东亚地区北方气旋和南方气旋活动频数的时空特征

利用1953-2007年NCEP／NCAR再分析逐日海平面气压场资料,统计分析东亚地区北方气旋和南方气旋的时间和地域分布特征。结果表明：南、北气旋活动频数存在明显的年际和年代际变化,伴随着一次全球性的年代际气候跃变,20世纪80年代初期北方气旋活动频数出现了显著的突变。从月际分布可知,5月北方气旋频数最多,8月南方气旋频数最多;春季北方气旋活动频繁,存在着明显的两个高值中心,分另Ij位于蒙古国中部和中国东北地区北部;夏季南方气旋活动频繁,主要集中在中国东部沿海及日本南部海面。南北气旋活动频数的季节变化与大气环流的变化密切相关。相关统计结果可增加对东亚温带气旋活动规律的认识和了解,并为预测和预报提供参考。     

基于不同资料的影响南海热带气旋环流背景对比北大核心CSCD

利用1981—2020年中国热带气旋最佳路径数据集、中国大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-Ⅰ),对比不同资料在表征影响南海热带气旋活动环流背景的能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料基本刻画出与热带气旋活动密切相关的环流特征,包括南方涛动、菲律宾至南海低层纬向风、热带低层纬向风反向分布型、菲律宾至南海中东部低层涡度、热带西太平洋垂直风切变及南海至菲律宾以东海域中层湿度。它们对南方涛动、关键区纬向风和中层湿度的刻画较相似,CMA-RA和ERA5对南方涛动、低层纬向风及其与热带气旋关系的描述一致性高,较NCEP-Ⅰ密切,但低层经向风、关键物理量差异较大。对极端年环流具有相似的表现能力,但异常程度存在差异,海平面气压、低层纬向风高度一致,以CMA-RA与ERA5最接近;中层湿度CMA-RA与ERA5接近,较NCEP-Ⅰ偏小;关键物理量差异较大。CMA-RA对南海热带气旋环流的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-Ⅰ相当的性能,并与ERA5一致性较高,可为相关工作提供可替换的再分析资料集。     

Influence of synoptic processes on the vietnamese current (the South China Sea) Dynamics during the Winter–Summer 1999 transition period

Demonstrated is an influence of synoptic processes on the seasonal dynamics of the Vietnamese Current in the South China Sea varying its direction under the influence of the monsoon. The spring season of 1999 is used as an example of the transition from the winter to summer. In winter, under the influence of the northeastern monsoon, the current is directed from north to south and in the summer, at the southwestern monsoon, in the opposite direction. In the spring, two zones of different water modification are formed: an impact is observed of both the leaving winter monsoon and the coming summer monsoon. Considered is an atmospheric process of low-gradient field type, when the pressure field is characterized by the low pressure gradient over the whole South China Sea. It is revealed that the Vietnamese Current moves in the summer regime (from south to north) in the northern and southern parts and keeps the winter regime (from north to south) in the central part.     

Observations of a quasi-tropical cyclone over the Black Sea

A rare atmospheric phenomenon in the Black Sea region is described: a mesoscale cyclone with all main properties of tropical cyclones. The cyclone developed in the southwestern part of the sea and existed for about five days. General characteristics of the cyclone are presented along with its effect on thermodynamic structure of the sea upper layer.     

PDO对西北太平洋热带气旋活动与大尺度环流关系的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料和上海台风研究所整编的热带气旋资料,研究了在太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)冷暖位相中西北太平洋热带气旋频数与太平洋海表温度(SST)年际相关的分布差异,以及500 hPa高度场对热带气旋频数和生成源地的影响.结果表明,在PDO冷位相时期,热带气旋频数与赤道东太平洋SST存在显著相关,副热带高压位置偏东...     

On the formation and development of tropical cyclones

A method of diagnostic calculation of the maximal wind speed in the tropical cyclone, its radius, and central pressure is proposed taking into account large-scale air motions in a low-gradient baric field between subtropical anticyclones. The results of such calculations are considered. A conclusion is made about sufficient accuracy of calculations of the parameters within the tropical zone using only dynamic factors.     

