Hierarchical procedure for creating local typologies for riparian zone research and management based on biophysical features

Riparian systems have been included as a key component in ecosystem management because of their role in buffering the impact of land-use activities on fluvial systems. Riparian knowledge can be enhanced with a typology that reflects the multiple relationships occurring throughout the landscape. We propose a hierarchical procedure based on biophysical aspects for building local to regional typologies for guiding research and management, using the Cuitzmala River Basin as a case study. The variables involved were obtained from geospatial databases, water balances, and topographic profiles. The levels and variables are context (altitude, geoform [mountains/hills/plains], and runoff coefficient), structure (stream order, longitudinal slope, hydroperiod, and segment length), and microstructure (lateral slope, bankfull width, and length-to-width ratio). We consider humidity and functional gradient along the basin to identify groups of streams and fluvial networks. Inside each network, we described structural and microstructural features associated with riparian functions, linking them with management decisions. Therefore, the proposed hierarchical procedure can help in making riparian heterogeneity visible, focusing research and management goals, and allowing the recognition of a spatial dimension of the processes being studied.     

Salt-marsh foraminifera in Ho Bugt,western Denmark,and their use as sea-level indicators

Twenty-seven surface samples were collected from the Kjelst Enge salt marsh in Ho Bugt, Jutland, to investigate the potential use of salt-marsh foraminifera as sea-level indicators in Holocene intertidal deposits. Previous work from many coastlines around the world has shown that the vertical distribution of salt-marsh foraminifera is strongly controlled by the duration of tidal flooding (or height relative to tide level). Concentrations of foraminifera in Kjelst Enge salt marsh are low, especially in the high marsh, but a strong correlation was found between relative abundances of foraminiferal species and tidal elevation for 16 samples containing more than 30 specimens per 5 cc of sediment (r² = 0.80, root mean square error = 0.16 m). Sediment pH also has a strong influence on the distribution of the foraminifera, but salinity appears to be insignificant.     

冰后期海面上升对长江中下游影响的探讨

本文通过地质、地貌和古水文调查资料的分析,并结合计算机数值模拟研究讨论了冰后期海面上升对长江中下游河床泥沙加积、水位变化,沿岸湖泊发育及荆江河曲形成的影响。     

Anthropogenic influences on estuarine sedimentation and ecology: examples from the varved sediments of the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary,Rhode Island

Estuaries and lakes are undergoing anthropogenic alterations as development and industry intensify in the modern world. Assessing the ecological health of such water bodies is difficult because accurate accounts of pre-anthropogenic estuarine/lacustrine conditions do not exist. Sediments preserved in water bodies provide archives of environmental changes that can be used to understand both natural and anthropogenic forcings. Here, a high-resolution, multi-proxy approach is used to reconstruct environmental conditions of the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary, Rhode Island, over the last millennium. Two specific time periods reveal anthropogenic alterations to sediment supply and water-column productivity. First, European land clearance at the end of the seventeenth century caused two decades of increased sediment transport through the watershed and increased primary productivity in the water column. Turbidity increases associated with increased water column biomass likely limited green sulfur bacteria that reside below the oxycline. The second anthropogenic effect began in the 1950s with increased residential development in the watershed. Evidence of resulting cultural eutrophication is apparent in both stable nitrogen isotope values as well as in productivity proxies. This effect is likely related to residential development in the watershed and the use of septic systems to treat human waste. These results demonstrate that true base-line conditions of the estuary have not occurred for over three centuries, and that anthropogenic effects can last on the order of decades. The Pettaquamscutt River record serves as a model for using high-resolution sediment records to better understand anthropogenic forcing to natural estuarine/lacustrine systems.     

Coastal resilience and late Holocene tidal inlet history: The evolution of Dungeness Foreland and the Romney Marsh depositional complex (U.K.)

