福建漳浦前湖湾晚更新世的孢粉组合及其古环境意义

从孢粉角度对漳浦前湖湾古森林遗迹分布区所在的剖面QHP和钻孔QHZ-1的第四纪沉积物进行系统的分析.经过孢粉种属鉴定、孢粉浓度的统计,木本、草本、蕨类、藻类以及各科属孢粉百分比的不同,划分出7个孢粉组合带,剖面QHP自下而上为组合带Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ,其中组合带Ⅲ推知属晚更新世的中期产物,组合带Ⅱ属晚更新世中期接近晚期的产物,组合带Ⅰ属晚更新世晚期的产物;钻孔QHZ-1自下而上为组合带Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ,其中组合带Ⅳ推知属晚更新世的早期的产物,组合带Ⅲ是一过渡层,组合带Ⅱ推知属晚更新世的中期的产物,组合带Ⅰ推知属晚更新世晚期的产物,而组合带Ⅰ以上的层位是全新世以来的产物.结合14C测年和沉积地层岩性等资料,得出该地区晚更新世以来沉积环境及其古气候演化的4次变迁过程:晚更新世早期的寒冷干燥;晚更新世中期的温和热湿,期间发生2次明显的海侵事件;晚更新世晚期过渡到全新世的冷暖干湿的动荡期;全新世以来与现代气候较为接近的气候.     

松嫩沙地晚更新世以来的孢粉记录及古植被古气候

松嫩沙地的形成演化经历了一个漫长的地质历史过程, 孢粉记录反映出这个地区从晚更新世以来植被曾被发生过多次更替, 经历了半荒漠(半荒漠草原)→疏林草原→干草原的演替, 气候经过多次冷暖-干湿波动, 沙漠化也经历了多次扩张和收缩。与中国北方其它沙漠化土地一样, 气候变干是松嫩沙地形成和扩张的决定因素, 而人类的各种活动对这一地区的土地沙漠化起着诱发和促进作用     

松嫩平原晚第三纪—更新世孢粉组合及古植被与古气候的研究

本文通过大庆、乾安、长春、哈尔滨等地所揭示孢粉资料,试将松嫩平原晚第三纪到更新世时期划出13个孢粉带。根据孢粉组合系列变化和磁性地层测定,论述古植被与古气候演化过程,为研究东北平原第四纪自然环境变迁提供科学依据。     

黄土高原晚更新世的植被与气候环境

通过对黄土高原上陕西洛川、富县省等黄土剖面的地质调查、采样和孢粉分析 ,在曾被人们认为孢粉贫乏的黄土中分析出了大量孢粉 ,作出了黄土地层的孢粉浓度图式。结合其他地区数个剖面上孢粉组合的变化 ,阐明了晚更新世的植被与气候在时间上演变与空间上分布的规律 ,证明了各地植被在时间上的演变韵律十分相似 ,说明它们同受全球气候变化的控制 ;但在同一时期各地植被不尽相同 ,则是局部自然环境差异所致。     

上海东部地区晚第四纪沉积的孢粉组合及古环境

通过对上海东部地区南汇鹤鸣孔、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井晚第四纪地层的孢粉研究,划分出了6个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的6个阶段:第1阶段晚更新世晚期,反映气候凉冷稍湿;第2阶段前北方期,反映气候温凉略湿;第3阶段北方期,反映气候温和略干;第4阶段大西洋期,反映气候热暖潮湿;第5阶段亚北方期,反映气候温暖略干; 第6阶段亚大西洋期,反映气候温暖湿润。这为本地区晚第四纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

陕西黄土高原晚更新世环境变化

岐山剖面孢粉分析表明,黄土高原东南部晚更新世植被与气候变化可分为７个阶段和１３个小阶段。其中末次冰期的３个冷干阶段和２个温湿阶段被分别命名为秦家寨,岐山,坡头冰阶和尚家坡,杨家湾间冰阶。冰阶的植被以温带森林草原为主,间冰阶的植被以落叶阔叶林为主。     

晚更新世时期燕山山区的环境演变

晚更新世时期，燕山西部山区是一种激烈动荡的地貌水文条件。东部山区较稳定，发育了河湖相沉积，孢粉分析和哺乳动物化石都表明当时是一种以草原为主的森林草原或苔原景观，其中，21000aBP。之前的古气候为寒冷稍湿时期，21000-17000aBP。为极度寒冷时期，17000-12000aBP。为气温回升时期，12000-10000aBP。为气候动荡，发生逆转时期。     

