20世纪90年代国外花岗岩类研究的某些重大进展

对 2 0世纪 90年代国外花岗岩类研究几个方面的进展情况进行了评述 :I型 /S型花岗岩成因的新模式、磁铁矿系列 /钛铁矿系列花岗岩成因、从ISAM到以综合标志为基础的新的花岗岩地球动力学分类、从以大陆边缘板块俯冲带为主扩大到大陆内部碰撞造山带的花岗岩研究地域及太古宙TTG成因 ,并力图阐明提出问题和解决问题的思路及着手研究的途径。这些内容表明花岗岩研究已进入一个新的发展阶段 ,即从以个别岩体、岩套为主的研究发展到对全球不同构造背景下的花岗岩进行地球动力学研究。作为地壳重要组成的花岗岩物质可以作为地球动力学环境的标志及其演化的示踪剂 ,反演出不同地球动力学环境下大陆地壳的形成和再循环过程     

安徽沿江地区岩浆岩的深部构造信息

本区分布着十分广泛的中生代岩浆岩,根据岩浆岩的物质组成、岩石组合、地壳结构、成矿作用及Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ同位素组成与比值变化等特征,可划分出３个岩浆岩带。在内带发育幔源型碱性玄武岩浆演化系列的基性—中酸性侵入岩,伴生有矽卡岩型Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｓ、Ａｕ矿床。北外带以中酸性侵入岩为主,属于下地壳重熔产物。南外带以Ｓ型花岗岩为主,显示出由上地壳重熔的特点。南、北两带均为钙碱性演化系列,并伴生斑岩型铜矿床。     

甘肃北山小草湖超单元地质特征

小草湖超单元是北山地区最晚一期的花岗侵入岩体，从早到晚依次可划分为花岗闪长岩单元，斑状二长花岗岩单元，黑云母二长花岗岩单元，含白云母二长花岗岩单元共4个单元。侵入于石炭纪扫子山组和华力西中晚期四顶黑山序列及印支早期马鞍山北超单元中，形成时代为晚三叠纪，属印支晚期花岗质侵入岩体。各单元间为脉动型侵入接触关系。岩石化学成分及地球化学特征显示具“S”型花岗岩的特征，形成于板块同碰撞期到碰撞后期的造山环境。     

Early Paleozoic magmatism in the Bumbat-Hairhan area of the Lake Zone in western Mongolia (geological,petrochemical, and geochronological data)

We consider the structure, composition, and age of Early Paleozoic intrusive associations of the Bumbat-Hairhan area located in the central part of the island-arc system of the Lake Zone, western Mongolia. There are large polychronous plutons (Bumbat-Hairhan and Gundguzin) and small intrusions in this area. We have established that they are composed of granitoid and gabbroid associations of different lithology, ages, and geodynamic nature. The results of U-Pb dating show that granitoid and basic magmatism took place within 551–465 Ma. Two main stages of intrusive magmatism are recognized, which reflect two stages of the geodynamic evolution of the region: island-arc (551–524 Ma) and accretion–collision (511–465 Ma). At all stages, predominant rocks in the region were diorite–tonalite–plagiogranite and plagiogranite associations of calc-alkaline series..     

甘肃北山小草湖超单元地质特征

小草湖超单元是北山地区最晚一期的花岗侵入岩体,从早到晚依次可划分为花岗闪长岩单元,斑状二长花岗岩单元,黑云母二长花岗岩单元,含白云母二长花岗岩单元共4个单元。侵入于石炭纪扫子山组和华力西中晚期四顶黑山序列及印支早期马鞍山北超单元中,形成时代为晚三叠纪,属印支晚期花岗质侵入岩体。各单元间为脉动型侵入接触关系。岩石化学成分及地球化学特征显示具“S”型花岗岩的特征,形成于板块同碰撞期到碰撞后期的造山环境。     

Magma mingling: Tectonic and geodynamic implications

An attempt is made to consider the tectonic and geodynamic implications of the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas, particularly, the relationships between mafic and felsic igneous rocks in composite dikes and plutons. Magma mingling develops in suprasubduction, intraplate, and collisional settings. The attributes typical of each type of mingling are discussed with special emphasis on the magma mingling of the collisional type, which is related to synmetamorphic shearing and may be regarded as a direct indicator of synorogenic collapse of collisional structural features. This phenomenon is exemplified in the Ol’khon collisional system in Siberia.     