Dungeness Foreland is a large sand and gravel barrier located in the eastern English Channel that during the last 5000 years has demonstrated remarkable geomorphological resilience in accommodating changes in relative sea-level, storm magnitude and frequency, variations in sediment supply as well as significant changes in back-barrier sedimentation. In this paper we develop a new palaeogeographic model for this depositional complex using a large dataset of recently acquired litho-, bio- and chrono-stratigraphic data. Our analysis shows how, over the last 2000 years, three large tidal inlets have influenced the pattern of back-barrier inundation and sedimentation, and controlled the stability and evolution of the barrier by determining the location of cross-shore sediment and water exchange, thereby moderating sediment supply and its distribution. The sheer size of the foreland has contributed in part to its resilience, with an abundant supply of sediment always available for ready redistribution. A second reason for the landform's resilience is the repeated ability of the tidal inlets to narrow and then close, effectively healing successive breaches by back-barrier sedimentation and ebb- and/or flood-tidal delta development. Humans emerge as key agents of change, especially through the process of reclamation which from the Saxon period onwards has modified the back-barrier tidal prism and promoted repeated episodes of fine-grained sedimentation and channel/inlet infill and closure. Our palaeogeographic reconstructions show that large barriers such as Dungeness Foreland can survive repeated “catastrophic” breaches, especially where tidal inlets are able to assist the recovery process by raising the elevation of the back-barrier area by intertidal sedimentation. This research leads us to reflect on the concept of “coastal resilience” which, we conclude, means little without a clearly defined spatial and temporal framework. At a macro-scale, the structure as a whole entered a phase of recycling and rapid progradation in response to changing sediment budget and coastal dynamics about 2000 years ago. However, at smaller spatial and temporal scales, barrier inlet dynamics have been associated with the initiation, stabilisation and breakdown of individual beaches and complexes of beaches. We therefore envisage multiple scales of “resilience” operating simultaneously across the complex, responding to different forcing agents with particular magnitudes and frequencies.     

近50年怒江流域中上游枯季径流变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用长序列观测记录,分析怒江流域中上游1960~2009年枯季气温和降水的变化规律,探讨近50 a来该流域中上游枯季径流变化特征及其对气候变化的响应规律。结果表明：怒江流域中上游冬季和春季气温均有上升趋势; 怒江流域中上游春季和冬季降水量均有增加的趋势;怒江干流道街坝站冬季和春季平均流量都有显著的增加趋势;无论是年最小1、7、30及90 d流量等枯季极值流量,还是75%,90%,95%等不同保证率枯水径流特征值,1990 s和2000 s均远高于其他年代,说明20世纪90年代以来怒江流域枯水径流有较为明显的增长。     

Holocene environmental changes of the Hwajinpo Lagoon on the eastern coast of Korea

Lithologic and geochemical data of a core from the Hwajinpo Lagoon, located on the eastern coast of Korea, provided the evolutionary history of the lagoon related to Holocene sea-level changes of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Grain size analysis, water content analysis, and soft X-ray analysis of core samples were used to reconstruct sedimentary environments, as were total organic carbon, C/N, S and C/S chemical records. Assemblages of mollusc and diatom remains also provided paleoenvironmental information. The reconstruction of paleoenvironments from these multi-proxy data allows the establishment of an evolutionary model of the Hwajinpo Lagoon. The environmental changes of the Hwajinpo Lagoon can be divided into seven different depositional facies: (l) Exposed basement rock; (2) Estuarine; (3) Stagnant brackish lagoon (isolated); (4) Oxic condition lagoon (organic activity); (5) Fresh water lake; (6) Oxic brackish lagoon (recent condition); (7) Prograding river delta. These environmental changes can be related to sea-level change during the Holocene. The trends of sea-level change in the Hwajinpo Lagoon from this study can be compared to those of the Japanese coastal areas located on the other side of the East Sea such as Lakes Shinji and Nakaumi.     

