绿泥石对CO2-水-岩石相互作用的影响

为了解关键性矿物在“超临界CO₂-水-岩石”系统中的地球化学作用,利用先进的数值模拟软件TOUGHREACT,结合我国鄂尔多斯盆地深部咸水含水层的基础地质条件,建立一维垂向模型,研究了盖层中绿泥石含量分别为3%、9%、15%时对CO₂-水-岩石相互作用的影响.发现CO₂进入盖层后,盖层的矿物成分和渗透率发生了较大变化.当绿泥石体积分数为3%时,盖层渗透率在5 000 a期间一直处于增大状态,不适合CO₂封存;当绿泥石体积分数为9%和15%时,盖层渗透率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,产生自封闭现象,有利于CO₂封存.结果表明,绿泥石的溶解为盖层中钙蒙脱石、铁白云石、片钠铝石、菱镁矿的沉淀提供了必要的Mg2+、Fe2+、AlO₂-等离子.绿泥石含量越多,CO₂矿化捕集量越大,盖层的自封闭效应越明显,其渗透率最大减少10%.本研究结果可为CO₂地质封存的长期性和稳定性评价提供理论依据.      

斯洛伐克西喀尔巴阡山Koice-Medvedia菱镁矿床的矿物学、流体包裹体和碳-氧-锶同位素研究

Kosice矿床是斯洛伐克第二大的菱镁矿床(150Mt),位于Gemeric的东部。其镁质碳酸盐矿体赋存于石炭纪石灰石和含白云石的石灰石中,同时下盘黑色片岩中也含有被铁质碳酸盐交代的薄层碳酸盐透镜体。在华力西期造山运动(M1)中,古生代岩石受到了低级变质作用(绿泥石带)。镁交代作用始于白云岩1的结晶作用,其后形成菱镁矿,最终沿裂隙形成铁菱镁矿。铁质碳酸盐包括早期铁白云石-白云石,铁白云石和后期含方解石和石英的菱铁矿。根据碳酸盐矿物对地质温度计,白云石1结晶作用发生在300~340℃。这一结果与M1的变质矿物组合(绿泥石,白云母-伊利石)吻合。铁白云石的结晶作用发生在320~370℃.少量细脉中可见白云石2,绿泥石和伊利石-多硅白云母,它们是由于阿尔卑斯期造山运动M2变质作用形成的更晚的矿物组合。 菱镁矿的流体包裹体(FI)研究,显示存在不同成分的热卤水,卤水成分变化相当于NaCl含量21~42wt％,但其它成分的盐含量高于NaCl,溶解的CO2含量也有变化。两相包裹体均一温度(Th)的范围为164~217℃,含石盐子晶包裹体均一温度的范围为217~344℃。富CO2包裹体(盐度相当于NaCl含量1-22wt％,CO2的密度为0.28~0.77 g·cm-3,均一温度为289~344℃)在菱镁矿中是次要的,但这种包裹体在与矿石伴生的石英中是主要的,并且与含石盐     

二氧化碳羽流地热系统水-岩-气相互作用:以松辽盆地泉头组为例

二氧化碳羽流地热系统(CPGS)是利用CO2地质储存场地进行地热能开发的一种工程技术,也是整合CO2减排与开发深部地热资源的理想方式。但伴随着对深部地热的提取,注入储层的超临界CO2使深部咸水的pH值降低,导致周围岩体产生溶解和沉淀,从而引起孔隙度、渗透率等地层物性的变化,最终改变系统的生产能力和净热提取效率。以松辽盆地泉头组为目标储层,采用室内实验、数值模拟等技术手段,通过实验和数值计算结果的对比,揭示系统水-岩-气相互作用对热储矿物组分的改变。研究结果显示:实验过程中矿物溶解对温度和盐度变化较为敏感,而受压力影响较小;在实验和模拟时间内发生溶解的矿物主要是长石类矿物,方解石在反应后全部溶解;石英、伊利石和高岭石的矿物组分体积分数有所增加,并有少量菱铁矿生成。     

