000-2012年中国天然气资源流动输流地与汇流地优势度进行测算,并对其时空演变及影响因素进行研究,研究表明：① 输流地、汇流地的数量及优势度随时间不断变化,表现出显著的地域差异性。② 输流地优势度集聚性先降低后升高,热点区在西北部区域,空间上表现出向东南—西北方向分布,最后呈现出接近南北方向偏移;汇流地优势度空间上总体上呈现出增加的趋势,热点区在东部区域,空间分布呈现出由西北向东南移动趋势。③ 天然气资源流通条件及产量是输流地优势度空间格局变化主要影响因素;汇流地天然气资源消费、天然气工业及流通条件是汇流地优势度重心空间格局的主要影响因素,并且程度逐渐加强。     

中国陆上天然气资源的经济效用影响因素研究(英文)

本文研究了中国陆上天然气经济效用的地质及相关影响因素。主要研究结论如下:天然气勘探开发成本主要与气田(藏)的深度及储盖层的岩性参数相关,开采成本主要受自然地理因素以及相应储层物性参数影响,而气田(藏)丰度、有效厚度、孔隙度、渗透率和气藏类型是影响天然气产量的主要因素。基于上述研究结论,建立了针对投资成本、价格因素和气田经济价值的千米井深日产量计算公式和区域判断标准。根据判别标准,本文分析了中国不同区域且具有指标意义的天然气田(藏)的经济效用,并针对中国天然气产业经济发展提出了相应的结论和建议。     

中国科技资源配置效率测度及其时空格局演变特征(英文)

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001–2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA), science and technology(ST) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of ST resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of ST resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis(ESDA). It turned out that:(1) the average of ST resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening.(2) The asymmetrical distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose ST resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China.(3) The coupling degree between ST resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of ST resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of ST resources and so on.(4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, ST resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of ST resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency.(5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map ofST resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of ST resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.     

中国花岗岩地貌的类型特征与演化

在中国南方亚热带季风气候条件下, 自中、上新世以来的夷平面及其深厚的花岗岩风化壳在后期不同程度构造抬升-下切过程中, 造成许多中国特有的花岗岩地貌类型, 如黄山和三清山等处的花岗岩峰林、石林、造型石、风动石等。本文讨论了中国花岗岩风化壳和地貌的时空演化规律, 提出地貌发育年代与中、上新世广布的夷平面的密切关系, 以及在不同抬升背景下, 花岗岩地貌与风化壳的关系。并可据此推算不同山地的抬升幅度, 沿海仅抬升约200m, 向内地逐渐增大, 到南岭或大别山、伏牛山则达到约1600~2000 m。     

中国天然气流动体系及其动态变化特征

采用首位律、位序-规模分布律和马尔科夫转换矩阵等方法,解析了中国天然气资源流动系统的规模分布、规模结构和系统内部动态变化特征,得出以下结论：（1） 中国天然气流动系统呈逐步发育态势,在流动省份数量和规模上都有显著增加和扩大;（2） 中国天然气流动系统的位序-规模分布符合齐夫法则,具有分形性质。在输流系统规模分布方面,呈现出首位型分布模式向分散均衡型模式转变,再向首位型分布模式发展的趋势。在汇流系统规模分布方面,总体表现为集中型分布模式,中间位次省份天然气流动规模比较发育;（3） 输流系统规模体系中,无流区、低流动规模地区发展不活跃,中低流动规模以上地区很难实现跨越式发展。汇流系统规模体系则表现出向中等规模集中的发展趋势。整体来看,中国天然气流动规模扩大的同时,不同类型之间的变动相对较为平稳。基于以上研究,提出加强天然气资源勘探,拓宽天然气生产和进口来源;加强中国天然气主干管网建设;逐步建设完善沿海LNG接收站与输送管网的政策建议。     