Contribution of the east�Cwest thermal heating contrast to the South Asian Monsoon and consequences for its variability

The focus of this paper is to assess the relative role of the north?Csouth and east?Cwest contrasts in atmospheric heating for the maintenance of the South Asian summer monsoon climatology. The juxtaposition of the Eurasian land mass and the Indian Ocean is responsible for the north?Csouth contrast, while the greater diabatic heating above the western Pacific compared to the one over the African and the tropical South Atlantic Ocean region introduces the east?Cwest gradient. With a series of idealized atmospheric general circulation model experiments, it is found that both contrasts contribute to the maintenance of the South Asian monsoon climatology, but their impact varies at regional scales. The surface atmospheric cyclone and precipitation over northern India are mainly due to the north?Csouth contrast. On the other hand, when the Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures are close to their climatological mean values, the low-level cyclone and consequent rainfall activity in the Bay of Bengal and southern India result from the east?Cwest gradient. The physical mechanism relays on the southern part of the upper-level South Asian monsoon high being forced by the east?Cwest diabatic heating contrast via Sverdrup balance. The east?Cwest heating difference controls also the strength of the Tropical Easterly Jet. Finally, the contribution of the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation to the interannual variability of the Indian monsoon is interpreted as the result of a longitudinal shift of one of the centers of diabatic heating contributing to the east?Cwest contrast.     

2017年春季海洋天气评述

2017年春季（3—5月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北冰洋上空,中高纬西风带呈5波型分布。3月,地面冷高压偏强,冷空气活动频繁。4月,环流由纬向型向经向型逐渐调整,冷空气势力减弱。5月,东北气旋明显加强,冷暖势力相当,入海气旋增多。春季,我国近海海域主要有16次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程有7次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程有1次,入海温带气旋过程有4次,东北冷涡影响大风过程有3次,强对流导致雷暴大风过程1次;且有8次明显的浪高在2 m以上的大浪过程。春季共有6次比较明显的海雾过程,分别为3月1次、4月2次、5月3次。西北太平洋和南海共生成1个台风“梅花”和1个热带低压,其他各大洋共有热带气旋15个,分别为大西洋1个、东太平洋1个、南太平洋5个、南印度洋6个、北印度洋2个。     

2018年夏季海洋天气评述

2018年夏季（6—8月）大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,主体位于北冰洋上空,中高纬西风带呈4波型分布。受大尺度环流影响,6—7月,我国南方海域多热带气旋活动,北方海域多海雾;7—8月副热带高压位置较常年偏北,影响华东的台风明显偏多。2018年夏季,共有18个台风命名,比常年平均偏多7个。我国近海夏季的大风、大浪与台风活动关系密切。有20次8级以上大风过程：其中热带气旋过程大风有13次,两次伴随冷空气活动;温带气旋、准静止锋引发大风5次;另外,有2次过程主要由季风引起。有7次比较明显的海雾过程出现,其中6月出现4次,7月3次。发生13次2 m以上的大浪过程,其中,6月3次,7月和8月各5次。其他各大洋共有18个命名热带气旋生成,分别为：大西洋4个、东太平洋14个。     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY-PART I:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY RELATED TO SST *

In the context of a model of tropical cyclone intensity based on an improved meso-scale atmospheric model, numerical simulation is performed of the track and intensity variation of tropical cyclones(TC) arising from sea surface temperature(SST) variation over a specified sea region. Evidence suggests that the model is capable of modeling quite welt the track and intensity of TC:SST variation leads to an abrupt change in the cyclone intensity:the response of the cyclone to the abrupt SST change lasts 8-12 h.     

1979-2013年东亚中纬度春、夏温带气旋活动特征及其与东北地区同期降水的联系

利用江苏近10 a（2005-2014年）暖季（5-9月）69站逐时降水资料,详细分析了短时强降水的空间分布、年际变化、季节内演变以及日变化特征。分析结果表明：短时强降水空间分布不均,整体上北部比南部活跃,最活跃区均位于沿淮西部,高强度短时强降水多发生在淮北东部,且空间分布集中。近10 a来江苏短时强降水整体呈减少趋势,主要表现为北部地区减少最为显著。短时强降水季节内分布不均匀,以7月最为活跃,高强度短时强降水在8月最为频繁;其逐候分布显示,梅期短时强降水骤增,于7月第2候达到峰值,盛夏期间高强度短时强降水增多,8月第3候达到峰值。江苏短时强降水的日变化整体呈双峰结构,主峰和次峰分别出现在傍晚17时（北京时间,下同）和清晨07时,高强度短时强降水多发于午后;短时强降水日变化存在季节内演变的阶段性特征和地域性差异,其中梅期和盛夏两个高发阶段均呈单峰结构,但梅期峰值出现在清晨,盛夏阶段峰值则出现在傍晚;由南向北,日变化特征由单峰向双峰、多峰演变,在淮河以南地区日峰值大多出现在午后至傍晚,而淮河以北地区多出现在夜间至清晨。     