斯洛伐克西喀尔巴阡山Kosice-Medvedia菱镁矿床的矿物学、流体包裹体和碳-氧-锶同位素研究

Kosice矿床是斯洛伐克第二大的菱镁矿床(150Mt),位于Gemeric的东部.其镁质碳酸盐矿体赋存于石炭纪石灰石和含白云石的石灰石中,同时下盘黑色片岩中也含有被铁质碳酸盐交代的薄层碳酸盐透镜体.在华力西期造山运动(M1)中,古生代岩石受到了低级变质作用(绿泥石带).镁交代作用始于白云岩1的结晶作用,其后形成菱镁矿,最终沿裂隙形成铁菱镁矿.铁质碳酸盐包括早期铁白云石-白云石,铁白云石和后期含方解石和石英的菱铁矿.根据碳酸盐矿物对地质温度计,白云石l结晶作用发生在300～340℃.这一结果与M1的变质矿物组合(绿泥石,白云母-伊利石)吻合.铁白云石的结晶作用发生在320～370℃.少量细脉中可见白云石2,绿泥石和伊利石-多硅白云母,它们是由于阿尔卑斯期造山运动M2变质作用形成的更晚的矿物组合.菱镁矿的流体包裹体(FI)研究,显示存在不同成分的热卤水,卤水成分变化相当于NaCl含量21～42 wt%,但其它成分的盐含量高于NaCl,溶解的CO2含量也有变化.两相包裹体均一温度(Th)的范围为164～217℃,含石盐子晶包裹体均一温度的范围为217～344℃.富CO2包裹体(盐度相当于NaCl含量1～22wt%,CO2的密度为0.28～0.77 g·cm-3,均一温度为289～344℃)在菱镁矿中是次要的,但这种包裹体在与矿石伴生的石英中是主要的,并且与含石盐子晶流体包裹体共生.在后期镁交代过程中流体中的CO2逐渐增加.和铁质碳酸盐伴生的石英中只有两相包裹体,包裹体中CO2含量有所变化,盐度范围为17～24 wt%的NaCl(或者34～36 wt%的MgCl2),均一温度为152～195℃.包裹体的数据结合碳酸盐地质温度计显示镁交代作用的压力范围是180～320MPa(7～12km),铁交代作用的压力范围是280～420MPa(10～16km),说明地热梯度约为25～35℃/km.包裹体浸出液的分析表明Cl/Br和Na/Br的比值存在变化,但仍旧说明富镁的卤水来源是上二叠纪和下三叠纪的分馏蒸发岩来源.铁质碳酸盐流体的高溴和高碘含量,说明在铁交代过程中周围黑色片岩的明显影响.菱镁矿和铁交代作用,表明交代流体中的碳和二氧化碳,主要是海洋沉积的来源.菱铁矿的"Sr/86Sr比值((0.71124～0.71140),说明锶的多来源,最初应是石炭纪和二叠纪的海水,但它被当地其它陆壳中的锶混染.     

储层温度对CO_2矿物封存的影响

在CO2地质储存中,储层温度是影响CO2矿物储存量的因素之一。文章选取美国Gulf Coast地区的资料,并设置6种温度敏感性分析方案,使用TOUGHREACT/ECO2N软件模拟分析了温度变化对CO2矿物捕集的影响,得出以下结论:长石类矿物、高岭石、绿泥石是主要的溶解矿物,方解石并非主要的溶解矿物;主要固碳矿物为铁白云石和片钠铝石,两者与绿泥石存在较好的相关性,并且沉淀量与温度变化正相关;CO2体积分数随时间变化幅度和矿物捕获总量均与温度呈正相关。通过分析储层温度对矿物捕获CO2的影响,为选取CO2储层提供温度上的考量。     

江汉盆地江陵凹陷二氧化碳地质封存数值模拟

通过建立江汉盆地江陵凹陷新沟嘴组储层和盖层的二维模型,对江陵凹陷进行了CO2地质封存数值模拟研究,分析了注入CO2的运移分布和溶解扩散情况,并对储盖层垂直方向的渗透率进行了敏感性分析.结果表明,所建的二维模型能够较好地描述CO2在储层中的运移过程和分布状况,而且在实际地质封存工作中必须要考虑一些地质上的因素如储盖层的渗透率、毛细管压力、岩石矿物组分丰度等的变化对封存效果的影响.     