20世纪末期中国石油资源空间流动格局与流场特征

本研究以“1999年分省能源平衡表”及石油资源贸易与转运资料为基础,首先将全国26个石油流动省份划分为基本自给型、半自给型、净支出型和净补给型四种石油资源流动平衡类型及输流中心、汇流中心和交流中心三大流动职能类型,分析得出中国石油资源流动在地理空间上表现为集中输流和分散汇流的特征,其中源地系统的空间形态为直角三角形,汇地系统为直角梯形,源—汇复合系统则为钝角三角形。其次依据资源位势梯度力将中国石油流动划分为北部、西北、华东和华南四大流场。北部流场的石油流动轨迹在东北区呈现树状网络结构、在华北区为单枝二叉树结构,西北流场的流动轨迹形态为“X”形结构,华东流场为多中心“Ⅲ”字形结构,华南流场则为“Y”形结构。     

中国道路网络的演化、通达性评价与发展机理(英文)

Before the emergence of modern modes of transport, the traditional road infrastructure was the major historical means of carrying out nationwide socio-economic exchange. However, the history of transport infrastructure has received little attention from researchers. Given this background, the work reported here examined the long-term development of transport networks in China. The national road network was selected for study and the 3500 years from 1600 BC to 1900 AD was chosen as the study period. Indicators were designed for the maturity level of road networks and an accessibility model was developed for the paths of the shortest distance. The evolution of the road network in China since the Shang Dynasty(1600 BC) was described and its major features were summarized to reveal long-term regularities. The maturity level of the road network and its accessibility was assessed and regions with good and poor networks were identified. The relationship between China’s natural, social, and economic systems and the road network were discussed. Our analysis shows that the road network in China has a number of long-term regularities. The continuously expanding road network follows a path of inland expansion especially towards the border areas. However, its coverage and accessibility are characterized by a core–peripheral configuration, which has close relationships with, not only the natural conditions, but also national defense and warfare. The centralization of national power, national land governance, postal transport, the transport of specialized cargos, and international trade are also related to the development of the road network. This research draws attention to the evolving regularities of transport networks.     

资源禀赋、外部效应与中国油气资源产业的空间地理分布(英文)

本文首先利用空间统计分析工具对我国油气资源产业的空间分布状况和规律进行了考察,然后运用空间计量经济模型对导致油气资源产业空间集聚的影响因素进行了实证检验。检验结果表明,我国油气资源产业发展呈现出产异化的空间分布状况,油气资源产业的上游集中于环鄂尔多斯区域,油气资源产业的下游没有出现空间集聚。而在影响我国油气资源产业空间集聚的因素中,外部效应是促使油气资源产业空间集聚的关键。同时,政府经济政策则是油气资源产业空间集聚的重要影响因素。     

中国省区间制造业空间格局演变(英文)

This paper, concerning uneven development in China, empirically analyzes the core–periphery gradient of manufacturing industries across provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities), and assesses the extent to which these provinces have changed in recent years. Since China's reform and opening-up, the spatial structure of the economy has presented a significant core–periphery pattern, the core evidently skewing towards east-coastal areas. With the deepening of market reforms and expansion of globalization, industrial location is gradually in line with the development advantages of provinces. The core provinces specialize in those industries characterized by strong forward and backward linkages, as well as a high consumption ratio, a high degree of increasing returns to scale, and labor or human-capital intensity. However, it is the opposite with regard to peripheral provinces, in addition, energy intensive industries are gradually concentrating in these areas. To a certain degree, the comparative advantage theory and new economic geography identify the underlying forces that determine the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries in China. This paper indicates that the industrialization of regions along different gradients becomes unsynchronized will be a long-term trend. Within a certain period, regions are bound to develop industrial sectors in line with their respective characteristics and development stage. A core–periphery pattern of industries also indicates that industrial development differentials across regions arise because of not only the uneven distribution of industries but also the inconsistent evolving trends of industrial structure for each province.     

