新藏公路新疆段泥石流灾害初探

新藏公路新疆段沿线共有泥石流灾害149处，直接危害线路53．05km。泥石流可分为暴雨型、冰雪融水型及雨水和冰雪融水混合型三个成因类型．其灾害集中分布于哈拉斯坦河、采拉克河、叶尔羌河及喀拉喀什河沿溪线路段。沿线泥石流具有松散堆积物丰富，水源不足，暴发频率低，规模火，受冰川和气候变化影响大等特点。在对泥石流成灾方式、活动现状和发展趋势分析研究的基础上．提出了灾害治理的基本原则和拟采取的主要工程措施及进一步工作的建议。     

山地自然灾害（以泥石流为主）及其防治

我国是一个山地自然灾害严重的国家,尤其是泥石流、滑坡灾害。八十年代以来山地自然灾害频繁,泥石流、滑坡所造成经济损失超过30亿元。本文分析了灾害成因、分布特征以及山地自然灾害的预报和防治。     

云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测

根据云南滑坡泥石流灾害资料，分析了其形成环境与分布特征，给出了典型降水滑坡泥石流灾害事件，研究了滑坡泥石流灾害与气象环境的关系。云南滑坡泥石流灾害主要出现在盛夏7～8月，主要影响天气系统有切变线、冷锋、西风槽、西南涡、孟加拉湾风暴、南海西行台风和两高辐合区。诱发滑坡泥石流灾害的前期降水类型有3种，即暴雨型，中～大雨型和连阴雨型。得出了云南滑坡泥石流发生的区域临界雨量指标，提出了滑坡泥石流灾害的气象监测预警方法。     

西北地区矿山泥石流及分布特征

矿山泥石流的形成与发生主要是因山区矿产资源开发过程中废石弃土不合理堆排造成的,以其物质来源亦称矿渣型泥石流。矿山泥石流具有人为性、易发性、重发性、危害集中性、可控性特点。截至2005年底,西北五省区发生矿山泥石流灾害247次,直接经济损失3.84亿元,造成426人死亡。小型泥石流占其总数的73.17%。煤矿区泥石流灾害最为严重。小型企业矿山泥石流总数最多,危害最为严重。1994~1998年、2001~2005年是矿山泥石流的高发时期,其中2004年达45次,为历史之最。年内6~9月是泥石流的高发期,亦是防治重点期。     

新疆天山山地自然灾害垂直带谱及其特征

分析天山山地由气候原因引起的自然灾害分布的垂直带谱,主要灾害类型有１２种,可分为３个带：（１）基带（暴雨－塌方带）：主要是由中、低山突发性的降雨引起的各种灾害。此带灾害频发时期与最大降水期是同步的。（２）中带（融水－冰冻带）：其灾害大多同温度的变化有密切的关系。（３）上带（风吹雪－雪崩带）：由积雪运动造成的灾害多集中在这里。山地坡向和高度对自然灾害垂直带谱的组成和灾害出现的频率影响很大。由于温度和     

新疆境内的泥石流

本文在概述泥石流学基本问题的基础上,讨论了新疆境内泥石流的发生与制约因素,由于新疆泥石流受水源的制约,主要形成了冰川泥石流和暴雨泥石流两大类。其分布由北而南,依次是阿尔泰山及其山麓和塔城盆地;天山及其南北麓;阿尔金山与昆仑山及其北麓三大区域。并针对新疆泥石流灾害提出了防治的原则和方法。     

中国自然灾害的区域组合规律

中国自然灾害多种多样，按直接致灾因子划分为２０个基本自然灾害类型，其中旱灾、洪灾、涝灾、地震灾、滑坡和泥石流灾为主要基本自然灾害类型。宏观地貌格局及其引起的自然环境的分异对大多数自然灾害类型的区域分异有决定性影响。自然灾害的区域组合规律反映在自然灾害地域差异上。本文根据地学区划的一般原则，以及孕灾大环境与自然灾害类型宏观区域组合，将中国划分为东部委风平原山地重度灾害大区、西北干旱高中山盆地中度灾害     

委内瑞拉1999年特大泥石流灾害

受娜尼拉现象的影响,１９９９－１２－１５～１６委内拉北部阿维拉册区加勒比海沿岸的８个州连降特大暴雨,造成山体大面积滑塌,数十条沟谷同时暴发大规模的泥石流。泥石流造成３万人死亡、经济损失高达１００亿美元,成为本基纪最严重的泥石流灾害,这次泥石汉灾害具有群发性、规模大、低频率和直接入海等特点,对这类泥石流进行泥石流成因、活动规律、预测预报、泥石流与异常气候现象关系和直接入海型泥石流运动规律,沉积特征、     