与超大型锡矿床相关的花岗岩熔融实验结果及其成矿学意义

在６００～８５０℃，７５～３００ＭＰａ条件下对与个旧超大型锡（多金属）矿床密切相关的个旧复式花岗岩体，和与大厂长坡－铜坑、龙头山２个超大型锡（多金属）矿床密切相关的龙箱盖复式花岗岩体进行系统的实验研究。其结果表明，不仅形成这２个著名复式花岗岩的岩浆性质及岩浆的演化规律有明显的差异，而且形成同一个复式岩体的岩浆的性质及其演化特点亦有明显的不同。个旧花岗岩浆中，形成老卡岩体的岩浆固相线位置低，具有共结岩浆性质，而形成马松、龙岔河岩体的岩浆固相线位置稍高，具有近共结花岗岩浆的特点；形成龙箱盖复式花岗岩的岩浆在性质上有所不同，其固相线位置较高。这些研究结果表明，２类超大型锡矿床的成矿花岗岩浆的性质、起源与演化规律存在明显的差异，这些差异可能是造成这２个复式花岗岩体在超大型锡矿床形成过程中所起的作用不同的重要原因之一。     

Petrology and petrogenesis of the Mount Stuart batholith — Plutonic equivalent of the high-alumina basalt association?

The Mount Stuart batholith is a Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline pluton composed of rocks ranging in composition from two-pyroxene gabbro to granite. Quartz diorite is most abundant. This batholith may represent the plutonic counterpart of the high-alumina basalt association. A petrogenetic model is developed in which this intrusive series evolved from one batch of magnesian high-alumina basalt, represented by the oldest intrusive phase, by successive crystal fractionation of ascending residual magma. However, the possibility that this intrusive suite originated from an andésite (quartz diorite) parent by fractionation cannot be excluded.Computer modeling of this intrusive sequence provides a quantitative evaluation of the sequential change of magma composition. These calculations clearly indicate that the igneous suite is consanguineous, and that subtraction of early-formed crystals from the oldest rock is capable of reproducing the entire magma series with a remainder of 2–3% granitic liquid. This model requires that large amounts of gabbroic cumulate remain hidden at depth- an amount equal to approximately 8–10X the volume of the exposed batholith. Mass balances between the amounts of cumulate and residual liquid calculated compare favorably with the observed amounts of intermediate rocks exposed in the batholith, but not with the mafic rocks.Mafic magmas probably fractionated at depth by crystal settling, whereas younger quartz diorite and more granitic magmas underwent inward crystallization producing gradationally zoned plutons exposed at present erosional levels.     

Composition,sources, and geodynamic nature of giant batholiths in Central Asia: Evidence from the geochemistry and Nd isotopic characteristics of granitoids in the Khangai zonal magmatic area

