南极石生地衣主要生物风化作用研究进展与展望

地衣以物理、化学方式参与矿质基质的风化作用 ,诱导和加速岩石的风化过程。本文对南极地区表生和内生型地衣的生物风化作用进行了综合论述 ,详细阐述了不同地衣种类诱导和参与几种主要岩石类型 (砂岩类和火成岩类 )风化作用的模式、机制、过程以及产物。同时指出 ,地衣等其他生物因素间接参与的风化过程 ,地衣导致的岩石抗风化效应以及生物风化速率等方面的研究工作是目前南极生物风化作用研究方面的新领域。     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: patterns and mechanisms

Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.     

ON CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF WEATHERING CRUST AT THE GREAT WALL STATION REGION, ANTARCTICA

The chief aim of this study is to investigate the chemical weathering process of the weathering crust in Great Wall Station region of China (in Fildes Peninsula), Antarctica by the method of sedimentology. CW,SW,GW,TW,WE weathering crusts developed on volcanic clastic rock, gray aptitic basalt with tuff or basaltic bedrock. On change of minerals, geochemical behaviors of elements, migration and enrichment regularities of elements, Correlation between element geochemical behaviors, change of weathering potential of rocks in chemical weathering process are studied by us. We can see that the sequence fo weathering strengths of the abovementioned sections, from high to low, should reflected in TW, GW, CWand SWF and basical correspond with that calculated from the enrichment and differentiation indexes.     

丹霞山顺层洞穴风化特征的试验研究

以丹霞盆地丹霞组2段顺层洞穴为研究对象,探讨不同岩性红层抗风化能力的差异,重点关注软岩夹层的风化特征及其对顺层洞穴发育的影响。在野外考察的基础上,选择3个典型顺层洞穴为案例,采集了洞穴剖面不同岩性红层的岩样及夹层水样品,进行一系列的岩矿理化测试和水样分析实验。结果表明：洞穴剖面岩性的不均一性及软岩夹层的风化凹进是形成丹霞山顺层洞穴的主要原因。顺层洞穴发育的软岩夹层一般是粉砂质泥岩,粘土矿物含量高,以泥质胶结为主,吸水性较强,开型空隙率较大,抗压强度小,易于风化破碎;上下岩层主要是砂岩和砂砾岩,以钙质和铁质胶结为主,吸水性较弱,开型孔隙率较小,抗压强度较大,风化速度较慢。在洞穴岩层风化过程中,粘土矿物的胀缩、钙质胶结物的溶解, 及铁质胶结物的水化作用等是导致岩体结构破坏的重要因素,但促使不同岩性红层风化的主导因素有所差别。粉砂质泥岩的风化以粘土矿物的胀缩作用为主,砂岩和砂砾岩的风化则以钙质胶结物的溶解作用为主。此外,酸性雨水渗入岩体后与各种矿物进行的一系列离子交换作用也促进了顺层洞穴岩层的风化。     

Rock Weathering Processes in Antarctica: A Comparison of Some Recent Studies with Those from the Northern Hemisphere

A review of some recent studies on rock weathering in Antarctica has revealed that Antarctic weathering research has a significant contribution to make to the ongoing debate about rock weathering in cold climates. Largely conducted in the field rather than the laboratory as in the Northern Hemisphere, it demonstrates that whilst all weathering processes can occur in Antarctica this is highly localised and dependent on the particular micro‐environment. Freeze‐thaw, for example, is not the most dominant process in many parts of Antarctica. The right combination of rock temperature and moisture can mean that salt, insolation, hydration or even chemical weathering can predominate.     

论南极多年冻土区的化学风化作用——以中国长城站、澳大利亚凯西站和戴维斯站地区为例

通过研究寒冻化学风化作用下的元素地球化学性状,包括化学元素的相关性分析,元素的集散特征,稀土元素的分布模式以及粒级对元素迁移的影响,粘土矿物对痕量元素的吸附作用等,得出不同地区风化壳的类型:长城站地区(西南极亚南极地区)形成碳酸盐层状风化壳;戴维斯站所在的维斯特福尔德丘陵区基岩上发育了弱风化碎屑的碳酸盐裂隙型风化壳;在凯西站地区,基岩的寒冻风化过程尚未进入最低风化度形成的碳酸钙壳阶段,而是完全处于风化最初始的碎屑型阶段.     

粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古气候意义——以柴达木盆地怀头他拉剖面为例

沉积物中粘土矿物类型主要有自生粘土矿物和碎屑粘土矿物。其中,自生粘土矿物含量较少,是在沉积环境中形成,可能是沉积再循环或成岩作用的产物,可作为沉积环境某方面的指示标志;而碎屑粘土矿物是母岩风化的产物,受沉积环境影响较小,能够有效示踪物源区化学风化过程,进而反映古气候变化。近年来利用碎屑粘土矿物特征来重建物源区古气候的方法得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于粘土矿物主要存在于<2 μm硅酸盐粘粒中,粘土矿物的提取、鉴定比较困难,且自生粘土矿物易受沉积环境等的影响。因此,在利用粘土矿物重建古气候变化时,需慎重选择粘土矿物的提取方法,并考虑物源和沉积环境变化以及成岩作用等对粘土矿物解释的影响。本文以柴达木盆地东北缘怀头他拉剖面硅酸盐粘土矿物的提取、鉴定及其古环境指示意义为例,介绍粘土矿物的提取及应用,为后期粘土矿物研究提供参考。     

乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地区环境背景值初探

本文探讨了南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛地区岩石、原始土壤(风化壳)、沉积物、地表水、大气降水、气溶胶、生物等环境要素的基本化学组成和物理化学分析方法。本研究可为评价区域环境质量、制定环境标准、确定环境中的元素迁移、转化规律以及为南极资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

Environmental magnetic record of Antarctic palaeoclimate from Eocene/Oligocene glaciomarine sediments, Victoria Land Basin

The onset of continent-wide glaciation in Antarctica is still poorly understood, despite being one of the most important palaeoclimatic events in the Cenozoic. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary interval has recently been recognized as a critical time for Antarctic climatic evolution, and it may mark the preglacial–glacial transition. Magnetic susceptibility, intensity of natural and artificial remanences, hysteresis parameters and magnetic anisotropy of the lower half (late Eocene/early Oligocene) of the CIROS-1 core (from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica) reveal alternating intervals of high and low magnetic mineral concentrations that do not correspond to lithostratigraphic units in the core. Pseudo-single-domain magnetite is the main magnetic mineral throughout the sequence, and sharp changes in magnetite concentration match changes in clay mineralogy beneath and at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The detrital magnetite originated from weathering of the Ferrar Group (which comprises basic extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks). Weathering processes and input of magnetite to the Victoria Land Basin were intense during periods when the Antarctic climate was warmer than today, but during intervals when the climate was relatively cool, chemical weathering of the Ferrar Group was suppressed and input of detrital magnetite to the Victoria Land Basin decreased. Our results also indicate that a cold and dry climate was not established in Antarctica until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, with major ice sheet growth occurring at the early/late Oligocene boundary. Some earlier cold intervals are identified, which indicate that climate had begun to deteriorate by the middle/late Eocene boundary.     

Characteristics of the mineral phase constituents of lacustrine deposits from the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica and their environmental implication

ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｐｈａｓｅｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｏｆｌａｃｕｓｔｒｉｎｅｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＦｉｌｄｅｓＰｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａｏｆＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ,Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｅｎ...     

从南极冰盖和气候演化研究历史的回顾看格罗夫山地区新生代沉积岩发现的意义

南极冰盖自形成以来就一直是全球环境体系最重要的组成部分 ,其扩展和消融的动态演化过程不仅是南极大陆最重要的地质过程 ,而且也是全球气候和环境变化最直接的反映和体现。因此 ,有关这一课题的研究一直是国际地质学界所关注的热点。本文回顾了南极冰川和气候演化研究的历史 ,总结了当前这方面研究的成果以及所存在的问题 ,探讨了其未来的发展趋势 ,在此基础上 ,对我国南极考察队发现格罗夫山 (GroveMountains)地区新生代沉积岩的意义进行了阐述     

乔治王岛地区原始土壤与母岩间化学组成的相互关系

与内生过程相比,表生过程具有显著的区域性特征。本文根据原始土壤与成土母岩间化学组成的相互关系,研究了极地条件下的风化成土过程。分析了乔治王岛土壤中化学元素的原始来源、生物作用及人为影响,推断了原始环境中元素的迁移特征,讨论了极地条件下成土母岩与原始土壤间化学元素丰度的相互关系。     

Rock weathering processes and landform development in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica

Field observations of weathering processes and the related landforms, combined with laboratory analyses of weathering products, permit a synthetic evaluation of Late Cenozoic weathering environments in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica, an arid upland characterized by low temperatures and strong winds. Rates and character of weathering depend mainly on moisture availability and the bedrock geology. Under the humid weathering regime that occurs only locally around the margin of the present sheet, frequent diurnal freeze-thaw cycles in summer cause relatively rapid rock fragmentation. Most of the mountains are situated in the arid weathering regime, under which rock breakdown is very slow unless the rock contains plenty of salts. Salt weathering becomes more intensive and extensive with exposure age, as a result of salt accumulation in rock, eventually producing soils as small as fine-silt size. Lack of clay mineralization even in weathered rocks having been exposed above the ice sheet prior to 4 Ma ago indicates that hydrolysis or carbonation of rock minerals has been insignificant during the past 4 Ma. The final products of weathering are due mainly to salt action and reflect the parent lithology. Resistant fine-grained granite forms strongly oxidized tors carved with tafoni, or fields of mushroom-like boulders overlying the fractured bedrock. Less resistant rocks, like biotite gneiss and amphibolite, produce stone pavements underlain by saline, silty soils up to 30–40 cm thick, the thickness of which corresponds to the maximum thaw depth.     