中国典型土地覆盖类型地表反照率的年内变化特征(英文)

Surface albedo is a primary causative variable associated with the process of surface energy exchange. Numerous studies have examined diurnal variation of surface albedo at a regional scale; however, few studies have analyzed the intra-annual variations of surface albedo in concurrence with different land cover types. In this study, we amalgamated surface albedo product data(MCD43) from 2001 to 2008, land-use data(in 2000 and 2008) and land cover data(in 2000); quantitative analyses of surface albedo variation pertaining to diverse land cover types and the effect of the presence/absence of ground snow were undertaken. Results indicate that intra-annual surface albedo values exhibit flat Gaussian or triangular distributions depending upon land cover types. During snow-free periods, satellite observed surface albedo associated with the non-growing season was lower than that associated with the growing season. Satellite observed surface albedo during the presence of ground snow period was 2–4 times higher than that observed during snow-free periods. Surface albedo reference values in typical land cover types have been calculated; notably, grassland, cropland and built-up land were associated with higher surface albedo reference values than barren while ground snow was present. Irrespective of land cover types, the lowest surface albedo reference values were associated with forested areas. Proposed reference values may prove extremely useful in diverse research areas, including ecological modeling, land surface process modeling and radiation energy balance applications.     

中国资源规制的概念、框架和实践(英文)

当前我国经济增长模式对自然资源的依赖程度过高,已经引起了严重的经济和社会问题,尤其是自然资源约束的变化威胁着未来我国区域经济的可持续发展。根据我国自然资源的制度基础及经济条件,本文提出了资源规制的概念。资源规制是政府规制在自然资源领域的应用,其目的在于调节和控制区域发展,是政府对资源勘查、开发、利用、经营和保护等行为的约束。资源规制包括了两层涵义:一是对自然资源的管理,二是以自然资源为工具对区域经济和社会发展的调控。我国资源规制的基本框架主要由法律规制、规划规制、标准规制和具体的指标规制四个层次构成,而其他的社会参与、监督、监测、评价和奖惩对于资源规制框架的构建也是必不可少的。从资源类型来看,我国的资源规制主要集中在对水资源、土地资源、能源资源和环境资源的规制上,而对于海洋资源、矿产资源和森林资源的规制力度则较弱。总体来说,我国的资源法律规制、规划规制和标准规制的基本体系已经基本形成,并取得了较好的效果。而具体的指标规制则较为分散和破碎,建立完善的资源规制体系仍任重道远。     

中国新疆地质遗迹特征与保护开发(英文)

The geological heritage protection and its development at home and abroad reflect the progress in the aspect from the single protection to the coordination between protection and exploitation.The geopark established by UNESCO has closely combined the protection of geological heritages with the promotion of sustainable development of local economy,which has become the best way to protect geological heritages.The geological heritages in Xinjiang,China,are characterized by their large quantity,rich variety and...     

中国山区工业资源的类型与特征

中国工业资源可分为工业资源与通用资源两大类。通过科学考察与系统分析可知，山区工业资源既有资源丰富的优势，又有人才社会资源贫乏的劣势，呈现出人与砂相协调发展的二元结构。中国山区工业开发首先应夯实人才社会资源开发，才能使自然资源开发走上健康发展的轨道。     

辽河三角洲地貌演化(英文)

This paper mainly analyzes the geomorphological changes of the tidal deposition in the Liaohe Estuary based on the multi-year bathymetric charts in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2005 and Landsat TM images in 1987, 1994, 2002 and 2005. Evolution of the tidal depositional system during the past 20 years in the Liaohe River was studied on the basis of 50 boreholes drilling and 30 km shallow stratigraphic exploration from 2002 to 2005. The main tidal depositional body of the modern Liaohe River delta is located in the Shuangtaizihe Estuary. The stratum within the depth of 10 m includes tidal bank facies, tidal channel facies and neritic facies with paleo-delta facies underlying them. The sediments of tidal bank facies are mainly composed of sand and silt with siltation load and suspended load of about 50% respectively in proportion. The sediment of tidal channel facies and neritic facies is composed of clayey silt and silty clay which belongs to suspended load. The study area was a small bay between the old Daliaohe River, the old Dalinghe River and the Raoyanghe River complex delta since the Holocene to 1896. Many tidal banks formed and expanded rapidly after the Shuangtaizihe River was excavated by labor in 1896. The runoff and sediment discharge have decreased since the construction of brake at the Shuangtaizihe River in 1958.The Shuangtaizihe Estuary is in the state of deposition as a whole whose tidal bank is increasing and expanding southward, westward and northward. The maximum expansion speed is 87 to 683 m/a and the mean depositional rate is 0.189 m/a. Erosion occurred in some part of tidal bank with average erosional rate of 0.122 m/a. The tidal channel was filled up with sediment at a migration speed of 48–200 m/a. Geomorphologic changes have happened under the combined influences of runoff, ocean dynamics and human activities. The main source of sediment changes from river sediment to sediment driven by tidal current and longshore current.     

柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源变化特征(英文)

基于风资源梯度自动观测系统,对柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源时间变化及空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)研究区域具有较为丰富的风资源,3-25 m s-1之间风速累计时数平均超过6600h,也即275d,超过全年总时数的75%。从各梯度来看,随高度增加累积时数总体增加,小风时越往低层风速累计时数越大,大风时越往高层风速累计数越大;各分析站点中戈壁(GB)<3 m s-1风速时数相对最高,诺木洪(NMH)相对最低,≥3 m s-1风速时数正好相反;有效风速累计小时数小灶火(XZH)各梯度间差异不大,戈壁(GB)总体相对最小。(2)各梯度优势风速谱域基本处在3-9 m s-1范围,峰值风速出现在4-6 m s-1之间;除10 m梯度外,其余各梯度风速频率分布差异不大。相比较其它各层,10 m高度层小风出现频次较高,其余层6-12 m s-1的风速出现频次较高。(3)从不同方位风速及风功率密度情况来看,除戈壁(GB)外,总体优势风为西北风;除诺木洪外,总体风速差异不大。(4)随高度增加风速和风功率密度逐渐增大;但各站点之间差异较大。从逐月情况来看,小灶火(XZH)5-8月份平均风功率密度较大、诺木洪(NMH)和戈壁(GB)分别在4月和8月呈现出两个峰值、快尔玛(KEM)则在冬春季节风资源较丰富,而在夏季较贫乏;从逐小时情况来看,小灶火(XZH)和诺木洪(NMH)呈现出伴随地面温度升高风功率密度逐渐降低的趋势,戈壁(GB)和快尔玛(KEM)则正好相反。(5)各层风平均湍流强度为0.199,平均切变指数为0.075,自10-70m梯度湍流强度和切变指数总体自低层到高层逐渐降低。时间变化情况为,湍流强度与当地气温变化趋势基本一致,即高温对应高湍流,低温对应低湍流;切变指数变化趋势基本与湍流强度相反;各梯度间湍流强度自低层向高层递降,切变指数在10-30m层间最明显。各站点各层次湍流强度基本在0.1-0.25之间,属中等强度;切变指数各站点各层之间差异较大,总体小灶火(XZH)最小,诺木洪(NMH)最大,而且小灶火(XZH)底层为正切变,高层为负切变。期望通过本研究为该地区风电场布设及近地面层风能资源利用提供技术依据。     

中国石油资源流动源—汇系统空间格局特征

以中国石油(特指原油) 资源流动为研究对象,把中国省级行政单元抽象为石油资源流动节点,从1985-2009 年中选取5 个特征时点,根据各流动节点石油自给能力及流动比率,将各特征时点的石油流动省份划分为源地、汇地和交流地3 大流动职能类型,并将主要石油进口港(含陆上口岸) 作为进口石油源地;分别利用重心和标准差椭圆分析源地系统和汇地系统空间分布格局的集中与离散趋势,得出中国石油资源流动源—汇系统空间格局的位移和形变特征.结果表明：① 源地系统重心位于中国东偏北部,在经历了1985-1995 年的西北向移动后,1995-2009 年大幅向西南偏移,南北方向的移动速度快于东西方向;汇地系统重心偏于中国中东部,移动幅度相对较小,1985-1999 年呈南北向移动、1999-2003 年呈东西向移动,最终快速向西南方向偏移.② 从标准差椭圆分析来看,源地系统的空间分布先趋于分散后又趋于集中,由东北—西南的分布格局逐渐趋向于西北—东南的分布格局;汇地系统空间分布格局相对较为稳定,小幅极化后略趋分散,呈较为稳定的东北—西南分布.③ 中国石油资源流动的平均方向由东北—西南向偏转为南北向,平均运距呈下降趋势,主导流向由东北—西南向逐步转变为西北—东南向和东西向输流并存.     