Data on the composition, inner structure, and magma sources of giant batholith in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt are analyzed with reference to the Khangai batholith. The Khangai batholith was emplaced in the Late Permian–Early Triassic (270–240 Ma) and is the largest accumulations (>150000 km²) of granite plutons in central Mongolia. The plutons are dominated by granites of normal alkalinity and contain subalkaline granites and more rare alkaline granites. The batholith is hosted in the Khangai zonal magmatic area, which consists of the batholith itself and surrounding rift zones. The zones are made up of bimodal basalt–trachyte–comendite (pantellerite) or basalt-dominated (alkaline basalt) volcanic associations, whose intrusive rocks are dominated by syenite and granite, granosyenite, and leucogranite. Both the batholith and the rift zones were produced within the time span of 270–240 Ma. Although the rocks composing the batholith and its rift surroundings are different, they are related through a broad spectrum of transitional varieties, which suggests that that the mantle and crustal melts could interact at various scale when the magmatic area was produced. A model is suggested to explain how the geological structure of the magmatic area and the composition of the magmatic associations that make up its various zones were controlled by the interaction between a mantle plume and the lithospheric folded area. The mantle melts emplaced into the lower crust are thought to not only have been heat sources and thus induced melting but also have predetermined the variable geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the granitoids. In the marginal portions of the zonal area, the activity of the mantle plume triggered rifting associated with bimodal and alkaline granite magmatism. The formation of giant batholiths was typical of the evolution of the active continental margin of the Siberian paleocontinent in the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic: the Khangai, Angara–Vitim, and Khentei batholiths were formed in this area within a relatively brief time span between 300 and 190Ma. The batholiths share certain features: they consist of granitoids of a broad compositional range, from tonalite and plagiogranite to granosyenite and rare-metal granites; and the batholiths were produced in relation to rifting processes that also formed rift magmatic zones in the surroundings of the batholiths. The large-scale and unusual batholith-forming processes are thought to have occurred when the active continental margin of the Late Paleozoic Siberian continent overlapped a number of hotspots in the Paleo- Asian Ocean. This resulted in the origin of a giant anorogenic magmatic province, which included batholiths, flood-basalt areas in Tarim and Junggar, and the Central Asian Rift System. The batholiths are structural elements of the latter and components of the zonal magmatic areas.     

闽北永兴地区晚侏罗世花岗岩岩石谱系单位的建立及演化特征

浦城永兴地区分布大面积Ⅰ型花岗岩，具有成分和结构演化序列。根据花岗岩单元、序列的划分原则及超单元建立的条件，将永兴岩基解体划分为４０个侵入体，建立１４个单元，归并有虹垂序列及建立永兴和高坑超单元。     

Comendite-bearing subduction-related volcanic associations in the Khan-Bogd area,southern Mongolia: Geochemical data

The vertical section of volcanic rocks in the Khan-Bogd Late Paleozoic depression, southern Mongolia, in the belt of southern Mongolian Hercynides contains comendites. The basement of the depression is made up of Devonian ophiolites (older than 362 Ma) overlain by volcanic associations of an active continental margin (ACM) (dated at 330 Ma) and a bimodal association (dated at approximately 290 Ma), which is subdivided into a lower unit (BLU), dacites of the intermediate layer (IL), and a bimodal association of the upper unit (BUU). The volcanic associations of the Devonian and ACM are calc-alkaline and poor in TiO₂. The BLU rocks have higher alkalinity and TiO₂ concentrations and show a transition from the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline series in the course of differentiation with the origin of comendites and trachyrhyolites, including those with adakite characteristics. The IL dacites are analogues of calc-alkaline magmas of the ACM type. The BUU volcanic association is composed of tholeiite basalts with moderate Ti concentrations (of the MORB type), comendites, and trachyrhyolites, with a compositional gap at rocks of intermediate composition. The variations in the canonical ratios of incompatible trace elements and petrochemical parameters of the Khan-Bogd volcanic rocks show that their parental magmas were derived mostly from a source of basalts of the arc type (IAB) with the addition of variable proportions of a source of the MORB type. The greatest role of the latter is identified in the magmas of the bimodal association. BLU and BUU are separated by IL, a fact testifying that the bimodal volcanism occurred simultaneously with normal dacite continental-marginal volcanism. Although the geodynamic environments in which volcanic rocks were formed somewhat varied during the development of the Khan-Bogd depression, a subduction environment remained predominant, and the volcanic rocks were derived from an IAB-type source. The subduction volcanic associations produced thereby are differentiated and vary in composition from basites to dacite and rhyolite, which could be formed at the assimilation of continental crustal material (CC). Conceivably, the bimodal volcanic association was generated when the subduction zone was approached by a mid-oceanic ridge, whose material could be added in appreciable amounts to the subduction sources. The volcanic evolution of the Khan-Bogd depression shows an evolution of geodynamic environments and the composition of the volcanic rocks generally resembling those in the western margin of North America in the Cenozoic. The acid BLU and BUU rocks were most probably generated by different mechanisms. The BLU comendites and trachyrhyolites were likely formed by the crystallization differentiation of an arc basite magma of elevated alkalinity. The acid BUU rocks resulted from the anatexis of basites of this association, particularly spilitized ones (as well as any other basites) and the subsequent crystallization differentiation of the anatectic magmas.     