浙江省泥石流形成及成灾特点

浙江地处我国东南沿海,近几年频繁遭受泥石流等山地灾害的危害。由于所处地理地质和气候环境,发育的泥石流有其独特的地域特征。从泥石流的发育特征、形成过程等探讨了浙江泥石流形成的机理,分析了其成灾特点。结果表明,浙江省泥石流为滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流,泥石流的形成机理及过程主要为:强降雨下滑坡、崩塌发生,持续强降雨使得滑坡、崩塌松散物流化从而形成泥石流。滑坡、崩塌转化型泥石流在流域特征上表现为形成区坡度大,易发滑坡、崩塌,水力条件充分等。泥石流灾害具有低频性、群发性、并发性、突发性、夜发性、危害大等特点。     

广东省泥石流灾害综合分析

广东省泥石流灾害主要分布于粤西、粤东、粤北西部和珠江三角洲北部地区.根据对泥石流历史数据的统计分析研究发现,广东省泥石流灾害虽然发生频率低,但造成的经济损失巨大,明显高于滑坡、崩塌灾害,且呈现频率低、规模大、成灾快、损失严重、时空分布集中、危害范围广等特点.文中最后提出了广东省泥石流防治对策:提高防灾意识,做好防灾规划;注重对低频泥石流的防范;因地制宜采取防治措施;加强预防监督,社绝人为灾害.     

复合型泥沙灾害过程特征及区域划分

本文给出了复合型泥沙灾害的定义,从时间序列角度出发,表述了复合型泥沙灾害过程的复杂性、周期性、耦合性及层次性等特征,并对泥沙灾害的区域关联性与区域差异,区域划分与分区特征作了研究。根据复合泥沙灾害过程发育的大环境及基本复合过程进行划分,分为东部平原-沿海地带复合泥沙灾害过程地区、中部高平原低山复合泥沙灾害过程地区、西北干旱高中山盆地复合泥沙灾害过程地区、青藏高寒山原复合泥沙灾害过程地区4个一级区;依据泥沙灾害复合过程的相似性及差异性,划分11个复合泥沙灾害过程二级亚区。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

泥石流等级和灾度的定量计算

泥石流等级是描述一次泥石流规模大小的定量指标,泥石流灾度是描述一次泥石流造成社会损失大小的定量指标。这两个指标概念明确,简单易行,有利于使描述泥石流规模大小和灾情程度的术语逐步规范化、定量化和普及化。     

我国山区城镇泥石流灾害及其成因

我国受泥石流危害与威胁的县级及以上城镇达150余个,分布在20个省级行政区及特别行政区内,占省级行政区划总数的58.82%。灾害具有如下特征:城镇人口密度大,建筑物多,财产集中,因而泥石流的成灾率高,造成的人员伤亡多、财产损失重,并严重地制约了城镇及辐射区的经济发展。造成灾害的主要原因:受山区地形条件的限制,城镇选址困难,一些城镇不得不设在泥石流活动区;一些新建城镇选址时对泥石流的危害性认识不足,设在了泥石流危险区;在相当长的一段时间里,山区城镇发展缺乏合理规划和相应的防灾规划;与泥石流争地及破坏生态环境等不合理的人类经济活动增多,增大了泥石流的危害范围、活动规模与活动频率;防灾工程标准较低等。城镇泥石流灾害的防治应从其特征与成因着手进行。     

泥石流源地松散体起动人工降雨模拟及放水冲刷实验

以神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流及云南东川蒋家沟自然泥石流为研究对象,采用人工降雨及放水冲刷模拟实验方法,分析了不同类型,不同地区泥石流源地松散体起动条件及泥石流过程,得出一些有意义的结论。     

贡嘎山地区泥石流形成的水热组合分析

贡嘎山位于青藏高原东缘、大雪山脉中南段,区域地形地貌复杂,气候多变,泥石流活动频繁。近年来,随着全球气候变暖,冰川的退缩,泥石流灾害日趋严重。对近40 a来该区泥石流发生的年际、年内和暴发前夕的水热组合分析发现:湿热的水热组合最有利于泥石流的形成,泥石流类型不同,其水热组合也存在一定的差异。冰川泥石流暴发的年内降水变化曲线多呈双峰或多峰型,气温曲线一般呈单峰型,而冰雪雨水型泥石流暴发当月的气温和降水都比较高,气温和降水变化曲线一般都呈单峰型。     

高位滑坡的运动转化形式

高位滑坡剪出口高于坡脚,它一旦滑离滑坡发生区,运动可能转化成四种形式:1.崩塌:由滑体经分级解体滑过剪出口处依次向前倾倒而成;2.碎屑流动或3.碎屑滑动:由滑动块体经碎屑化而成;4.泥石流:在适当的细粒物质量和水体条件下生成的碎屑流动。