黄土高原晚更新世黄土与古季风研究进展

黄土高原晚更新世黄土地层含有末次间冰期一次期东亚季风演变的大量信息，经外地学界十年来的探索，初步揭示了东亚季风演化的规律，本文对于这方面研究的现状作了综合评述。     

晚更新世以来黄土高原地区古季风的时空演化

通过对黄土高原不同地区黄土-古土壤序列、磁化率、粒度、同位素等的对比,认为黄土高原在末次间冰期有3次东亚季风环境效应突出的时期,分别距今130~116ka、116~94ka和84~74ka。季风锋面深入到榆林以北的地区。末次冰期有3次西北季风环境效应突出的时期,分别距今75~60ka,45~30ka和20~10ka,季风锋面推到长江流域,沙漠边界南移到定边与榆林之间。期间西北季风效应减弱,东亚季风锋面推进到吴堡与定边-米脂之间。全新世以来,东亚季风环境效应不断增强,在全新世中期达到最强,季风锋面推进到榆林以北地区。     

晚更新世以来闽东南老红砂沉积粒度特征与古气候变化

对闽东南深沪湾老红砂风沙沉积进行粒度测试,提取对环境变化敏感的粒级组分,结合年代学数据,初步划分了研究区晚更新世中晚期以来的气候变化阶段和气候驱动因素。研究发现,研究区经历了较冷干-暖湿-冷干-暖湿4个气候变化过程。气候变化主要受控于太阳辐射,表现出明显的23 ka长岁差周期、14.2 ka、11.8 ka半岁差周期,叠加约0.25 ka的双世纪周期,陆地-海洋-大气系统的内部因素对表现出来的百年周期可能产生放大或缩小影响。70.8—46.4 ka BP和21.3—11.6 ka BP两个阶段老红砂沉积速率较大,是老红砂风沙堆积的两个主要时期,两个阶段沉积速率分别达到30 mm/(100 a)、650 mm/(100 a)。     

晚更新世以来长江三角洲长尺度气候干旱事件 ——来自沉积物环境磁学的记录

选择位于长江三角洲南部区域的3个钻孔CSB4、CSB6和CSB8,开展环境磁学方面的研究,以揭示该地区晚更新世以来沉积物记录的显著气候事件。结果显示：3个钻孔都存在明显的S300低值区域,其变化规律为当S300为低值时,磁化率、ARM和SIRM的值较低,而IRMAF80mT/SIRM和ARM/SIRM的比值相对较高,表明磁性矿物浓度降低、粒度变细。同时S300低值区域沉积物以黄色粉砂质黏土为主,含铁锰质结核。IRM获得曲线定量分析结果揭示：沉积物中赤铁矿等高矫顽力组分的含量相对增加,指示长江三角洲区域3次显著的干旱气候事件。在磁性地层及其AMS 14C、光释光测年基础上,推断3次干旱事件发生的时间分别为163―121 ka B.P.（事件I）、57―42 ka B.P.（事件II）和14―10 ka B.P.（事件III）,对应海平面相对较低时期,季风减弱,降水减少,气候干旱,形成以氧化作用为主的环境。     

The dune systems of the Konya Plain (Turkey): their relation to environmental changes in Central Anatolia during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

Several sand flats located on the northern shores of the Late Pleistocene palaeolake of the Konya plain (inner Anatolia, Turkey), are related to changes in lake levels. In this paper, the two main dune systems are mapped according to their geomorphological, sedimentological and dynamic characteristics, and their significance is discussed with regard to the environmental changes since the Late Pleistocene, both at time of the former lake and during the drier periods of the Holocene. Cross-sections show the relationship of the dunes to the topography of the basement. Analyses of the sand fraction show distinct characteristics in size distribution, quartz and shell contents, wind erosion effects on the quartz grains and petrographic composition. Interpretation of the results, coupled with information provided by the geomorphology of the dune systems studied in the field and from aerial photographs and satellite images, highlights the importance and variations in time of local factors such as prevailing winds, sand sources, changes in lake levels and vegetation. A chronology of the main sand fields is proposed, based on the evidence of three main droughts during the Upper Pleistocene. The older one, much eroded (maximum height=3 m), covers a limestone surface at +50 m above the bottom of the dried lake. An Optical Scanning Luminescence (OSL) date shows a last period of accumulation at 14,328±3220 years. The younger one (maximum height=12 m) has moved over the emerged Late Pleistocene lacustrine marls. An OSL date gives an age of 5674±988 years for the last accumulation period. Evidence of very recent activation of this younger dune system is apparent as a result of overgrazing and excessive land reclamation. A third period of dominant wind action and dune construction is responsible for the installation of a younger and thin dune field over the Mid-Holocene lacustrine deposits of the Karapinar lake. The success of the stabilization programme of the dunes over the last 30 years shows that the last period of dune movement is not related to climate change but to overpressure on the land due to the needs and activities of an increasing population.     