Composition and geodynamic setting of granitoid magmatism in the Alyarmaut Uplift,western Chukchi Peninsula

This paper reports the compositions of granitoids from the Alyarmaut Uplift in the western Chukchi Peninsula, which is interpreted as a granite-metamorphic dome. A postcollisional origin was inferred for the granitoids. Their petrographic composition, petrochemical characteristics, and the compositions of their biotite allowed us to assign them to high-K I-type granites. The trace-element composition of the granitoids is comparable with that of granite types associating with both collisional and suprasubduction settings, which may reflect magma source heterogeneity generated by previous collisional processes predating dome and granite formation. The significant scatter of ɛNd(T) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values in the granitoids is also indicative of the heterogeneous composition of the crustal source or variable degree of magma contamination with ancient crustal material. In addition to the dominant process of the submersion of the rim of the Chukchi microcontinent beneath the active margin of the North Asian craton, the tectonic scenario of the formation of the dome structure of the Alyarmaut Uplift should involve either slab detachment or delamination of the lithospheric mantle, which causes the invasion of asthenospheric material into the base of the crust and promotes heat transfer necessary for the derivation of granitoid magmas.     

Seismic strain in the Altai-Sayan active seismic area and elements of collisional geodynamics

Seismic strain estimated from about 900 earthquake mechanisms in the Altai-Sayan area indicates that the area evolves mainly under N-S compression caused by the India-Eurasia collision. Plastic flow in the mountains of the western and central Altai-Sayan area is controlled by convergence of aseismic rigid blocks, including the Dzungarian microplate, the Minusa basin, the Tuva basin, Uvs Nuur and other basins in the region of Great Lakes in Mongolia. Earthquake rupture follows the existing fault pattern. The pattern of rigid blocks and mountain ranges correlates well with upper mantle thermal heterogeneity as imaged by seismic tomography.Earthquake mechanisms in the presence of plate convergence depend on different factors. Slip geometry depends on focal depth at a given geodynamic regime, and the latter, in terms of the seismic process, is controlled by lateral (W-E) constraint. Reverse-slip earthquakes most often originate at shallow depths in regions of constrained compression, such as the Tien Shan, and strike slip is the dominant mechanism under non-constrained and moderately constrained compression. The direction of slip is governed by the parallel component of convergence and by the fault pattern. In regions of strain shadow, slip occurs mostly on normal planes, and shallow earthquakes have strike-slip mechanisms. The crust in the collisional region is divided into systems of rigid and plastic blocks (rheological structure) and of fault blocks (fault-block structure). The two types of systems coexist and determine the generally similar but specifically different features of local mass transfer.     

华北中生代岩浆作用与去克拉通化

华北是全球古老克拉通遭受破坏最明显和最典型的地区,其去克拉通化作用的时间、范围和机制等重要科学问题是国内外研究的热点。大规模岩浆作用是去克拉通化作用的地质表现之一,通过对华北地区侵入岩侵位时代、源区、成岩过程的研究,可有效反演其去克拉通化作用的时空范围、过程及可能的动力学机制。华北东部广泛发育大面积的中生代侵入岩,本文在作者近十年研究的基础上,通过总结华北东部中生代侵入岩的锆石U-Pb年代学资料,厘定了华北东部中生代岩浆活动主要分为三叠纪、侏罗纪和早白垩世三期;通过岩浆源区、岩石成因研究,探讨不同时期岩石圈(地幔和大陆地壳)性质和厚度的转变及破坏的空间范围;在此基础上,结合区域地质特征初步探讨了华北去克拉通化的地球动力学机制。     

Geodynamics of Late Paleozoic batholith-forming processes in western Transbaikalia