Modelling gravel transport and morphology for the Fraser River Gravel Reach, British Columbia

A two-dimensional (2D) numerical hydrodynamic-morphological model is developed to investigate gravel transport and channel morphology in a large wandering gravel-bed river, the Fraser River Gravel Reach, in British Columbia, Canada. The model takes into count multi-fraction bedload transport, including the effects of surface coarsening, hiding and protrusion. Model outputs together with river discharge statistics were analyzed, producing distributed sediment budget and well-defined, localised zones of aggradation and degradation along the gravel reach. Long-term channel response to gravel extraction from aggrading zones as a flood hazard mitigation measure was also investigated numerically to assess the effectiveness of such an extraction. The total computed sediment budget agrees well with results based on field measurements of gravel transport available to us. This study points to the importance of a number of factors to bedload predictions: the gravel-to-sand ratio, the adequacy of resolving the wandering planform, and the distinction between bed shear stress driving bedload transport and bed resistance on the flow. These are in addition to the physical processes governing the flow field and gravel mobilization. The methodology presented in this paper can provide a scientific basis for gravel management including monitoring and extraction in order to maintain adequate flood protection and navigation, while preserving the ecosystem.     

Recent changes in channel morphology of a highly engineered alluvial river – the Lower Mississippi River

Changes in channel morphology provide relevant insights into sediment transport and deposition in alluvial river systems. This study assessed three to four decades of morphological changes at seven locations along a 327-km reach of the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) to better understand channel adjustment processes of this large alluvial river. The assessment included analysis of three cross-sectional areas at each location during the period 1992–2013, as well as analysis of the changes in river stage and maximum surface slopes under four flow conditions over the last three to four decades . We found that the first 20–25 km LMR reach below its diversion to the Atchafalaya River and the reach from 80 to 140 km experienced significant riverbed aggradation, while the reach in between (i.e. from 20 to 80 km) experienced riverbed degradation. The lower 187-km reach (i.e. from 140 to 327 km) showed negligible sediment trapping. These findings may have relevant implications for management of river sediment diversions along the LMR and other large alluvial rivers in the world.     

气候变化背景下尼雅河流域生态基流研究

流域生态基流是河流生态系统健康稳定的关键,以新疆尼雅河流域为研究区域,根据民丰县气象站1958—2018年的气象数据与尼雅河4个水文监测断面1978—2018年的水文数据,运用趋势拟合、Tennant法、相关性分析和回归模型等分析流域气候变化、确定生态基流并探究其时空分异与保证率变化,揭示生态基流对气候变化的响应。结果表明：61 a来流域气温以0.22 ℃·(10a)^-1的速度增加,年降水量以3.8 mm·(10a)^-1的速度增加;尼雅水库、八一八渠首、尼雅水文站和尼雅渠首的年生态基流推荐值分别为：1.989 m³·s^-1、2.188 m³·s^-1、1.755 m³·s^-1、1.702 m³·s^-1;生态基流年际最大值出现在2010年,最小值在1980年,年内最大值在7月,最小值在1月或12月;空间上表现为上游高下游低,以八一八渠首处最高,尼雅渠首处最低;各站多年平均生态基流保证率分别为：50%、45%、50%、45%,且表现出汛期明显高于非汛期;逐年、逐月生态基流与气温、降水量均在0.01水平上显著相关,但在春夏季对气温敏感,秋冬季对降水量敏感,各水文监测断面的回归模型耦合效果相似,流域整体回归方程R²=0.365,且生态基流对气候变化响应具有整体性和衰减性。研究结果可为尼雅河流域生态调水和水生态修复提供参考。     

金沙江奔子栏-达日河段大型泥石流堆积扇的成因机制

金沙江上游奔子栏-达日河段属横断山区的干热河谷地带,河谷沿岸大型古泥石流堆积扇广泛发育,其成因却一直没有得到很好的研究.对该区瓦卡大型古泥石流堆积物进行了沉积结构、粒度、地球化学和孢粉等分析,揭示了泥石流的沉积环境及其形成过程.通过粗颗粒石英的光释光单片再生法(SAR)测年研究,获得金沙江上游奔子栏-达日河段古泥石流大规模暴发的年代为12 600～4 500 a BP.丰富的风化碎屑物源、陡峻的地形及雨季降水集中是该区古泥石流形成的主要原因.全新世早期青藏高原东南缘受西南季风加强的影响,气候趋于暖湿,季节性暴雨增加.金沙江上游干热河谷区大型泥石流堆积扇的发育年代暗示其是全新世早期西南季风加强作用下的地貌响应.从地质灾害防治的角度,由于现代气候因素导致泥石流灾害的频度和规模较小,预防该区地质灾害的重点应是防止人工砍伐树木和不合理的人工切坡导致对地表环境的破坏加剧.     