绿洲的地理特征、演化和类型

本文在对绿洲定义提出修正意见的基础上,进一步探讨了绿洲的特征、演化和类型。1.绿洲主要地理特征包括其形成、植被、大小和分布。绿洲的形成取决于水源,据此可分成河水绿洲、泉水绿洲、湖水绿洲和输水绿洲,植被是天然、农牧绿洲的显著景观表征,植被对工矿绿洲而言只具有象征性意义。根据面积和空间关系将绿洲分为复式绿洲包括绿洲带和组合绿洲,与单一绿洲包括大型,中型和小型绿洲。绿洲的分布受线状和点状水系支配而有带状分布和散点状分布。2.自然因素和人类活动引起了绿洲的扩展与萎缩,即绿洲化与沙漠化,绿洲的演化历程可分为 四个阶段。3 长期演化使不同的绿洲产生了经济和景观上的显著差异,据此将绿洲分成四种经济类型:天然绿洲、牧场绿洲、农田绿洲和工矿绿洲。     

中国省域煤炭消费空间格局演化特征

运用ESDA分析方法,描述了2002年以来中国省域煤炭消费格局在空间上的变化状况。在煤炭消费总体空间格局上,中国省域人均煤耗水平表现出很强的空间自相关性,相似的地区在空间上集聚分布,本地的煤炭消费情况受到周边地区煤炭消费行为的影响。热点区域主要集中在华北和东北地区,且随着时间的推移,热点区有不断增加的趋势。中国省域煤炭消费具有明显的空间自组织性,空间格局演化的随机因素逐渐减弱,而结构化分异对煤炭消费空间格局的形成起到越来越显著的作用。南—北方向煤炭消费的空间差异最大,东南—西北方向煤炭消费的空间差异较小。煤炭消费的空间集聚特征启示政府对能源的管理需要重视空间关联作用,并根据能源消费的空间差异制定相应的管理政策。     

中国陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局(英文)

地球系统的碳库变化和碳循环过程机制是气候变化成因分析、变化趋势预测、减缓和适应对策的科学基础,受到科技界和国际社会的广泛关注。从20世纪80年代中后期开始,中国学者就开展了陆地生态系统碳循环研究工作,并且在许多研究领域都取得了可喜的进展。本文在回顾中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究发展历程基础上,重点评述陆地生态系统的碳储量及其空间格局方面的研究成果,评价有关研究的不确定性以及亟待解决的重要科学问题。分析表明,中国的陆地生态系统碳循环研究经过了陆地生态系统碳循环的前期研究、区域尺度生态系统碳循环综合研究、生态系统碳循环过程对环境变化适应性实验研究,以及生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理研究4个主要发展阶段。大多的研究表明,中国陆地生态系统碳储量及其空间格局是温度和降水控制的。全国土壤、森林和草地植被储存约为97.95 —118.93 Pg C;自20世纪70年代中期以来,我国的植树造林和林业管理、草地保护、农作制度改革和保护性耕作等措施发挥了重要的固碳功能,但是各种方法评估的结果仍然存在较大不确定性。今后的研究重点工作是建立天地空一体化碳储量和碳汇动态监测体系、开展生态系统碳-氮-水耦合循环及其区域调控管理的前瞻性研究,定量评价中国区域生态系统的碳收支状况和增汇潜力,评估各种典型生态系统增汇技术的经济效益,为国家尺度的温室气体管理和碳交易机制与政策体系的建立提供可报告、可度量和可核查的科学数据和技术支持。