WEATHERING OF PALEOZOIC MARBLES IN THE INDEPENDENCE HILLS AND PATRIOT HILLS,ELLSWORTH MOUNTAINS,ANTARCTICA

Weathering processes in the Ellsworth Mountains of Antarctica are dominated by frost action. These processes were observed to be different on the same group of marbles under different slope conditions. North- and south-facing walls of the bedrock showed the same shattering rate in the summer of 1992–1993. Frost shattering of rocks is controlled by surface temperature, moisture, and the physical properties of the rock. The most important control on frost shattering in this area was moisture availability, given the same bedrock and freeze-thaw cycle. Snow particles are moved by katabatic winds, bringing moisture to the rock. Moisture is collected mainly in lower cliffs and cols. [Key words: weathering, marble, moisture conditions, Antarctica.]     

阿尔泰山古风化壳的地球化学特征

在阿尔泰山零星残留着一系列古风化壳，本文主要运用土体化学组成分析，研究各类元素在不同母岩风化剖面上的迁移聚集趋势，并结合可溶盐，碳酸钙含量测定以及粘土矿物的Ｘ射线衍射分析，判断风化壳形成过程中淋溶作用的强弱，最终确定其风化程度。     

南极菲尔德斯半岛古海蚀龛沉积的古环境记录

在西南极菲尔德斯半岛长城站地区发现有大量古海蚀龛 ,龛内保存有完整沉积剖面 ,通过对其中一个沉积剖面的粒度特征及元素组成的分析 ,确认该剖面是后期的湖相沉积 ,并据此恢复了距今 460 0年以来该地区古环境演化历史。结果表明 ,距今 40 0 0— 30 0 0年长城站区地表岩石化学风化作用较强烈 ,处于一个相对温暖的时期 ,这与湖泊沉积物、海洋沉积物等古环境记录载体的研究结果是一致的 ,证明古海蚀龛沉积可以作为研究南极无冰区和冰缘地区古环境演化历史的一种新的地质载体。     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛湖泊堆积物的物相组成特征及其环境意义

本文根据南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛燕鸥湖、西湖和基太克湖三个堆积剖面物相组成与丰度的资料，讨论其物相组成特征、物质来源及其环境意义。研究结果表明，湖泊堆积物主要来自该岛广泛分布的火山岩。在南极地区干冷环境条件下，源区母岩所经受的风化作用以物理风化为主，化学风化微弱。高岭石、方解石丰度与年龄关系曲线在湖积层与冰碛层之间的陡削变化表明，相应的环境变化是突变式的，可能与这两种堆积物搬运方式的不同和冰碛物的保护作用有关。     

南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤的化学风化作用

西南极南设得兰群岛乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤化学分析表明土壤中存在着一定的化学风化作用。相对于母质,土壤中的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO、MgO,GaO和Na_2O淋失,K_2O、H_2O~+、H_2O~-、TiO_2和P_2O_5富集。土壤中SiO_2/Al_2O_3的平均值为4.71,属弱风化壳类型。硅铝比反映出成土作用时间越长,土壤的风化程度越高,化学风化作用大于南极大陆边缘和内部。Al_2O_3在南极的淋失率大于SiO_2,使较老土壤剖面由下向上硅铝比增大。土壤的化学性质很大程度上取决于母质。南极强烈的冻融扰动作用破坏了土壤分层。土壤中存在着较强的水合作用。     

Surface Moisture Availability and Rock Weathering in Cold Climates

The importance of moisture in determining which rock weathering processes may operate, as well as the rate at which rock weathering occurs, has long been recognised. However, little is known about how often or when moisture is available to the rock surface, or for how long the surface may be wetted. This paper gives some initial results from current research on granite rocks in Antarctica. Recordings of surface moisture, for two aspects and three locations in Victoria Land, show that moisture reaches the rock surface more frequently than might initially have been expected in this dry climate. The number of occasions the surface is wetted, and the quantity of moisture the surface received, varied with aspect and time of year. Rock surfaces could be wet for up to 40% of the time during the summer months. This has important implications for rock weathering where some processes are deemed not to operate, or to operate in very restricted locations, due to the apparent absence of moisture.