莱洲湾南岸咸水入侵区晚更新世以来的古环境演变

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the palaeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size composition based on ^14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP： 120-85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85-76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76-50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50-24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24-10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10-4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85-76 kaBP, 50-24 kaBP and 10-4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respectively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.     

莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区晚更新世以来的古环境演变

莱州湾南岸是我国典型的咸水入侵区,古环境变化构成了现代咸水入侵发生的背景。本文通过对潍河下游地区A1、A5孔岩芯系统的孢粉、有孔虫、粒度、¹⁴C及热释光测年资料的分析,结合100余个钻孔的沉积特征,论述了莱州湾南岸地区晚更新世以来的古环境演化特征。本区经历了三次明显的冷暖气候波动,三次显著的暖湿期为85～76kaBP、50～24kaBP、10～4kaBP,为海陆过渡相沉积环境,这三个时期分别与晚更新以来的三次海侵相对应,与相邻区域相比,全新世海侵开始早、结束晚;两次冷干期为76～50kaBP、24～10kaBP,分别对应于早大理冰期、晚大理冰期,为陆相沉积环境。     

Record of Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Deglaciation in the Southern Cascade Range. I. Petrological Evidence from Lacustrine Sediment in Upper Klamath Lake, Southern Oregon

Petrological and textural properties of lacustrine sediments from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, reflect changing input volumes of glacial flour and thus reveal a detailed glacial history for the southern Cascade Range between about 37 and 15 ka. Magnetic properties vary as a result of mixing different amounts of the highly magnetic, glacially generated detritus with less magnetic, more weathered detritus derived from unglaciated parts of the large catchment. Evidence that the magnetic properties record glacial flour input is based mainly on the strong correlation between bulk sediment particle size and parameters that measure the magnetite content and magnetic mineral freshness. High magnetization corresponds to relatively fine particle size and lower magnetization to coarser particle size. This relation is not found in the Buck Lake core in a nearby, unglaciated catchment. Angular silt-sized volcanic rock fragments containing unaltered magnetite dominate the magnetic fraction in the late Pleistocene sediments but are absent in younger, low magnetization sediments. The finer grained, highly magnetic sediments contain high proportions of planktic diatoms indicative of cold, oligotrophic limnic conditions. Sediment with lower magnetite content contains populations of diatoms indicative of warmer, eutrophic limnic conditions. During the latter part of oxygen isotope stage 3 (about 37–25 ka), the magnetic properties record millennial-scale variations in glacial-flour content. The input of glacial flour was uniformly high during the Last Glacial Maximum, between about 21 and 16 ka. At about 16 ka, magnetite input, both absolute and relative to hematite, decreased abruptly, reflecting a rapid decline in glacially derived detritus. The decrease in magnetite transport into the lake preceded declines in pollen from both grass and sagebrush. A more gradual decrease in heavy mineral content over this interval records sediment starvation with the growth of marshes at the margins of the lake and dilution of detrital material by biogenic silica and other organic matter.     

Record of Late Pleistocene Glaciation and Deglaciation in the Southern Cascade Range. II. Flux of Glacial Flour in a Sediment Core from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

During the late Wisconsin, glacial flour from alpine glaciers along the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon was deposited in Upper Klamath Lake. Quantitative interpretation of magnetic properties and grain-size data of cored sediments from Caledonia Marsh on the west side of the lake provides a continuous record of the flux of glacial flour spanning the last 37 000 calendar years. For modeling purposes, the lake sediments from the 13-m core were divided into three sedimentary components defined from magnetic, geochemical, petrographic, and grain-size data. The components are (1) strongly magnetic, glacial flour made up of extremely fine-grained, fresh volcanic rock particles, (2) less magnetic lithic material made up of coarser, weathered volcanic detritus, and (3) non-magnetic biogenic material (largely biogenic silica). Quantitative interpretation is possible because there has been no significant postdepositional destruction or formation of magnetic minerals, nor alteration affecting grain-size distributions. Major steps involved in the interpretation include: (1) computation of biogenic and lithic components; (2) determination of magnetic properties and grain-size distributions of the non-glacial and glacial flour end-members; (3) computation of the contents of weathered and glacial flour components for each sample; (4) development of an age model based on the mass accumulation of the non-glacial lithic component; and (5) use of the age model and glacial flour contents to compute the flux of glacial flour. Comparison of the glacial flour record from Upper Klamath Lake to mapped glacial features suggests a nearly linear relation between flux of glacial flour and the extent of nearby glaciers. At 22 ka, following an extended period during which glaciers of limited size waxed and waned, late Wisconsin (Waban) glaciers began to grow, reaching their maximum extent at 19 ka. Glaciers remained near their maximum extent for 1000 years. During this period, lake sediments were made up of 80% glacial flour. The content of glacial flour decreased as the glaciers receded, and reached undetectable levels by 14 ka.