The Value of Information in Spatial Decision Making

Experiments performed over spatially correlated domains, if poorly chosen, may not be worth their cost of acquisition. In this paper, we integrate the decision-analytic notion of value of information with spatial statistical models. We formulate methods to evaluate monetary values associated with experiments performed in the spatial decision making context, including the prior value, the value of perfect information, and the value of the experiment, providing imperfect information. The prior for the spatial distinction of interest is assumed to be a categorical Markov random field whereas the likelihood distribution can take any form depending on the experiment under consideration. We demonstrate how to efficiently compute the value of an experiment for Markov random fields of moderate size, with the aid of two examples. The first is a motivating example with presence-absence data, while the second application is inspired by seismic exploration in the petroleum industry. We discuss insights from the two examples, relating the value of an experiment with its accuracy, the cost and revenue from downstream decisions, and the design of the experiment.     

Multifractality as a Measure of Spatial Distribution of Geochemical Patterns

To quantify the spatial distribution of geochemical elements, the multifractality indices for Zn, Cu, Pt, Pd, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, and As in lake-sediment samples in the Shining Tree area in the Abitibi area of Ontario are determined. The characterization of multifractal distribution patterns is based on the box-counting moment method and involves three functions: a mass exponent function (q); Coarse Hölder Exponent (q); and fractal dimension spectrum f( (q)). Properties of these functions at different values of q, characterize the spatial distribution of the variable under study. It is shown that the degree of multifractality defined by (1) can be used as a measure of irregularity of geochemical spatial dispersion patterns. The variations of Zn and Cu in the study area are characterized by relatively low degree of multifractality, whereas those for Pt, Pd, Cr, Ni, and Co; and particularly for As and Pb are characterized by higher multifractality indices.In the case of Zn and Cu, singularity spectra are close to a monofractal compared to the ones for As an Pb. The determination of multifractality indices allows us, in a quantitative way, to study the pattern of metal dispersions and link them to different physical processes, such as metal adsorption by organic material or glaciogenic processes.     

Compositional Kriging: A Spatial Interpolation Method for Compositional Data

Compositional data are very common in the earth sciences. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the spatial interpolation of these data sets. Most interpolators do not necessarily satisfy the constant sum and nonnegativity constraints of compositional data, nor take spatial structure into account. Therefore, compositional kriging is introduced as a straightforward extension of ordinary kriging that complies with these constraints. In two case studies, the performance of compositional kriging is compared with that of the additive logratio-transform. In the first case study, compositional kriging yielded significantly more accurate predictions than the additive logratio-transform, while in the second case study the performances were comparable.     

陆面数据同化系统误差问题研究综述

同化系统中的误差问题一直被认为是制约数据同化性能的瓶颈问题。从分析陆面数据同化系统的误差问题研究现状出发,统一定义了同化系统的误差来源及误差表现,简要综述了顺序同化方法及连续同化方法中的误差定义和相关理论问题。从误差估计的角度,重点介绍了目前研究中各种误差估计的方法和面临的困难。针对误差处理方法的研究,介绍了在集合数据...     

矿产远景调查数据库建设方法

矿产远景调查空间数据库的建立对于基础地质矿产图件的更新、信息资源共享、基础地质矿产科学研究和政府矿产资源战略规划具有重要的意义。本文通过对数字填图系统分级目录的描述,系统地阐述了空间数据库的建库流程。     

测绘资料管理信息系统的设计及问题讨论

本系统拟采用以 ARC/INFO为地理信息系统开发平台 ,VISUALFOX PRO为其相关的数据库管理系统 ,用 VISUAL BASIC为数据库的前台开发工具。开发测绘资料管理信息系统 ,使其具有强大的空间查询、计算和分析的功能。为测绘资料的管理和应用提供方便、高效的手段。     

1:20万地质图空间数据库建立过程中的问题探讨

以ARC/INFO为技术平台建立的120万数字地质图空间数据库,是GIS应用分析的重要数据源,空间数据库建设的质量和有效性是数据库建设的关键.切实有效的建库工作流程,数据采集初期的细心程度和采集方式,可靠的数据转换方式以及对数据误差的正确分析处理,针对图形数据的特征并根据图形建库目的建立质量评价标准,是对数据库建设质量的有效保证.     

铜陵矿集区姚家岭锌金多金属矿床深部地质空间信息相关性数据挖掘

姚家岭锌金多金属矿床是长江中下游成矿带铜陵矿集区近年来新发现的特大型热液多金属矿床,矿床位于铜陵断隆区与繁昌断凹区的过渡部位,成矿过程受构造、裂隙和矿液运移模式等因素的控制。成矿作用分为多个阶段,矿床范围内蚀变作用强烈,蚀变类型复杂多样,矿化不均匀。当前大数据思维为地质研究开辟了新思路,采用全数据模式、从数据出发的大数据分析方法可以有效探索研究矿床。基于姚家岭矿床的钻孔数据,结合已有研究成果,创建深部数据挖掘范围,在该范围内采用反距离权重插值法建立姚家岭块体模型,然后选择三维欧式距离场及空间相关程度定量化分析对深部空间信息进行相关性数据挖掘。结果表明,姚家岭矿床的铅锌矿体、金矿体和铜矿体与二叠系栖霞组重叠超过50%,60%左右铅锌矿体与石炭系的空间距离在500 m以内, 80%左右金矿体和铜矿体与石炭系的空间距离在500 m以内。铅锌矿体与角砾斑岩和角砾大理岩的空间相关性最高,相关程度分别为40.37%和24.77%;金矿体与角砾斑岩的空间相关性最高,相关程度分别为13.76%和5.5%;铜矿体与角砾斑岩、角砾大理岩和角砾灰岩的相关性最高,相关程度分别为36.17%、16.51%和15...     

