甘肃礼县新生代火山喷发碳酸岩的发现及意义

甘肃礼县新生代钾霞橄黄长岩中有大量火山喷发碳酸岩出露，本文对该区各种碳酸岩的地质产状，岩石特征，全岩化学及稀土，微量和C、O同位素地球化学进行了研究，结果表明本区碳酸岩属于一种高CaO低碱（Na2O K2O)的火成碳酸岩，其化学成分与东非裂谷乌干达FortPortal地区的碳酸岩相似，其中碳酸岩的火山砾岩和凝灰岩具有高的SiO2和Mg/Ca比值，化学成分显示了硅酸盐和碳酸盐混合的特征，可能代表直接由地幔部分熔融形成的原生碳酸盐岩浆。其它类型碳酸岩的成因与原生碳酸盐岩浆或原生钾霞橄黄长岩浆的液态不混溶作用和／或结晶分异作用有关。碳酸岩及共生的高钾火山岩不是典型的大陆裂谷岩浆作用的产物，其起源和成因与软流圈的上涌有关。碳酸岩的发现为查明本区地幔的组成和性质提供了新的岩石学证据。     

西秦岭礼县新生代钾霞橄黄长岩系中的含钛透辉石

对西秦岭礼县新生代钾霞橄黄长岩系中的基质相含钛透辉石进行了矿物化学研究，根据透辉石中Ti和Al的含量划分出低Ti—透辉石和高Ti—铝透辉石两种基本类型，它们作为同源岩浆演化结晶的产物，结晶顺序前者先于后者。火山岩系的透辉石[Ca(Mg，Fe)Si2O6]结晶过程中广泛存在着CaTiAl2O6(钛辉石)分子替代，晚期熔体富Ti、Al贫Si、Mg。百草山岩筒是演化岩浆结晶的产物，熔体向富Ti、Al、Fe^3 、Na，贫Mg、Si趋势演化；在透辉石成分上表现为CaTiAl2O6和NaFe^3 Si2O6(锥辉石)端元分子对Ca(Mg，Fe)Si2O6的替代。本地区基质相透辉石与世界上典型地区的钾霞橄黄长岩系的透辉石具有不同程度的可比性，反映了这种特殊的岩浆熔体成分在一定程度上控制着透辉石的结晶过程和阳离子在矿物晶格中的占位。     

甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩火山作用及其构造含义

钾霞橄黄长岩是一种产于大洋和/或大陆环境,尤以大陆裂谷最为多见的超钾质火山岩,也是世界上出露最少的火成岩之一,目前世界只有少数几个国家和地区有这类岩石的报道.甘肃西秦岭新生代火山岩是我国目前唯一有报道的钾霞橄黄长岩产区.本文详细介绍了西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩及深源包体的岩石学特征,提供了该区13个岩体30个具代表性的全岩化学和主要矿物的化学成分分析结果,6个具代表性的Sr,Nd,Pb同位素分析结果,以及2个火山岩全岩Ar/Ar同位素定年结果.研究表明西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩主要是中新世火山作用的产物.火山岩的化学成分贫SiO2和Al2O3,富MgO,CaO,TiO2和(K2O+Na2O),以及具有高的[MgO]值(平均大于68)和NNiO 含量(平均在0.3%以上).火山岩中含有丰富的深源包体,岩石的结晶程度很差.所有这些表明西秦岭存在原生钾霞橄黄长岩浆.而且本区钾霞橄黄长岩与碳酸岩密切共生,显示了典型的大陆区钾霞橄黄长岩的特征.火山岩的∑REE在365×10-6～649×10-6之间,其中轻稀土总量(∑LREE)达319×10-6～569×10,尤以强烈富集大离子轻石元素(K、Rb、Sr、Ba)和相对亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta等)为特征.火山岩具有相对高的143Nd/144Nd值(0.512768～0.512911),相对低的87Sr/86Sr值(0.70412～0.70525)和206Pb/204Pb(18.418～18.625).εNd介于+1. 8209～+2.1002之间,207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb比值分别为15.476～15.551和38.618～38.792.本区火山岩的Sr,Nd和Pb同位素与东非裂谷,意大利,德国等地的钾霞橄黄长岩不同,也与青藏高原周边其它地区的钾质火山岩不同.结合火山岩中深源包体温压计算结果,以及火山岩的形成时代,大地构造背景及地球物理资料的分析,对火山岩产出的构造环境及起源和成因进行了初步讨论.提出本区钾霞橄黄长岩火山作用是印度-欧亚板块碰撞后青藏高原强烈隆升在周边地区的反映,本区原生钾霞橄黄长岩岩浆直接起源于地幔,其成因与岩石圈伸展的条件下,岩石圈底部热边界层(TBL)的低度部分熔融有关.这种热边界层(TBL)在发生岩浆作用之前是被来自软流圈深部的流体和/或熔体交代富集过的地幔.     