储层温度对CO2矿物封存的影响

在二氧化碳地质储存中,储层温度是影响CO2矿物储存量的因素之一。文章选取美国Gulf Coast地区的资料,并设置6种温度敏感性分析方案,使用TOUGHREACT/ECO2N软件模拟并分析了温度变化对CO2矿物捕集的影响,得出三个结论:长石类矿物、高岭石、绿泥石是主要的溶解矿物,方解石并非主要的溶解矿物;主要固碳矿物为铁白云石和片钠铝石,两者与绿泥石存在较好的相关性,并且沉淀量与温度变化正相关;CO2体积分数随时间变化幅度和矿物捕获总量均与温度呈正相关。通过分析储层温度对矿物捕获CO2的影响,为选取CO2储层提供温度上的考量。     

柴达木盆地西部SG-1钻孔中白云石成因探讨

由于无机环境下不能沉淀白云石,该矿物的成因一直是学术争论的焦点。柴达木盆地西部钻孔SG-1（长938 m）中出现了大量白云石和铁白云石,白云石主要分布在钻孔下部500 m,而铁白云石主要分布在下部418 m。结合湖泊从淡水湖、咸水湖、盐湖至干盐湖的演化过程,文章分析了白云石和铁白云石的成因。白云石是盐类矿物的一种、且无机环境下不能沉淀,蒸发作用和微生物介导是白云石矿物形成的两个重要影响因素。蒸发作用为白云石的形成提供了足够浓度的Mg2+,微生物的介导作用帮助Mg2+克服动力学障碍进入碳酸钙晶格形成白云石。白云石是湖泊演化早期析出的一种碳酸盐类矿物,主要在咸水湖环境中沉淀,盐湖环境中主要沉淀硫酸盐类和氯化物矿物,在盐湖这种高盐度环境下能够生存的微生物非常少,白云石含量明显降低。铁白云石是白云石矿物的一种,是Fe2+替代白云石中的Mg2+形成的次生矿物。Fe2+有两种来源：粘土矿物转换过程中的释放和深部热液来源。Fe2+进入白云石的过程主要是在无机、高温环境下完成的,但不排除微生物的介导作用。     

四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组晶洞充填物特征与热液活动记录

热液环境在碳酸盐岩成岩作用中十分重要,MVT铅锌矿床和热液白云岩储层都与之有关。四川盆地西部中二叠统栖霞组普遍发育厘米级大小的晶洞,其充填物主要为晶体粗大的非平直晶面鞍形白云石,这些鞍形白云石经历了广泛的溶解作用,次生方解石充填于鞍形白云石溶解空间及其晶间孔隙中。本文在碳酸盐岩岩石学特征研究的基础上,测试了晶洞充填物的碳氧同位素组成、元素构成和包裹体均一化温度,结合川西中二叠统埋藏历史和二叠纪以来的非地热增温热事件,研究了晶洞充填物中鞍形白云石的沉淀与溶解流体,以及充填于鞍形白云石溶解空间和晶间孔隙中次生方解石的沉淀流体。研究表明:在作为晶洞充填物的碳酸盐矿物中,鞍形白云石和沉淀于白云石晶间、晶内的次生方解石具有显著不同的氧同位素组成和包裹体均一化温度,前者δ18O值-5.94‰～-4.35‰,包裹体均一化温度主要为110～210℃,后者δ18O值-10.34‰～-8.75‰,包裹体均一化温度主要为70～110℃,据此反演的鞍形白云石沉淀流体的δ18O值为+4‰～+14‰(SMOW),方解石相应值为-4‰～+5‰(SMOW),显示白云石是在高盐度和高温流体中沉淀的,方解石是在相对低盐度和低温流体中沉淀的;晶洞充填物的碳同位素分析表明,鞍形白云石和沉淀于白云石晶间和晶内的次生方解石的δ13C值大致分布在0.7‰～2.6‰的范围内,显著低于同期海水的δ13C值,两种碳酸盐矿物中的碳具有同期海水和深部CO2混合碳源的特征;中二叠世末东吴运动期间峨眉山玄武岩喷发时岩浆活动的热效应导致了当时处于浅埋藏环境的栖霞组地层中鞍形白云石的沉淀,而热事件后流体温度和盐度的同时降低则使得鞍形白云石溶解,同时伴随方解石沉淀在鞍形白云石溶解后的孔隙和晶间孔隙中。     

CO_2-盐水-泥岩相互作用实验

<正>在CO2地下埋存工程中,对储层上覆泥岩盖层的研究是碳埋存安全性能评估中十分重要的内容。天然CO2气藏的稳定同位素数据表明,CO2长期存在的主要方式是溶解于地层水中,这一行为会将地层水酸化至p H值3—5[1-2]。尽管盖层渗透率通常小于1 m D1,但孔隙度范围较大,有时可达30%[3-4],溶解CO2的酸性地层水可能进入到这些孔隙中从而引发与矿物的相互作用,潜在的流体-岩石地球化学反应可     

