具有核球和盘的盘状星系三维质量分布

观测指出,盘状星系有两个主要组成部分,中心椭球和外盘.在早型的以发光天体为主体的盘状星系中,根据光度分布规律可以得到面密度分布.本文根据中心具有核球的盘状星系面密度分布曲线和旋转曲线,用数值方法求解流体力学方程组和泊松方程,得出盘状星系中心区域的三维质量分布和弥散速度分布.结果表明,盘状星系的中心椭球为一高密度区,此区中的恒星或星团与椭圆星系的成员具有近似的动力学特征.这些结果与观测是一致的.     

恒星速度椭球分布律对旋涡星系的影响

本文讨论在考虑恒星速度椭球分布情形下旋涡星系的性质。由分析可知:旋涡星系的运动是恒星“气流”的紧卷旋涡式轴对称基本运动与密度波扰动的迭加,也即既有物质运动也有波的传播。当旋涡星系的旋臂为曳式时,它是旋闭的,并且恒星速度的椭球分布能导致星系密度波模式的不稳定。这种不稳定性提供了激发并维持星系密度波的一种机制,得以使且系旋臂长期维持。     

起因于星系并合的双星系的自旋相关性

Ｈｅｌｏｕ将双星系中的自旋方向的统计研究方法用到星系形成过程中,发现旋涡星系的自旋是反相关的,由此联想到在由星系并合过程中自旋对轨道倾角的依赖性。将Ａａｒｓｅｔｈ的标准Ｎ体模拟程序加上动力摩擦,形成一个研究星系并合的Ｎ体模拟程序,用来研究小星系群中星系的自旋和轨道倾角的依赖性．结果表明,在小星系群中,的确存在着类似在涡星系中的自旋和轨道倾角的反相关性．     

极亮红外星系和活动星系核(英文)

介绍了我们对极亮红外星系研究的系列工作。这些工作包括对星系并合激发星暴和星系核活动并最终形成椭球星系的演化过程。特别介绍了星系多重并合的观测证据和IRQSO与窄线Seyfert 1(NLS1)、低电离宽吸收线类星体之间可能的演化关系     

具局部各向同性速度分布的旋转椭球星系的长期演化

Chandrasekhar等和Sunder等讨论了具有局部各向同性速度分布的旋转椭球星系的短期（远小于哈勃时间）演化,本文运用Laskar的频率分析方法研究这种星系的长期（大于哈勃时间）演化．得到的新结论主要有：（1）这种星系存在唯一的平衡态（球对称平衡态）,它是临界线性稳定的;（2）其半轴一般在平衡态的半径邻近作拟周期或近拟周期（这种近似在远大于哈勃时间后仍可行）振动,从而是长期稳定的;（3）存在一个半轴趋于零,另一个半轴趋于有限值的情形,且一般趋于零的是对称轴的轴长（从而星系趋于扁平）,这意味着某些盘星系可能来源于具旋转棉球构形的星系前物质．     

对N体数值模拟中暗物质晕的卫星星系空间分布的研究

对N体数值模拟中暗物质晕的卫星星系的空间分布进行三轴椭球拟合,以拟合椭球的轴比来衡量该分布的扁平程度,通过比较不同条件下的轴比分布分析样本数量、样本选取方式以及对样本径向分布的归一化对计算结果的影响,并考察了暗晕所在的大尺度结构的空间方向与拟合椭球的空间取向之间的关系.发现对样本径向分布的归一化对计算结果具有较大影响,同时发现大尺度丝状结构中的暗晕的拟合椭球的短轴更趋于与丝状结构的方向垂直,而大尺度片状结构中的暗晕的拟合椭球的短轴则更趋于与片状结构的法线方向平行.     

均匀三轴椭球晕中的非轴对称盘星系受到的扭矩

本用了一个均匀密度的三轴椭球晕，对沉浸在其中的非轴对称盘星系受到的扭矩作了一级近似计算。这个扭矩虽然量级很小，但对盘星系的角动量演化是一个长期的效应。     

矮星系的历史可能非常简单

矮星系可能是宇宙中最普通的星系,但它们很少受到人们的注意。它们不像那些大质量星系能维持旋涡密度波并与伴星系有相互作用,导致恒星形成的爆发。大多数矮星系很单调,过着“正常”的生活。小熊座矮椭球星系(ＮＧＣ9749)就是这种情况。得克萨斯大学盖伊所做的研究表明这?..     