甘肃西秦岭两类新生代钾质火山岩:岩石地球化学与成因

甘肃西秦岭地区存在钾霞橄黄长岩和钾质粗面玄武岩(钾玄岩)两类钾质火山岩,出露在甘肃西秦岭礼县、宕昌县等,地理坐标大致相当于104°20′～104°50′E,33°30′～34°10′N。钾霞橄黄长岩是一种不含斜长石,但普遍含有高钛金云母、黄长石、白榴石、霞石的岩石,全岩化学成分具低SiO2和Al2O3,富TiO2、CaO、MgO和高K/Na、高Mg#值的特征;钾质粗面玄武岩(钾玄岩)含有大量斜长石但是缺乏高钛金云母、黄长石、白榴石和霞石,全岩化学中SiO2、Al2O3明显高于前者,而TiO2、CaO、MgO、K/Na和Mg#值要比钾霞橄黄长岩低。钾霞橄黄长岩的全岩K/Ar和金云母单矿物的39Ar/40Ar同位素定年落在7.1～23Ma,而钾玄岩的全岩39Ar/40Ar同位素定年落在9Ma左右,因此它们同为中新世产物。两类钾质火山岩具有相似的富集不相容元素和轻稀土的特征。两类钾质火山岩的初始87Sr/86Sr分别在0.70403～0.70749和0.70412～0.70522;143Nd/144Nd分别在0.51274～0.51294和0.51265～0.51276;εNd分别在1.12～5.95和0.3～2.3。206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别落到18.3746～18.9986、15.529～15.6693和38.4971～39.4144。在火山岩源区示踪的143Nd/144Nd-87Sr/86Sr,207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb,208Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb,143Nd/144Nd-206Pb/204Pb,87Sr/86Sr-206Pb/204Pb和Ba/Nb-La/Nb图解中,一致显示两类钾质火山岩具有与OIB相似的地球化学特征,源区可能与地幔柱有关,并具有EM1、DMM和HIMU端员混合特征。结合前人对该区深部地球物理和断裂构造的研究,论证了火山岩的起源与成因,指出作为对印度—欧亚大陆强烈碰撞的吸收与调节,高原下软流圈地幔流沿400km界面向北东方向的侧向流动以及西秦岭周边克拉通块体的阻挡,是形成西秦岭断裂系左行走滑特征和巨大拉分盆地的主要原因,也是导致西秦岭新生代两类钾质火山岩和碳酸岩起源与成因的动力学机制,较好地解释了西秦岭新生代岩浆作用起源深度大,具有地幔柱源的地球化学特征,岩石组合与地球化学有别于高原内部及其周边地区新生代钾质火山岩的原因。     

甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩中的球状分凝体及地幔流体反演

地幔流体在地质过程中的作用日益受到人们的重视,成为地球科学研究的一个前缘课题。提供了甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩中各种形态分凝体详细的岩相学、矿物学和矿物化学的资料,对分凝体的性质、深部地幔流体的成分及成因机制进行了讨论。研究表明,钾霞橄黄长岩中分凝体是软流圈地幔流体活动的记录,其成因机制与岩浆作用对软流圈的开放和软流圈上涌的条件下,原生钾霞橄黄长岩浆的分异作用（特别是液态不混熔作用）,以及岩浆的抽提作用、动态熔融作用等综合作用有关。     

西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩系的单斜辉石

对西秦岭礼县地区钾霞橄橄黄长质火山岩系中单斜辉石进行了矿物化学研究，斑晶相单斜辉石类型复杂，成分变化范围大，具有多源属性，基质相单斜辉石可以分为高Ti铝透辉石和含Ti透辉石两种基本类型，它们是同源岩浆演化结晶的产物。结晶顺序前者晚于后者，岩系中透辉石Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6结晶过程中广泛存在于CaTiAl2O6分子替代，晚期熔体富Ti,Al贫Si,Mg，熔体有向富Ti,Al,Fe,Na贫Mg,Si演化的趋势，在透辉石成分上表现为CaTiAl2O6和NaFe^3 Si2O6端员分子对Ca(Mg,Fe)Si2O6的替代，本区基质相透辉石与世界上典型地区的钾霞橄黄长岩系的透辉石具有不同程度的可比性。     