A numerical study of mineral alteration and self-sealing efficiency of a caprock for CO2 geological storage

Geochemical interactions of brine–rock–gas have a significant impact on the stability and integrity of the caprock for long-term CO₂ geological storage. Invasion of CO₂ into the caprock from the storage reservoir by (1) molecular diffusion of dissolved CO₂, (2) CO₂-water two-phase flow after capillary breakthrough, and (3) CO₂ flow through existing open fractures may alter the mineralogy, porosity, and mechanical strength of the caprock due to the mineral dissolution or precipitation. This determines the self-enhancement or self-sealing efficiency of the caprock. In this paper, two types of caprock, a clay-rich shale and a mudstone, are considered for the modeling analyses of the self-sealing and self-enhancement phenomena. The clay-rich shale taken from the Jianghan Basin of China is used as the base-case model. The results are compared with a mudstone caprock which is compositionally very different than the clay-rich shale. We focus on mineral alterations induced by the invasion of CO₂, feedback on medium properties such as porosity, and the self-sealing efficiency of the caprock. A number of sensitivity simulations are performed using the multiphase reactive transport code TOUGHREACT to identify the major minerals that have an impact on the caprock’s self-sealing efficiency. Our model results indicate that under the same hydrogeological conditions, the mudstone is more suitable to be used as a caprock. The sealing distances are barely different in the two types of caprock, both being about 0.6 m far from the interface between the reservoir and caprock. However, the times of occurrence of sealing are considerably different. For the mudstone model, the self-sealing occurs at the beginning of simulation, while for the clay-rich shale model, the porosity begins to decline only after 100 years. At the bottom of the clay-rich shale column, the porosity declines to 0.034, while that of mudstone declines to 0.02. The sensitive minerals in the clay-rich shale model are calcite, magnesite, and smectite-Ca. Anhydrite and illite provide Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ to the sensitive minerals for their precipitation. The mudstone model simulation is divided into three stages. There are different governing minerals in different stages, and the effect of the reservoir formation water on the alteration of sensitive minerals is significant.     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷幔源CO2充注对下白垩统砂岩储层质量的影响

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统含片钠铝石砂岩部分记录了幔源CO_2-砂岩相互作用历史.为揭示幔源CO_2充注对储层质量的影响,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜观察和孔隙度、渗透率数据研究了海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷含片钠铝石砂岩的岩石学和储层特征.幔源CO_2的充注导致了长石的部分溶解和片钠铝石及铁白云石的沉淀.长石的溶解形成了次生孔隙.片钠铝石以针状晶形为特征,其集合体呈束状、簇状、扇状和玫瑰花状.部分片钠铝石呈板状.片钠铝石以充填孔隙为主,少量交代长石和其他骨架碎屑颗粒.片钠铝石局部被铁白云石交代,说明铁白云石的形成晚于片钠铝石.片钠铝石的含量为1%～20%.相同深度段的含片钠铝石砂岩(n=597,h=1309.15～2140.71m)与普通砂岩(n=1550,h=1323.72～2141.3m)的孔隙度、渗透率数据统计表明,含片钠铝石砂岩的物性整体上低于普通砂岩,说明CO_2的充注导致了储层质量的改变.片钠铝石含量-孔隙度和片钠铝石含量-渗透率之间的关系,揭示片钠铝石含量是引起储层质量改变的主要因素.片钠铝石含量10%似乎是储层质量发生变化的界限,当片钠铝石含量＞10%,随片钠铝石含量增加,砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率降低;当片钠铝石含量＜10%,随片钠铝石含量增加,部分砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率表现出增加趋势.作者认为,片钠铝石含量高的砂岩长期处于高CO_2分压成岩环境,而片钠铝石含量低的砂岩则处于高CO_2分压成岩环境的时间相对较短.     