宇宙学常数与高红移星系观测

最近对哈勃常数的观测趋于一个大的值，引进宇宙学常数为主的宇宙学成了保持平坦宇宙并解决年龄矛盾的主要方法．本文讨论了（ｈ，Ω∧，ΩＭ）＝（０．８，０．８，０．２）的宇宙模型的一些后果，并和高红移椭球星系的观测，以及星系计数的观测作了比较．尽管观测事实表明Ω∧＝０．８模型比Ω∧＝０模型更具有优势，但这个结论仍是模糊的．除了年龄问题外，还不能排除（０．８，０，１）标准宇宙学的存在．     

LAMOST星系红移巡天的数值模拟研究:(Ⅰ)理论模型及模拟样本构造

基于N体数值模拟技术,给出在各种宇宙学模型框架下,产生LAMOST红移巡天的模拟样本的方法．在模拟样本构造中,采用双参数的tagrange偏袒模型,并结合LAMOST的设计,考虑了径向选择效应及巡天几何的限制;同时还根据星系形态和环境的关系,进一步对模拟样本的星系形态进行分类．选择APM的亮星系样本对模型进行检验,并通过计算其角相关函数和模型进行比较．计算结果表明,对包括所有形态的星系样本,模拟样本给出了和观测相符的结果,而对基于Postman和Geller的形态一环境关系所得到的不同形态的模拟星系分布,模拟样本中的椭圆星系和透镜星系不足以解释APM亮星系样本中的成团强度,即强偏袒效应．最后,从实测角度出发,对采用的模拟方法和样本进行评估．     

Morphology of interacting elliptical galaxy pairs

CCD-photometry of 20 elliptical galaxy pairs was obtained in order to study the effects of galaxy interactions. Deviations from undisturbed brightness profiles are interpreted in terms of ongoing tidal interaction. The deviations include asymmetrical isophotes, distortions of the outer isophotes, twisting of the major axes of the outer isophotes with respect to the line connecting both galaxy centers, nonconcentric isophotes and extended or truncated brightness profiles.In particular, nonconcentric isophotes represent strong evidence in favour of ongoing interaction since they are generally not detected in undisturbed elliptical galaxies. The displacement of the nuclei with respect to the underlying galaxy is most probably explained as the consequence of a velocity impulse due to the perturbing galaxy. Brightness profiles of the brighter components in galaxy pairs are generally extended in comparison with brightness profiles of isolated elliptical galaxies. Truncated brightness profiles prevalent in most of the smaller components of galaxy pairs are interpreted as consequence of a tidally limited galaxy radius imposed by the more massive component.     

A symmetry-induced model of elliptical galaxy patterns

Sérsic (Atlas de Galaxias Australes, Observatorio Astronómico, 1968) generalized the de Vaucouleurs law which follows the projected (observed) one dimensional radial profile of elliptical galaxies closely and Dehnen (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 265:250, 1993) proposed an analytical formula of the 3-dimensional light distributions whose projected line profile resembles the de Vaucouleurs law. This paper is involved to recover the Dehnen model and generalize the model to account for galaxy elliptical shapes by means of curvilinear coordinate systems and employing a symmetry principle. The symmetry principle maps an orthogonal coordinate system to a light distribution pattern. The coordinate system for elliptical galaxy patterns turns out to be the one which is formed by the complex-plane reciprocal transformation Z=1/W. The resulting spatial (3-dimensional) light distribution is spherically symmetric and has infinite gradient at its center, which is called spherical-nucleus solution and is used to model galaxy central area. We can make changes of the coordinate system by cutting out some column areas of its definition domain, the areas containing the galaxy center. The resulting spatial (3-dimensional) light distributions are axisymmetric or triaxial and have zero gradient at the center, which are called elliptical-shape solutions and are used to model global elliptical patterns. The two types of logarithmic light distributions are added together to model full elliptical galaxy patterns. The model is a generalization of the Dehnen model. One of the elliptical-shape solutions permits realistic numerical calculation and is fitted to all R-band elliptical images from Frei et al. (Astron. J. 111:174, 1996) galaxy sample. The fitting is satisfactory. This suggests that elliptical galaxy patterns can be represented in terms of a few basic parameters.     

核盘晕星系相互作用的模拟研究

用一个星系相互作用数值模拟的综合三体模型，研究椭圆星系是否由盘星系合并而成。结果表明，主要取决于星系的盘面和星系运行轨道面的夹角。如果夹角不等于零，盘星系的相互作用是可能形成椭圆星系的，否则还是盘星系。     

The elliptical galaxy colour–magnitude relation as a discriminant between the monolithic and merger paradigms

The colour–magnitude relation (CMR) of cluster elliptical galaxies has been widely used to constrain their star formation histories (SFHs) and to discriminate between the monolithic collapse and merger paradigms of elliptical galaxy formation. We use a Λ cold dark matter hierarchical merger model of galaxy formation to investigate the existence and redshift evolution of the elliptical galaxy CMR in the merger paradigm. We show that the SFH of cluster ellipticals predicted by the model is quasi-monolithic , with only ∼10 per cent of the total stellar mass forming after   z ∼ 1  . The quasi-monolithic SFH results in a predicted CMR that agrees well with its observed counterpart in the redshift range  0 < z < 1.27  . We use our analysis to argue that the elliptical-only CMR can be used to constrain the SFHs of present-day cluster ellipticals only if we believe a priori in the monolithic collapse model. It is not a meaningful tool for constraining the SFH in the merger paradigm, since a progressively larger fraction of the progenitor set of present-day cluster ellipticals is contained in late-type star-forming systems at higher redshift, which cannot be ignored when deriving the SFHs. Hence, the elliptical-only CMR is not a useful discriminant between the two competing theories of elliptical galaxy evolution.     