加利福尼亚附近的海温强迫及其与北太平洋年代际振荡的可能联系

本文利用1958～2018年期间海表面温度（SST）异常和湍流热通量异常变化的关系,探讨了其与北太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）相关的年际和年代际时间尺度上在不同海域的海气相互作用特征。结果表明:在年际尺度上,黑潮—亲潮延伸区（KOE）表现为显著大气强迫海洋,赤道中东太平洋表现为显著海洋强迫大气;在年代际尺度上,PDO北中心表现为大气强迫海洋,加利福尼亚附近则表现为显著海洋强迫大气。进一步分析表明:加利福尼亚附近区域是北太平洋准12年振荡的关键区域之一,与PDO准十年的周期类似,加利福尼亚附近的冷（暖）海温对应其上有反气旋（气旋）型环流,赤道中太平洋海水上翻和北太平洋东部副热带区域经向风应力的变化是北太平洋准12年振荡的另外两个重要环节。     

North Atlantic cyclones in CO2-induced warm climate simulations: frequency, intensity, and tracks

The effect of CO₂-induced climate change on the North Atlantic storm and cyclone tracks in winter is analysed using time slice experiments of the Hamburg atmospheric general circulation model (ECHAM3) with triangular truncation at wave number 42 (T42) and 19 levels. The sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice boundary conditions for these experiments are taken from a transient Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenario A run of ECHAM1/LSG at the times where the 1×CO₂ (control run), the 2×CO₂ and the 3×CO₂ concentrations are reached. Using a cyclone identification and tracking scheme, we detect the low pressure systems as relative minima in the 1000 hPa geopotential height field and connect them to cyclone tracks. The results of the Eulerian analysis of the storm track using filtered variances and the Lagrangian analysis of the cyclone trajectories from the three climate runs are discussed and compared with each other. In the 2×CO₂ experiment, the storm track shifts eastward, whereas the cyclone density shifts northeastward. In the 3×CO₂ experiment the storm track shows a southeastward shift, whereas the cyclone density shifts northward. The variability of the cyclone tracks is determined by a cluster analysis of their relative trajectories considering the first three days of the cyclones. The relative cyclone tracks are grouped into stationary, zonal and northeastward travelling cyclones. This analysis provides a method to assess the model quality and to detect changes of the cyclone trajectories in different climates. In the 2×CO₂ (but not in the 3×CO₂) run the occupation number of northeastward cyclones increases. Received: 27 January 1998 / Accepted: 19 May 1998     

华南前汛期降水的年代际异常特征及其成因

利用1981—2013年中国160站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料及NOAA海表温度资料,研究了华南前汛期降水年代际异常的时空特征及其可能成因。结果表明:1)华南前汛期降水在1992前后发生由异常偏少转为偏多的显著年代际转折,最显著异常中心位于广西东北部和广东北部。2)1990年代初发生的对流层高层南冷北暖(40°N附近为界)、对流层下暖上冷的年代际转折,使得高低层环流场均出现了有利于北方干、湿冷空气和孟加拉湾、西太平洋暖湿水汽在华南区域交汇并辐合上升的形势,造成华南前汛期降水发生偏少转偏多的显著年代际转折。年代际转折的前后两个时段中,位于热带的孟加拉湾槽、东亚沿岸EAP遥相关型波列中的西太平洋副高、阿拉斯加湾附近的脊,以及中纬度贝加尔湖以西以南脊的强度或位置均具有显著差异,故这些环流系统的年代际异常是华南前汛期降水年代际异常的重要原因。3)南太平洋关键区海温在1990年代初开始呈现增暖趋势,在偏暖(偏冷)时期,华南低空受异常气旋(异常反气旋)环流控制,对流层上层西风急流偏弱偏南(偏强偏北),造成华南地区降水异常偏多(偏少)。     

3月巴伦支海海冰对中国东部8月气温偶极子型的影响及机制研究

利用NCEP/NCAR、ERA-Interim再分析资料以及观测资料,研究了3月巴伦支海海冰异常与中国东部8月"南暖北冷"的模态的联系及可能机制.结果表明,当3月巴伦支海海冰偏多(少)时,中国东部地表气温呈现"南暖北冷"("南冷北暖")的模态,东北上空对应气旋(反气旋)异常和上升(下沉)运动异常,华南上空对应反气旋(气...     