贝尔凹陷沉凝灰岩储层片钠铝石前体矿物研究

为拓展CO2封存的储层选取范围,研究CO2充注过的储层中矿物的赋存状态,通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、X--射线衍射分析及铸体图像分析等技术对贝尔凹陷含片钠铝石储层进行了系统研究。研究区发育片钠铝石的岩石类型为沉凝灰岩,储层深度范围为882.26~941.4 m,该类储层发育有2类9种储集空间类型,以次生孔隙为主,属于低孔低渗储层。岩石骨架碎屑颗粒石英、长石、岩屑均有不同程度溶蚀;自生矿物以片钠铝石、铁白云石和菱铁矿为主。片钠铝石主要以充填溶蚀孔隙或交代颗粒的形式产出。综合研究区岩相学、矿物含量和热力学分析结果,长石和片钠铝石的生成具有亲缘性,为片钠铝石的形成提供了必要的元素和生长空间。     

内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组热水沉积过程中矿物沉淀顺序及其控制因素*

基于岩心、岩石薄片及元素分析等资料,通过偏光显微镜、定量矿物扫描(QemScan)、电子探针、能谱和流体包裹体分析等技术手段,探讨了二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组热水沉积岩中热水沉积矿物的沉淀顺序。研究区热水沉积矿物主要为铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐,含少量黄铁矿、重晶石、萤石等矿物。这些矿物在空间上具有特定的先后关系或位置关系: (1)在纹层状岩层中,由下到上从铝硅酸盐过渡为碳酸盐。在铝硅酸盐矿物组合中,首先出现的是方沸石,其次是钠沸石,再次为钠长石;在碳酸盐矿物中,首先出现的是菱镁矿,其次是菱铁矿,再次为铁白云石,有时还可见到方解石,但其含量很低。(2)在凝絮状团块中,团块中心为黄铁矿,从中心向外依次过渡为方沸石、钠沸石、菱镁矿、菱铁矿,最外层为铁白云石。在纹层状岩层和凝絮状团块中,有时还能见到上述顺序的逆顺序。(3)在后期充填的裂缝中,边部为沸石或绿泥石等铝硅酸盐矿物,向中心逐渐过渡为铁白云石碳酸盐。综合研究区所有的矿物序列来看,最完整的序列应为黄铁矿—钾长石—方沸石—钠沸石—钠长石—菱镁矿—菱铁矿—白云石—方解石,但是这种完整的序列是不常见的,通常仅为其中某几种矿物的组合,然而不管是哪些矿物进行组合,其出现的顺序都不变。推测该矿物序列的类型受热液喷流和溢流阶段、时间、温度和热水化学性质控制,早期高温、高盐度条件下出现的铝硅酸盐矿物序列较多,而晚期主要形成碳酸盐矿物序列。     

Impacts of mineralogical compositions on different trapping mechanisms during long-term CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> storage in deep saline aquifers

Deep saline aquifers in sedimentary basins are considered to have the greatest potential for CO₂ geological storage in order to reduce carbon emissions. CO₂ injected into a saline sandstone aquifer tends to migrate upwards toward the caprock because the density of the supercritical CO₂ phase is lower than that of formation water. The accumulated CO₂ in the upper portions of the reservoir gradually dissolves into brine, lowers pH and changes the aqueous complexation, whereby induces mineral alteration. In turn, the mineralogical composition could impose significant effects on the evolution of solution, further on the mineralized CO₂. The high density of aqueous phase will then move downward due to gravity, give rise to “convective mixing,” which facilitate the transformation of CO₂ from the supercritical phase to the aqueous phase and then to the solid phase. In order to determine the impacts of mineralogical compositions on trapping amounts in different mechanisms for CO₂ geological storage, a 2D radial model was developed. The mineralogical composition for the base case was taken from a deep saline formation of the Ordos Basin, China. Three additional models with varying mineralogical compositions were carried out. Results indicate that the mineralogical composition had very obvious effects on different CO₂ trapping mechanisms. Specific to our cases, the dissolution of chlorite provided Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺ for the formation of secondary carbonate minerals (ankerite, siderite and magnesite). When chlorite was absent in the saline aquifer, the dominant secondary carbon sequestration mineral was dawsonite, and the amount of CO₂ mineral trapping increased with an increase in the concentration of chlorite. After 3000 years, 69.08, 76.93, 83.52 and 87.24 % of the injected CO₂ can be trapped in the solid (mineral) phase, 16.05, 11.86, 8.82 and 6.99 % in the aqueous phase, and 14.87, 11.21, 7.66 and 5.77 % in the gas phase for Case 1 through 4, respectively.     