Mass decomposition of galaxies using DECA software package

The new DECA software package, which is designed to perform photometric analysis of the images of disk and elliptical galaxies having a regular structure, is presented. DECA is written in Python interpreted language and combines the capabilities of several widely used packages for astronomical data processing such as IRAF, SExtractor, and the GALFIT code used to perform two-dimensional decomposition of galaxy images into several photometric components (bulge+disk). DECA has the advantage that it can be applied to large samples of galaxies with different orientations with respect to the line of sight (including edge-on galaxies) and requires minimum human intervention. Examples of using the package to study a sample of simulated galaxy images and a sample of real objects are shown to demonstrate that DECA can be a reliable tool for the study of the structure of galaxies.     

Ultraviolet-background-induced bifurcation of galactic morphology

Based upon a novel paradigm of galaxy formation under the influence of an ultraviolet background, the evolutionary bifurcation of pre-galactic clouds is compared with observations of elliptical and spiral galaxies. The theory predicts that the dichotomy between dissipational and dissipationless galaxy formation stems from the degree of self-shielding from the ultraviolet background radiation. This is demonstrated on a bifurcation diagram of collapse epochs versus masses of pre-galactic clouds. Using the observed properties, the collapse epochs and mass are assessed for each type of galaxy . By direct comparison of the theory with observations, it turns out that the theoretical bifurcation branch successfully discriminates between elliptical and spiral galaxies. This suggests that the ultraviolet background radiation could play a profound role in the differentiation of galactic morphology into the Hubble sequence.     

Gas dynamic stripping and X-ray emission of cluster elliptical galaxies

Detailed three-dimensional numerical simulations of an elliptical galaxy orbiting in a gas-rich cluster of galaxies indicate that gas dynamic stripping is less efficient than the results from previous, simpler calculations by Takeda et al. and Gaetz et al. implied. This result is consistent with X-ray data for cluster elliptical galaxies. Hydrodynamic torques and direct accretion of orbital angular momentum can result in the formation of a cold gaseous disc, even in a non-rotating galaxy. The gas lost by cluster galaxies via the process of gas dynamic stripping tends to produce a colder, chemically enriched cluster gas core. A comparison of the models with the available X-ray data of cluster galaxies shows that the X-ray luminosity distribution of cluster galaxies may reflect hydrodynamic stripping, but also that a purely hydrodynamic treatment is inadequate for the cooler interstellar medium near the centre of the galaxy.     

Imaging of the protoelliptical NGC 1700 and its globular cluster system

An excellent candidate for a young elliptical, or 'protoelliptical' galaxy is NGC 1700. Here we present new B -, V - and I -band imaging using the Keck telescope, and reanalyse existing V - and I -band images from the Hubble Space Telescope . After subtracting a model of the galaxy from the Keck images, NGC 1700 reveals two symmetric tidal tail-like structures. If this interpretation is correct, it suggests a past merger event involving two spiral galaxies. These tails are largely responsible for the 'boxiness' of the galaxy isophotes observed at a radius of ∼13 kpc.
We also show that the B − I colour distribution of the globular cluster system is bimodal. The mean colour of the blue population is consistent with that of old Galactic globular clusters. Relative to this old, metal-poor population, we find that the red population is younger and more metal-rich. This young population has an age and metallicity similar to that inferred for the central stars, suggesting that both populations are associated with an episode of star formation triggered by the merger that may have formed the galaxy. We find that, although they have large errors, the majority of the age estimates of NGC 1700 are reasonably consistent and we adopt a 'best estimate' for the age of 3.0±1.0 Gyr. This relatively low age places NGC 1700 within the age range where there is a notable lack of obvious candidates for protoellipticals. The total globular cluster specific frequency is rather low for a typical elliptical, even after taking into account the fading of the galaxy over the next 10 Gyr. We speculate that NGC 1700 will eventually form a relatively 'globular cluster poor' elliptical galaxy.     

The Disruption of a Small Disc Galaxy by a Massive Elliptical

N-body simulations of the capture of a small disc galaxy by a massive elliptical primary show that tidal forces destroy the inner part of the disc in a brief episode at some critical distance from the centre of the primary. We suggest that this phase may be characterised by chaotic motions in the disc material causing a burst of star formation. Such an event would offer a natural explanation of the colour differences between stars in shells around an elliptical galaxy and those in the galaxy itself. We report a study of orbits in the disc prior to and during its disruption, designed to test this hypothesis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.