五大连池火山岩带的地幔富集作用

小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山新生代火山岩带是一条富钾火山岩带,本文选择科洛荡子山新近纪的白榴碧玄岩和其中的方辉橄榄岩地幔包体和白榴霓霞岩岩浆包体为重点研究对象,通过岩相学和地球化学研究发现大量地幔交代的证据,从而认识到以方辉橄榄岩代表的岩石圈地幔在来自软流圈富含不相容元素的流体交代作用下,形成了富集地幔,白榴霓霞岩包体和富钾的火山岩则来自这类交代型地幔不同阶段部分熔融的岩浆,因此火山岩具有低Nd、低Pb和高Sr的同位素特征。富钾火山岩带的K2O／Na2O等值线图表明长400km,宽50km的幔源富钾的火山岩带是受新生代陆内NNW走向的裂谷控制。     

甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩和碳酸岩的微量、稀土和Sr，Nd，Pb同位素地球化学：地幔柱-岩石圈交换的证据

西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩和碳酸岩具有强烈富集LILE和LREE的特征，经球粒陨石标准化的REE分配模式与OIB十分相似。钾霞橄黄长岩和碳酸岩的(^87Sr／^86Sr)i分别在0．70381～0．70940和0．70529～0．71332之间，^144Nd／^143Nd分别介于0．512404～0．512924和0．512210～0．512928之间。经计算获得多数样品的εNd落在-3．4～5．58范围内，与OIB的εNd值一致。这两类岩石的^208Pb／^204Pb、^207Pb/^204Pb和^206Pb／^204Pb分别为37．613～39．330和38．060～38．995，15．842～16．441和15.545～15．677，以及18．418～22．4和18．149～19．062。采用主量元素MgO—Ni和ε(Nd)-(^87Sr/^86Sr)相关图，以及高场强元素比值Zr／Nb—La／Nb和Ba／La—Ba／Nb相关图以及。^208Pb／^204Pb-^206Pb/^204Pb，^207Pb／^204Pb-^206Pb／^204Pb相关图，一致证明本区火山岩具有与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似的地球化学特征，且源区具有EM1和EM11富集端员的混合。但是本区火山岩高的Nb／Ta比和强烈富集Nb等高场强元素，以及较高的^144Nd／^143Nd值，表明该火山岩地球化学具有某种特殊性。结合对西秦岭深部地球物理资料及地质构造背景和演化历史的分析，提出西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩和碳酸岩的成因与地幔柱的活动有关，源区包含了EM1和EM11富集端员的组分。EM1和EM11富集端员的成因与地幔柱/软流圈流体的作用有关，也与大洋板片的脱水作用和大陆岩石圈的拆层作用有关。该区特殊的大地构造背景和演化历史为上述几种作用的联合提供了可能。它不仅较好地解释了该火山岩地球化学方面的特殊性，及钾霞橄黄长岩与碳酸岩共生的事实，同时也证明新生代火山岩的成因是地幔柱．岩石圈相互作用的产物。     

《岩石矿物学杂志》二OO三年第二十二卷总目次

第一期专题研究广东龙口南昆山铝质A型花岗岩的成因刘昌实 ,陈小明 ,王汝成 ,胡　欢 (1)……………………………………………………西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩系地球化学特征及地质意义王　建 ,李建平 (11)…………………………………………云南保山卧牛寺组玄武岩成因 :地幔柱活动的产物 ?肖　龙 ,徐义刚 ,梅厚钧 ,于荣萍 (2 0 )……………………………………华北太行晚中生代煌斑岩地球化学特征及成因探讨张　勇 ,陈　斌 ,邵济安 ,翟明国 (2 9)………………………………………苏北连云港地区蓝闪绿片岩相岩块的发现邱海峻 ,许志琴…     

西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩的地球化学及其岩浆源区性质

西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩具有贫SiO_2和Al_2O_3,富CaO、Mgo、TiO_2及K_2O Na_2O的特征,矿物组合中除橄榄石、辉石外,普遍含有霞石、黄长石、白榴石和磁铁矿等矿物。火山岩的∑REE为97.82×10~(-6)～639.1×10~(-6)。岩石以强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Rb、Ba、K、Sr)和高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Th、Ta、P、Zr、Hf等)为特征具有Pb和Ti的负异常。火山岩具有相对高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值(0.512007～0.512130,ε~(Nd)= 3.4～ 5.8)和相对低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值(0.703374～0.704726)。~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Ph/~(204)Ph的比值范围分别为18.088～19.112,15.476～15.626和38.071～39.680。岩石的微量元素和Sr、Nd和Pb同位素特征显示其与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征相似。源区组成显示了亏损地幔端元DM、HIMU端元和富集地幔端元EMII这三种地球化学端元混合的特征。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861