Identifying geochemical reactions on wellbore cement/caprock interface under sequestration conditions

The integrity of wells, which are key components for CO₂ sequestration, depends mainly on the seal between the wellbore cement and the geologic formation. To identify the reaction products that may alter the cement/caprock interface, batch experiments and computer modelling were conducted and analysed. Over time, the dissolution and precipitation of minerals alters the physical properties of the interface, including its tightness. One main objective of the simulation was thus to analyse the evolution of the porosity of cement and caprock over time. The alteration of the cement/caprock interface was identified as a complex problem and differentiated depending on rock type. The characteristic feature of a cement/shale contact zone is the occurrence of a highly carbonated, compacted layer within the shale, which in turn causes cement/shale detachment. In the case of a cement/anhydrite interface, the most important reaction is severe anhydrite dissolution. Secondary calcite precipitation takes place in deeper parts of the rock. The cement/rock contact zone is prone to rapid mineral dissolution, which contributes to increased porosity and may alter the well integrity. Comparison of computer simulations with autoclave experiments enabled the adjustment of unknown parameters. This enhances the knowledge of these particular assemblages. Overall, a good match was obtained between experiments and simulations, which enhances confidence in using models to predict longer-term evolution.     

Origin and diagenetic evolution of Ca–Mg–Fe carbonates in some coalfields of Japan

Carbonate concretions, lenses and bands in the Pleistocene, Palaeogene and Upper Triassic coalfields of Japan consist of various carbonate minerals with varied chemical compositions. Authigenic carbonates in freshwater sediments are siderite > calcite > ankerite > dolomite >> ferroan magnesite; in brackish water to marine sediments in the coal measures, calcite > dolomite > ankerite > siderite >> ferroan magnesite; and in the overlying marine deposits, calcite > dolomite >> siderite. Most carbonates were formed progressively during burial within a range of depths between the sediment-water interface and approximately 3 km. The mineral species and the chemical composition of the carbonates are controlled primarily by the initial sedimentary facies of the host sediments and secondarily by the diagenetic evolution of pore water during burial. Based on the regular sequence and burial depth of precipitation of authigenic carbonates in a specific sedimentary facies, three diagenetic stages of carbonates are proposed. Carbonates formed during Stage I (< 500 m) strongly reflect the initial sedimentary facies, e.g. low Ca-Mg siderite in freshwater sediments which are initially rich in iron derived from lateritic soil on the nearby landmass, and Mg calcite and dolomite in brackish-marine sediments whose pore waters abound in Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ originating in seawater and calcareous shells. Carbonates formed during Stage II (500–2000 m) include high Ca-Mg siderite, ankerite, Fe dolomite and Fe–Mg calcite in freshwater sediments. The assemblage of Stage II carbonates in brackish-marine sediments in the coal measures is similar to that in freshwater sediments. This suggests similar diagenetic environments owing to an effective migration and mixing of pore water due to the compaction of host sediments. Carbonates formed during Stage III (> 2000 m) are Fe calcite and extremely high Ca-Mg siderite; the latter is exclusively in marine mudstones. The supply of Ca is partly from the alteration of silicates in the sediments at elevated burial temperatures. After uplift, calcite with low Mg content precipitates from percolating groundwater and fills extensional cracks.     

Diagenetic differences in tight sandstone reservoirs in two delta fronts: an example from the Chang 4 and 5 members of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area,Ordos Basin,China

With the intensification of oil and gas exploration, tight sandstone reservoirs have received an increasing amount of attention, particularly with regard to the genesis of tight reservoir rock. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin has developed a typical tight, oil-bearing, clastic reservoir (lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite, grain size is mainly 0.1~0.3 mm in diameter). During the depositional period of the Chang 4 and 5 members, the two provenance systems of the southwest and northeast developed in the study area. In the southwest, sandstones in the lower part of distributary channels are coarser with fewer quartz overgrowth and ankerite and better reservoir quality (porosity about 12%, permeability about 1 mD). In the northeast, chlorite coating is thicker (>?4 vol%) in the underwater channel sandstones (porosity is about 14%, permeability is about 2 mD) than in the mouth bar sandstones. Sandstones in the upper part of distributary channels are finer with lower permeability (about 0.1 mD). Authigenic ankerite mainly appears around detrital dolomite as an overgrowth. The SiO₂ in the quartz overgrowth most likely came from the transformation of smectite to illite and the dissolution of feldspar. In the northeast, only 2 vol% of chlorite rims significantly inhibited quartz overgrowth, but they probably blocked and delayed the dissolution of feldspars by acids. We present results here that show the diagenetic differences in sand bodies in delta fronts are influenced by sediment size, maturity, and the composition of framework grain; the materials that compose authigenic minerals mainly come from the alteration of sandstones. As a whole, the formation of tight reservoir rocks in the study area is closely related to sedimentary facies, composition of framework grain, cement type and content, and development of dissolution.