嵌入式空间索引策略

嵌入式GIS的移动终端设备被有限的资源所束缚.使得需要使用合适的策略去解决这些问题如有限存储与大数据量之间的矛盾以及适应实时的需求.分别总结了移动终端和GIS空间数据的特点, 如移动终端的效率性和空间数据的复杂性等.将嵌入式GIS应用划分为3类: 电子地图浏览、导航系统和野外数据采集.综合描述已有的索引算法: R树、四叉树、Buddy树, 同时提出了基于主题导向的空间索引策略.实践证明, 该索引策略对已有的索引算法扬长避短, 大大提高嵌入式GIS数据存取、内存使用和CPU性能方面的效率.      

A Truly Spatial Random Forests Algorithm for Geoscience Data Analysis and Modelling

Mathematical Geosciences - Spatial data mining helps to find hidden but potentially informative patterns from large and high-dimensional geoscience data. Non-spatial learners generally look at the...     

An Alternative Measure of the Reliability of Ordinary Kriging Estimates

This paper presents an interpolation variance as an alternative to the measure of the reliability of ordinary kriging estimates. Contrary to the traditional kriging variance, the interpolation variance is data-values dependent, variogram dependent, and a measure of local accuracy. Natural phenomena are not homogeneous; therefore, local variability as expressed through data values must be recognized for a correct assessment of uncertainty. The interpolation variance is simply the weighted average of the squared differences between data values and the retained estimate. Ordinary kriging or simple kriging variances are the expected values of interpolation variances; therefore, these traditional homoscedastic estimation variances cannot properly measure local data dispersion. More precisely, the interpolation variance is an estimate of the local conditional variance, when the ordinary kriging weights are interpreted as conditional probabilities associated to the n neighboring data. This interpretation is valid if, and only if, all ordinary kriging weights are positive or constrained to be such. Extensive tests illustrate that the interpolation variance is a useful alternative to the traditional kriging variance.     

县(市)地质灾害空间信息系统中元数据报告编写

本文以贵州省平坝县地质灾害空间信息系统建设中元数据报告编写为例,介绍了空间元数据报告编写的内容与方法。     

碳酸盐岩有机质丰度测试新方法

常规有机碳测试中仅对残余固相进行测试而忽略了酸解液,而前人研究证实酸解液中含有一定量的有机质。为了准确定量碳酸盐岩样品的总有机碳(TOC),提出蒙脱石增稠元素分析的新方法。本次研究以配比标样(CaCO₃+SiO₂+有机质标样)作为研究对象,对配比标样进行传统有机碳测试以及酸解后利用蒙脱石增稠进行元素分析的新方法测试。结果显示加入有机质标样为小分子有机酸(盐)的配比标样的传统有机碳测试的相对误差为98.5%~99.6%,加入大分子有机质的配比标样传统有机碳测试的相对误差较小,为11.9%~48.1%。而酸解后蒙脱石增稠进行元素分析测试的方法中,总有机碳(TOC)的相对误差为0.76%~19.46%。不同有机碳浓度的配比标样的元素分析法测试结果的相对误差随着有机碳浓度的增大而减小。新有机碳测试方法中,由于除去无机碳后将残渣与酸解液混合均匀并增稠,避免了有机碳的流失,更能客观反映样品总有机碳(TOC)。     

Reliability Analysis of Earth Slopes Considering Spatial Variability

The paper presents a computational procedure for reliability analysis of earth slopes considering spatial variability of soils under the framework of the Limit Equilibrium Method. In the reliability analysis of earth slopes, the effect of spatial variability of soil properties is generally included indirectly by assuming that the probabilistic critical slip surface is the same as that determined without considering spatial variability. In contrast to this indirect approach, in the direct approach, the effect of spatial variability is included in the process of determination of the probabilistic critical surface itself. While the indirect approach requires much less computational effort, the direct approach is definitely more rigorous. In this context this paper attempts to investigate, with the help of numerical examples, how far away are the results obtained from the indirect approach from that obtained from the direct approach. In both the approaches, it is required to use a model of discretization of random fields into finite random variables. A few such models are available in the literature for one-dimensional (1D) as well as two-dimensional (2D) spatial variability. The developed computational scheme is based on the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) coupled with the Spencer Method of Slices valid for limit equilibrium analysis of general slip surfaces. The study includes bringing out the computational advantages and disadvantages of the three commonly used discretization models. The sensitivity of the reliability index to the magnitudes of the scales of fluctuation has also been studied.     

一种简化的MODIS亚像元积雪信息提取方法

遥感技术已逐步成为大范围内积雪信息提取的主要手段,但通常的遥感积雪像元识别算法使用二值判定的模式,这对于山区非连续分布的积雪监测能力较差.针对目前应用广泛的MODIS传感器数据,充分利用了雪盖指数在积雪监测中的重要性,并在考虑了地表覆盖的情况下,建立了像元雪盖率与雪盖指数、植被指数之间的线性关系模型,并利用ETM+数据对模型估算的雪盖率进行了验证.结果表明,该方法能有效地提取亚像元尺度的积雪信息.