Isotopic dates newly obtained for the northwestern portion of the Angara–Vitim batholith are consistent with preexisting data on the duration of the Late Paleozoic magmatic cycle: 55–60 Ma (from 325 to 280 Ma). These data also indicate that alkaline mafic magmatism in western Transbaikalia began simultaneously with the transition from crustal granite-forming processes to the derivation of granites of a mixed mantle–crustal nature, with gradual enrichment of the juvenile component in the source of the magmas. Analysis of the currently discussed geodynamic models of Late Paleozoic magmatism shows that a key role in all models of extensive granite-forming processes in the region is assigned to mafic mantle magmas, which can be generated in various geotectonic environments: subduction, delamination, decompression, and a mantle plume. The plume model is most consistent with the intraplate character of the Angara–Vitim batholith. The derivation of the vast volume of granitic material (approximately 1 million km³) should have required a comparable volume of mafic magma that should have been pooled in the middle crust of the Baikal fold area. However, the density structure of the region does not provide evidence of significant volumes of mafic rocks. This suggests that the mechanism of plume–lithospheric interaction that should have induced extensive crustal melting and the origin of vast granite areas was more complicated than simply conductive melting of crustal protoliths in contact with mafic intrusions.     

Early Cretaceous Magma Mingling in Xiaocuo, Southeastern China Continental Margin: Implications for Subduction of Paleo-Pacific Plate

Magma mingling has been identified within the continental margin of southeastern China.This study focuses on the relationship between mafic and felsic igneous rocks in composite dikes and plutons in this area,and uses this relationship to examine the tectonic and geodynamic implications of the mingling of mafic and felsic magmas.Mafic magmatic enclaves(MMEs) show complex relationships with the hosting Xiaocuo granite in Fujian area,including lenticular to rounded porphyritic microgranular enclaves containing abundant felsic/mafic phenocrysts,elongate mafic enclaves,and back-veining of the felsic host granite into mafic enclaves.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses show crystallization of the granite and dioritic mafic magmatic enclave during ca.132 and 116 Ma.The host granite and MMEs both show zircon growth during repeated thermal events at-210 Ma and 160-180 Ma.Samples from the magma mingling zone generally contain felsic-derived zircons with well-developed growth zoning and aspect ratios of 2-3,and maficderived zircons with no obvious oscillatory zoning and with higher aspect ratios of 5-10.However,these two groups of zircons show no obvious trace element or age differences.The Hf-isotope compositions show that the host granite and MMEs have similar ε_(Hf)(t) values from negative to positive which suggest a mixed source from partial melting of the Meso-Neoproterozoic with involvement of enriched mantlederived magmas or juvenile components.The lithologies,mineral associations,and geochemical characteristics of the mafic and felsic rocks in this study area indicate that both were intruded together,suggesting Early Cretaceous mantle—crustal interactions along the southeastern China continental margin.The Early Cretaceous magma mingling is correlated to subduction of Paleo-Pacific plate.     

Insights from quartz cathodoluminescence zoning into crystallization of the Vinalhaven granite,coastal Maine

The Vinalhaven intrusive complex provides field and petrographic evidence for multiple replenishments of mafic and silicic magmas, mingling and limited mixing, and rejuvenation of granite. Quartz in granitic rocks preserves a record of those processes, in the form of cathodoluminescence (CL) zoning, which is related to concentration of titanium, and to temperature of crystallization using the new TitaniQ (Ti in quartz) geothermometer. Injection of mafic melts into partly crystalline Vinalhaven granite resulted in partial quartz resorption followed by higher-temperature growth from H₂O-undersaturated melt. This is shown by steep, rimward increases in CL intensity and Ti content across discordant boundaries that truncate older growth zones. Quartz zoning in granite affected by mafic magmas displays large rimward jumps in Ti content, whereas quartz in granitic feeders and in granite far from mafic rocks typically displays broad rims with decreasing Ti contents, consistent with slow cooling without thermal disruptions due to mafic recharge.     