2021年冬季海洋天气评述

2021 年冬季(2021 年12 月—2022 年2 月)大气环流特征为:北半球极涡呈多极型分布,中高纬环流呈3 波型分布。位势高度距平场显示,东亚中纬度地区处于正距平区,西伯利亚脊偏强,而东亚大槽较常年同期偏弱,冷空气活动偏少、强度偏强。我国近海出现了 8 次 8 级以上大风过程, 其中冷空气大风过程4 次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程3 次,冷空气和台风共同影响的大风过程1 次。我国近海未出现大范围的海雾过程。西北太平洋和南海共生成 2 个热带气旋,且均达到超强台风级,其中 2122 号台风“雷伊”是历史上 12 月在南海海域达到超强台风级的 2 个台风之一,也是历史上直接袭击南沙群岛的最强台风,还是影响南海最晚的超强台风。另外,全球其他海域共生成热带气旋14 个。我国近海出现2. 0 m 以上大浪过程的天数有56 d,约占冬季总日数的62%。冬季,我国近海海域呈明显降温趋势,北部海域的降温幅度明显大于南部海域,冬季海面温度较常年整体偏高。     

Different Summer Rainfall Anomaly Patterns in Northeast China Associated with Two Kinds of El Niño Events

The relationship between summer rainfall anomalies in northeast China and two types of El Ni?o events is investigated by using observation data and an AGCM. It is shown that, for different types of El Ni?o events, there is different rainfall anomaly pattern in the following summer. In the following year of a typical El Ni?o event, there are remarkable positive rainfall anomalies in the central-western region of northeast China, whereas the pattern of more rainfall in the south end and less rainfall in the north end of northeast China easily appears in an El Ni?o Modoki event. The reason for the distinct differences is that, associated with the different sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) along the equatorial Pacific, the large-scale circulation anomalies along east coast of East Asia shift northward in the following summer of El Ni?o Modoki events. Influenced by the anomalous anticyclone in Philippine Sea, southwesterly anomalies over eastern China strengthens summer monsoon and bring more water vapor to Northeast China. Meanwhile, convergence and updraft is strengthened by the anomalous cyclone right in Northeast China in typical El Ni?o events. These moisture and atmospheric circulation conditions are favorable for enhanced precipitation. However, because of the northward shift, the anomalous anticyclone which is in Philippine Sea in typical El Ni?o cases shifts to the south of Japan in Modoki years, and the anomalous cyclone which is in the Northeast China in typical El Ni?o cases shifts to the north of Northeast China, leading to the “dipole pattern” of rainfall anomalies. According to the results of numerical experiments, we further conform that the tropical SSTA in different types of El Ni?o event can give rise to observed rainfall anomaly patterns in Northeast China.     

热带气旋干湿特征的对比分析

热带气旋属于热带天气系统，由于其生成地及生命史的大部分时间基本都在洋面或海面上，所以就其自身来说，有着充分的水汽资源，但在它的移动路径中，随着环境场的不断变化，其影响地区也并不是都有很强的降水产生，针对这一问题，引入了干湿热带气旋概念，并选取了３个较为典型的个例，对它们的天气形势及物理量场作了对比分析，得到了些有有益的结果。     

2020年7月两次入海江淮气旋爆发性与非爆发性发展特征对比分析

利用高时空分辨率的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)对全球气候的第五代大气再分析数据集(European Re-Analyses 5, ERA5),对比分析了2020年7月淮河上游地区的两次江淮气旋过程,并结合海洋—大气—波浪—泥沙耦合模式(Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport modeling system, COAWST)进行敏感性试验,探讨同一气候尺度背景下,高低频大气环流形势和海气耦合作用对江淮气旋的影响。结果表明,低空环流形势的高频变化和海表温度的升高对气旋的大风影响和强度发展有重要作用。低空环流形势中,存在“气旋—反气旋—气旋”环流天气尺度波列,易造成气旋大风叠加增强;海气交互界面的高海表温度加热作用导致的感热和潜热释放通过气旋北部弯曲锋面强烈的上升运动,为气旋发展提供能量,促进气旋入海后爆发性增强。     

夏季青藏高原和热带印度洋热力异常对塔里木盆地夏季降水的影响

基于1979～2017年欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)全球大气数值预报再分析资料ERA-Interim提供的地表潜热及大气环流再分析资料和英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心提供的全球逐月海表温度格点资料以及新疆气象信息中心提供的塔里木盆地26个站逐月降水资料,研究了夏季青藏高原和热带印度洋热力异常对塔里木盆地夏季降...