The role of biomorphodynamics in estuarine evolution in New Zealand

Abstract:   Biomorphodynamic interactions, the feedback loops that operate between physical processes, biology and morphology, affect the long-term evolution of estuaries. This paper outlines how consideration of such interactions and implementation through innovative modelling techniques can become the next crucial step needed to advance understanding of estuarine evolution.     

华北典型河流年径流演变规律及其驱动力分析--以潮白河为例

经华北典型河流－－潮白河为主要研究对象,结合多种分析方法,对潮白河近百年来的径流演变规律及其驱动因子作了较为全面的分析。结果表明,河川径流总体呈指数减少趋势,演化过程中表现出明显的阶段性和相依性。相关分析和回归分析表明,人类活动已成为河川径流演化的主要驱动因子。掠夺式的水资源开发,已使潮白河下游河段断流,情势日趋严重,严重损害了河道的系统功能,是河流季节化以及河道萎缩的主要原因。     

The measurement of modern sedimentation in estuarine environments in New Zealand

Concern about coastal sedimentation in New Zealand is widespread. As a result, many regional councils now undertake monitoring programmes to understand the rate of change that is occurring within estuarine environments. A variety of techniques are used to understand estuarine infill from short‐term (fixed rods, marker layers, laser surveying) to long‐term studies (coring). Short‐term studies provide detailed but temporally restricted data sets, while coring studies provide long‐term generalised data. This paper reviews the common methods used within New Zealand and suggests that a combination of both methods is the ideal for understanding sediment infill.     

基于SWAT的典型沼泽性河流径流演变的气候变化响应研究——以三江平原挠力河为例

SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）是流域尺度的分布式水文模型,具有评价气候变化对径流影响的优势。利用SWAT模拟了三江平原典型沼泽性河流——挠力河流域3个水文站（上游的宝清站、保安站和中游的菜嘴子站）1974～1992年年径流量演变特征及变化趋势。在对模型参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,率定期为1975～1982年,验证期为1983～1992年。率定期的模型效率指数ENS都大于0．85,皮尔逊相关系数都大于0．9,相对误差都小于10％;验证期,模型效率指数ENS有所减小,但也都大于0．61,模型对年径流的模拟结果令人满意。将率定的SWAT应用于气候变化的水文响应研究,结果发现,1995～2004年相对1975—1985年的年径流量变化只有部分是由气候因素引起的,气候因素对3个水文站（宝清站、保安站和菜嘴子站）的年径流量变化的影响率分别为25．7％、11．4％、39．9％,说明还有其他因素影响研究区的年径流量。     

Contrasting static versus dynamic-based typologies of land cover patterns in the Lisbon metropolitan area: Towards a better understanding of peri-urban areas

Peri-urban areas are usually a heterogeneous mosaic of rural, urban and natural systems which are quite dynamic across time. In this paper we contrast a static and a dynamic-based classification of local administrative units (LAU) in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) to gain further insights onto the current land cover patterns and recent land cover changes in urban and peri-urban areas of the LMA. Using 16 landscape pattern indicators, we characterized the 211 LAU in the region contrasting a static (2006 data) and a dynamic-based (changes during the period 1990–2006) approach, and used cluster analyses to identify LAU typologies. Using the static approach we identified seven types of LAU, of which two were clearly urban, two could be considered rural, and three could be considered peri-urban. These latter could be distinguished among themselves by the landscape matrix type where urban areas were inserted. The dynamic-based approach yielded five types of LAU with specific trajectories in time, ranging from stable to highly dynamic. The frequency of the different dynamic typologies was not independent from the static ones, with typically urban areas being predominantly stable and rural areas having characteristic and exclusive trajectories of change. Peri-urban LAU were mostly moderately dynamic but shared a typology profile mixing highly dynamic LAU with moderately dynamic and stable ones. The combination of a static and dynamic view provides added value for the formulation of spatial planning policies in peri-urban areas.     