Geochemistry,zircon U–Pb analysis,and fluid inclusion 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Yingchengzi gold deposit,southern Heilongjiang Province,NE China

The Yingchengzi gold deposit, located 10 km west of Shalan at the eastern margin of the Zhangguangcai Range, is the only high commercially valuable gold deposit in southern Heilongjiang Province, NE China. This study investigates the chronology and geodynamic mechanisms of igneous activity and metallogenesis within the Yingchengzi gold deposit. New zircon U–Pb data, fluid inclusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating, whole‐rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic analysis is presented for the Yingchengzi deposit to constrain its petrogenesis and mineralization. Zircon U–Pb dating of the granite and diabase–porphyrite rocks of the igneous complex yields mean ages of 471.7 ± 5.5 and 434 ± 15 Ma respectively. All samples are high‐K calc‐alkaline or shoshonite rocks, are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and are depleted in high field strength elements, consistent with the geochemical characteristics of arc‐type magmas. The Sr–Nd isotope characteristics indicate that the granite formed by partial melting of the lower crust, including interaction with slab‐derived fluids from an underplated basaltic magma. The primary magma of the diabase–porphyrite was likely derived from the metasomatized mantle wedge by subducted slab‐derived fluids. Both types of intrusive rocks were closely related to subduction of the ocean plate located between the Songnen–Zhangguangcai Range and Jiamusi massifs. However, fluid inclusion ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating indicates that the Yingchengzi gold deposit formed at ~249 Ma, implying that the mineralization is unrelated to both the granite (~472 Ma) and diabase–porphyrite (~434 Ma) intrusions. Considering the tectonic evolution of the study area and adjacent regions, we propose that the Yingchengzi gold deposit was formed in a late Palaeozoic–Early Triassic continental collision regime following the closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. In addition, the Yingchengzi deposit could be classified as a typical orogenic‐type gold deposit occuring in convergent plate margins in collisional orogens, and unlikely an intrusion‐related gold deposit as reported by previous studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川容须卡伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床地球化学特征及成矿地质条件

通过分析四川容须卡伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床中酸性侵入岩和伟晶岩的地球化学特征,探讨其成矿地层、构造及岩浆岩等成矿地质条件。该矿床中酸性侵入岩为钙碱性准铝质岩石,属于Ⅰ型花岗岩系列,伟晶岩属钙碱性强过铝质岩石,二者的稀土和微量元素地球化学特征差异明显。中酸性侵入岩形成于后碰撞构造环境,与松潘—甘孜造山带碰撞造山作用有关,其物质来源可能为地壳物质的部分熔融,同时有少量幔源物质加入,伟晶岩与中酸性侵入岩可能为同源岩浆分异演化的产物。区域性推覆造山运动形成的褶皱、断层及穹隆,为含矿热液的充填和成矿元素的富集提供了有利空间。富含挥发分及稀有金属的熔体侵位于围岩,渗透率较小的泥质岩限制了热量的扩散及成矿有利物质的流失,熔体缓慢固结,形成含矿伟晶岩。     

Metasomatic transformations of carbonate rocks observable in quarries of Riverside, California, United States

The results of skarn-forming processes at contacts of the multiphase Southern California Batholith with carbonate rocks accessible to study in quarries in Riverside, California, involve prograde metasomatic transformations of marmorized dolomites and calcareous rocks in contact with granitic melts and contaminated magmas. The processes of contact assimilation are proved to have been controlled by the emplacement of granitic melts overheated relative to subliquidus melts (with the overheated melts prone to approach the composition of granodiorite, syenite, and gabbro) into skarnified marbles. The degree of magma overheating was evaluated based on G.F. Smith’s data on linear melting temperature variations for anhydrous intrusive rocks with various SiO₂ concentrations (<750°C for granites and >1100°C for contaminated rocks, ΔT 350°). This corresponds to the thermal regime of the development of mineralogically contrasting hypabyssal skarn aureoles: magnesian at contacts with granite magmas and calcic at contacts with melts of high basicity. The peripheral parts of the aureoles ubiquitously contain preserved zones of forsterite calciphyres and periclase marbles, whereas skarns at mafic intrusions consist of high-temperature silicates of decreasing Mg contents: monticellite, merwinite, melilite, and spurrite. Prograde and retrograde mineralforming processes in the metasomatic rocks and their facies affiliation are analyzed, and the chemical composition of the minerals are examined. The Riverside skarn aureoles are compared with other compositionally contrasting skarn aureoles that developed in contacts with granite magmas and melts of increasing basisity.