Bedform morphology of salmon spawning areas in a large gravel-bed river

While the importance of river channel morphology to salmon spawning habitat is increasingly recognized, quantitative measures of the relationships between channel morphology and habitat use are lacking. Such quantitative measures are necessary as management and regulatory agencies within the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, and elsewhere, seek to quantify potential spawning habitat and develop recovery goals for declining salmon populations. The objective of this study was to determine if fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning areas in the Snake River, Idaho, USA, were correlated with specific bedform types at the pool–riffle scale. A bedform differencing technique was used to objectively quantify the longitudinal riverbed profile into four distinct pool–riffle units that were independent of discharge. The vertical location of thalweg points within these units was quantified with a riffle proximity index. Chinook salmon spawning areas were mapped and correlated with the pool–riffle units through the use of cross-tabulation tables. The results indicate that 84% of fall Chinook salmon spawning areas were correlated with riffles (χ² = 57.5, df = 3, p < 0.001), with 53% of those areas located on the upstream side of riffle crests. The majority of Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning occurred at elevations greater than 80% of the difference in elevation between the nearest riffle crest and pool bottom. The analyses of bedform morphology will assist regional fish managers in quantifying existing and potential fall Chinook salmon spawning habitat, and will provide a quantitative framework for evaluating general ecological implications of channel morphology in large gravel-bed rivers.     

从晋北地区地貌演化看桑干河的古流向

第三纪 ,恒山 -小五台山、管涔山和坝缘山地逐渐隆起。源于该山地的桑干河、洋河等河流全部汇入洋河谷地中。第四纪 ,大同 -阳原等盆地形成 ,逐渐吸引桑干河等河流向东流入该盆地。洋河仍循原河道。始成现在的水系格局。     

1766 年以来黄河中游与永定河汛期径流量的变化

利用清代志桩涨水尺寸和雨分寸记录、近现代器测水文与降雨数据等多种资料,重建/修正了永定河卢沟桥断面和黄河三门峡断面1766-2004 年的汛期径流量(m³/s),其在夏秋汛期的多年平均径流量分别为109.0 m³/s 和5121.1 m³/s。并依据多年径流量平均值±1 个标准差值得出了新的丰-枯水发生年表。小波分析显示两者具有较为明显的30~40 年周期,1920 年之后,永定河持续性的枯流使河流水量变化周期消失,黄河中游的高频周期则更加发育。两者在1780-1900 年存在20 年尺度上的变化同步性现象,而1840-1860 年代和1890-1910 年代两者出现了明显的反相位现象。从1766 年以来的情况分析,中国东部季风区进入20 世纪暖期之后,黄河中游与永定河卢沟桥以上流域的汛期降雨基本为反相关关系。     

豫西地区近二十年景观格局优化分析

区域尺度上, 土地利用的时空变化对景观结构和功能的稳定性及其异质性有着显著影响。本文在RS 技术 和GIS 技术支持下, 对豫西地区1987 年、1995 年、2000 年三期影像进行判读解译, 结合土地利用现状数据和地面 GPS 采集数据, 通过选取相关景观指数, 从斑块水平和景观水平两个层次,分析研究区景观格局及其动态变化。根据 景观格局连通度与景观功能通达性之间的关系, 从功能流的角度入手, 综合分析影响景观流的干扰因子: 距离、摩 擦力、障碍和坡度等, 基于最小累积耗费算法, 找出不同时空、不同人类干扰强度下景观流的通达性。结果表明,研究 区内近20 年来景观格局变化中, 生态景观斑块区域分布极不平衡, 东部人为干扰严重, 自然景观消失殆尽, 农业景 观和建设用地占有较高比重, 在整个区域中阻碍景观功能流的通达性。在此基础上, 综合自然因素(如坡度等)和人 为干扰因素(如景观破碎化程度等)提出优化方法, 利用可视化效果找出景观格局需要优化的重点地段, 在维持生态 稳定和社会经济发展的前提下, 提出景观的合理布局优化方案, 以提高流域内生物多样性和生态系统服务功能。